Physical fitness of elite women's rugby union players over a ...

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league players, respectively whereby no significant positional differences were found for the vertical jump test (Table IV). Such comparisons may be erroneous given the changes in vertical jump assessment over this period (e.g. chalk board versus Vertec) (Duthie et al., 2003). Recently, Crewther et al., (2009) reported, that the absolute expression of squat jump and bench throw peak power was greater for the forwards than the backs when assessing lower and upper body muscle power respectively. After normalizing the power results using ratio scaling (power/body mass), the backs revealed superior performance in these tests, which is consistent with previous research in rugby union players (Maud, 1983). Ratio scaling has been criticised as it assumes a linear relationship between body size and performance, thereby penalizing heavier individuals and showing bias towards lighter individuals (Atkins, 2004; Jaric, Mirkov, & Markovic, 2005). There was no performance difference between the backs and forwards after allometric scaling using either the proposed or the derived exponents. The present study did have limitations, as scaling power values for body mass, using either the ratio or allometric methods, did not account for body composition differences between individual players (e.g. fat mass, muscle mass) (Crewther et al., 2009) and the regional distribution of body and muscle mass, which can vary between forwards and backs (Bell, Evans, Cobner, & Eston, 2005). 2.4.7 Muscle Endurance Muscle endurance is dependent on the muscle being able to contract repetitively without developing fatigue. A combination of muscle strength, metabolic characteristics and local 34
Table IV: Comparison of Vertical Jump Height (cm) among female rugby players Vertical Jump (cm) Position n Mean SD Quarrie et al., 1995 New Zealand Senior Rugby Union Forwards 35 39.6 ± 5.60 Backs 31 44.8 ± 8.30 Kirby & Reilly, 1996 England Senior Rugby Union Forwards 20 35.4 ± 3.3 Backs 19 36.9 ± 2.7 Gabbett, 2007 Australian Elite Rugby league Forwards 16 35.1 ± 8.0 Backs 16 35.7 ± 5.9 35
Page 1 and 2: PHYSICAL FITNESS OF ELITE WOMEN'S R
Page 3 and 4: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to ack
Page 5 and 6: In both positional groups, no signi
Page 7 and 8: 2.3 PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS OF RUGBY
Page 9 and 10: 4.3.3 Speed .......................
Page 11 and 12: LIST OF TABLES PAGE Table I: Body M
Page 13 and 14: CHAPTER ONE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLE
Page 15 and 16: 2007). Static exertion requires gre
Page 17 and 18: From the time men’s rugby union b
Page 19 and 20: • 10 and 40 m speed • 1 RM benc
Page 21 and 22: (Gabbett, 2007; Quarrie et al., 199
Page 23 and 24: Physical performance characteristic
Page 25 and 26: CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF RELATED LITER
Page 27 and 28: LEOPARDS No of Women’s Clubs: 7 N
Page 29 and 30: 2.2.3 International Women’s Rugby
Page 31 and 32: 2.3.1 Movement Patterns Time-motion
Page 33 and 34: Analysis of work-to-rest periods in
Page 35 and 36: 2.4.1 Body Mass There has been a ma
Page 37 and 38: Table I: Body Mass (kg) of female r
Page 39 and 40: Table II: Stature (cm) of female ru
Page 41 and 42: Table III: Comparison of 10m and 40
Page 43 and 44: etween age groups (Durandt et al.,
Page 45: Durandt et al., (2006) indicate tha
Page 49 and 50: to allow accurate comparison (Duthi
Page 51 and 52: 1988; Ueno, Watai, & Ishii, 1988).
Page 53 and 54: staff with regards to selection and
Page 55 and 56: male rugby players may be associate
Page 57 and 58: Union. The players were sub-divided
Page 59 and 60: Body mass Skinfolds (biceps, tricep
Page 61 and 62: held at 90 degrees to the surface o
Page 63 and 64: knees extended (straight), and bare
Page 65 and 66: controlled manner to the center of
Page 67 and 68: withdraw from the test if they are
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS 4.1 INTRODUCTI
Page 71 and 72: the descriptive analysis indicated
Page 73 and 74: Sum of skinfolds (mm) 200 180 160 1
Page 75 and 76: Percentage Body Fat (%) 40 35 30 25
Page 77 and 78: Within forwards, there was a small
Page 79 and 80: 10m speed (sec) 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.6
Page 81 and 82: 40m speed (sec) 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 * * *
Page 83 and 84: No difference was apparent within p
Page 85 and 86: Pull ups 10 8 6 4 2 * * Forwards Ba
Page 87 and 88: 50 40 * * * Forwards Backs Push-ups
Page 89 and 90: CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AN
Page 91 and 92: Cup (Schick et al., 2006). Attentio
Page 93 and 94: skinfold thickness throughout the s
Page 95 and 96: likelihood of injury during a train
Page 97 and 98:
can be possibly attributed to a gre
Page 99 and 100:
provide a good measure of the upper
Page 101 and 102:
mid-season, which performed 12 and
Page 103 and 104:
A reasonably high aerobic fitness l
Page 105 and 106:
these two broad positional groups h
Page 107 and 108:
physical fitness, it may also be ac
Page 109 and 110:
The current study has described the
Page 111 and 112:
Baker, D. and Nance, S. (1999). The
Page 113 and 114:
Crewther, B.T., Gill, N., Weatherby
Page 115 and 116:
Ellis, L., Gastin, P., Lawrence, S.
Page 117 and 118:
Hrysomallis, C. (2010). Upper body
Page 119 and 120:
Maud, P.J. (1983). Physiological an
Page 121 and 122:
Rienzi, E., Reilly, T., and Malkin,
Page 123 and 124:
Spencer, M., Bishop, D., Dawson, B.
Page 125 and 126:
APPENDIX A PARTICIPATION INFORMATIO
Page 127 and 128:
APPENDIX B CONSENT FORM Faculty of
Page 129 and 130:
3.SPEED AND ACCELARATION 10 m (sec)
Page 131 and 132:
Forwards Backs Vertical Jump (cm) T
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