Fikireselassie Samuel.pdf - Addis Ababa University

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7. DISCUSSION The overall prevalence of helminth infections found in the present study (88.3%) among school children in Wendo Genet southern Ethiopia was relatively higher than that reported from other parts of Ethiopia (Legesse and Erko, 2004; Tadesse, 2005; Mengistu et al., 2007). On the other hand, Roma and Worku (1997) reported higher overall prevalence (89%) of helminth infection than in the present report. In the present study, hookworm was found to be the dominant STH, followed by A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura. The prevalence of hookworm infection (57.4 %) was comparatively higher than the prevalence of hookworm infection previously reported from other regions of Ethiopia (Mengistu et al., 2007; Birrie et al., 1994; Jemaneh, 2000), but slightly lower than the prevalence reported from Langano area (Legesse and Erko (2004). The prevalence of A. lumbricoides and T. trichiura infections observed in the present study was 55.7% and 52.3%, respectively. This was higher than the prevalence t reported from different regions of Ethiopia (Birrie et al., 1994; Jemaneh, 2000; Legesse and Erko, 2004; Worku et al., 2009, but much lower than that reported in Wondo Genet, Southern Ethiopia (Erko and Medhin, 2003). Such variations in prevalence of helminth infections are attributable to several risk factors, including, poor personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, urbanization, human behavior, household clustering, occupation and climate. The prevalence of STHs and S mansoni were increased from 5-9 to 10-14 years age group, as shown in figure 5, this may be due to the high exposure to environmental contamination with parasites egg or larva and the low immunity in children with this age group. However, the prevalence decreased after 10-14 years age group. After this point children may develop the immunity to protect such infections and the growth hormone may take a role to stimulate the immune system of children when their age increased. Periodic monitoring of anthelminthic resistance is crucial to take timely measures in case of emerging resistant parasites to the existing drugs. Such studies are highly justified due to such 29 Created by PDF Generator (http://www.alientools.com/), to remove this mark, please buy the software.
factors as high treatment frequency, mono-drug regimes, targeting and timing of mass treatment and underdosing treatments have a potential to selection of anthelminthic drug resistance (Geerts and Gryseels, 2000). In addition, generic versions of anthelminthic drugs are available at low cost with the expiry of patents (WHO, 2002 and 2006). There is also a concern because drugs vary in their content of active ingredient, purity, disintegration, dissolution, and bioavailability, which affect therapeutic efficacy (WHO, 2002). In line with this, the efficacy of albendazole (Khandeiwal Laboratories Pvt. Ltd) was evaluated in the treatment of hookworm infection, ascariasis and trichuriasis at the dosages recommended by the manufacturer. In this study, the overall cure rate (CR) produced by albendazole (ALB) was 95.3% for hookworm and 97% for A. lumbricoides infections. The results indicated that 400 mg of albendazole as a single dose was highly effective against Ascaris lumbricoides and hookworm infections. Several previous studies also reported high cure rates for Ascaris and hookworm infections using a single dose of ALB (Albonico et al., 1994; Norhayati et al., 1997; Ramalingam et al., 1983; Jongsuksuntigul et al., 1993; Stephenson et al., 1990; Adugna et al., 2007). In previous studies in Ethiopia, a single dose of 400 mg albendazole (Smith Kline Beecham) produced a cure rate of over 92 % and egg reduction of over 99.8% against ascariasis (Legesse et al., 2002 and Legesse et al., 2004). Comparable to these previous reports, treatment of ascariasis with albendazole (manufactured by Khandeiwal Laboratories Pvt. Ltd) produced a cure rate of 97% and egg reduction rate of 90%. Cure rates obtained from this study was within the range of 85% to 100%, which have been reported previously (WHO, 1996). However, it is higher than the cure rates obtained elsewhere (Jagota, 1986 and Maisonneuve et al., 1984). The egg reduction rate obtained in this study was lower than the egg reduction rate reported by Jagota (1986) and Maisonneuve et al. (1984). On the other hand, in the present study, 400 mg single dose of albendazole produced low egg reduction (25%) and cure (42.3%) rates in trichuriasis. Similar findings on the effect of ALB on trichuriasis have also been recorded in Bangladesh (Hall and Nahar, 1994), Guatemala (Watkins and Pollitt, 1996), and in Thailand (Sukontason et al., 2000). The egg reduction rate of 30 Created by PDF Generator (http://www.alientools.com/), to remove this mark, please buy the software.
Page 1 and 2: ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF L
Page 3 and 4: 5.3.Sample Size Determination……
Page 5 and 6: List of Tables Table 1: Classes of
Page 7 and 8: List of Abbreviations and Acronyms
Page 9 and 10: ABSTRACT The three major soil-trans
Page 11 and 12: Studies have highlighted the profou
Page 13 and 14: Infection with T. trichiura (trichu
Page 15 and 16: 1.3. Soil-transmitted Helminth Infe
Page 17 and 18: educe morbidity and avoid mortality
Page 19 and 20: (ATP), which is the energy required
Page 21 and 22: 1.5.4. Mechanism of Anthelminthic D
Page 23 and 24: National prevalence of hookworm is
Page 25 and 26: 4. OBJECTIVES 4.1.1. General Object
Page 27 and 28: (Richter, 2003). The data collected
Page 29 and 30: 5.5. Assessment of Post-treatment S
Page 31 and 32: 5.8. Ethical Considerations This st
Page 33 and 34: Table 2. Demographic characteristic
Page 35 and 36: 6.2. Cure Rate Cure rate is defined
Page 37: and 78.6 %( 33) of abdominal pain w
Page 41 and 42: 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 43 and 44: Bethony, J., Chen, J. and Lin, S. (
Page 45 and 46: Hotez, P.J., Zhan, B. and Bethony,
Page 47 and 48: school-age children in Kabale Distr
Page 49 and 50: WHO (2006a). Preventive chemotherap
Page 51 and 52: Appendix 2: Questionnaire to Survey
Page 53 and 54: 11. DECLARATION I, the undersigned,

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