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Harvesting costs may be apportioned in various ways, per tonne of cane, per hectare, or per hour. Traditionally, costs are quoted in dollars per tonne of cane harvested. However, in reality, harvesting costs are largely incurred by the hour: • Machinery depreciates by the hour • Harvesters and haul tractors have a useful life of 10 000 hours • Wages are an hourly rate (or equivalent value) • Fuel is consumed at a fixed hourly rate • Repairs and maintenance costs are incurred by the hour. The typical price for various mill regions is shown in Table 2.12 and is inclusive of harvester and haulouts. However, throughout the industry there are allowances such as overtime ($0.93/tonne) and haulage (cost dependent on distance from siding) up to $0.40/tonne which are paid by the mill to the harvesting contractors or direct to the grower depending on harvesting payment arrangements. Table 2.12 Cost of sugarcane harvesting Crop Condition NSW Bundaberg Ingham Burdekin Flat Rate Base Rate + Fuel Flat Rate Flat Rate Flat Rate $/t $/t $/t $/t $/t Co-operative Co-operative Contractor Contractor Burnt 5.50 5.80 - 7.10-7.40 Green 5.80-6.00** 4.00 + 1.00/L 6.80 6.80 - *Co-operative structure and 2-yr-old cane **Co-operative structure The cost of harvesting (charged to the grower) has not increased much over the past 10 years. Data from SRDC (2004) shows that in 2002/2003 the cost of harvesting was about $6.80/tonne as shown in Table 2.13. Current costs are in the order of $10 per tonne, slightly less for NSW. Table 2.13 Typical costs of sugarcane harvesting (SRDC, 2004) Cost $/t Green Cane Depreciation 1.24 Wages 1.51 Fuel and oil 0.72 71
Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capital ownership 0.76 Overheads 0.45 Total 6.78 Harvesting contractors can influence the size of the group. However, there is a substantial argument to show that the harvesting contractor has less control of group size than might be thought. The contractor does not have formal, written agreements and may lose substantial portions of the contract at any time. Grower decisions to accept, reject or change a contractor are often made on perceptions or traditional relationships, rather than on performance criteria. Competition between groups leads to under-cutting of harvesting price. Available cane may be geographically isolated from the remainder of the group, making it less economical to accept. The effect of the size of the harvesting group on the cost of harvesting is shown in Figure 2.11. Figure 2.11 Effect of group size on harvesting costs (Sandell and Agnew, 2002) The harvesting contractor has no influence on crop yield, although this has a significant impact on the cost of harvesting as shown in Figure 2.12. 72
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
Page 45 and 46: out the fluctuations in farm income
Page 47 and 48: Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
Page 49 and 50: inconclusive result may have been d
Page 51 and 52: For a sustainable woody crop indust
Page 53 and 54: changed significantly since they we
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
Page 57 and 58: Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
Page 59 and 60: During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62: single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64: 2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68: The quality of cut may be less impo
Page 69 and 70: ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 71 and 72: Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74: Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
Page 77 and 78: L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80: Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
Page 81 and 82: • waiting for mill delivery of em
Page 83 and 84: perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133 and 134: Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
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5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
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Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
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6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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