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Contents Foreword ............................................................................................................................. iii About the Authors .............................................................................................................. iv Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................. vii Tables ................................................................................................................................... x Figures ............................................................................................................................... xii Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... xv Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1 Objectives ............................................................................................................................ 2 Methodology ........................................................................................................................ 3 1. Crop Production ...................................................................................................... 5 1.1 Cropping System ............................................................................................... 5 1.2 Crop Components and Uses ............................................................................ 14 1.3 Supply Areas ................................................................................................... 19 1.4 Resource management .................................................................................... 22 1.5 Discussion and Recommendations .................................................................. 26 2. Harvesting Systems ............................................................................................... 29 2.1 Harvester Design ............................................................................................. 29 2.2 Design Considerations ..................................................................................... 35 2.3 Machine Performance ...................................................................................... 42 2.4 Harvester Performance Monitoring .................................................................. 55 2.5 Harvest and Transport Integration ................................................................... 60 2.6 Harvesting Costs and Payment Structures ....................................................... 66 2.7 System Improvements ..................................................................................... 75 2.8 Discussion ....................................................................................................... 77 2.9 Recommendations ........................................................................................... 79 3. Transport and Storage Systems ........................................................................... 80 3.1 System Overview ............................................................................................. 80 3.2 Infield Equipment ............................................................................................. 81 3.3 Road Transport ................................................................................................ 94 3.4 Transport Performance .................................................................................... 98 3.5 Discussion ..................................................................................................... 100 3.6 Recommendations ......................................................................................... 102 4. Products, Processing and Impact on Supply Chain.......................................... 103 viii
4.1 Product Options and Supply Chain Implications: Sugarcane. ........................ 103 4.2 Product Options and Supply Chain Implications: Mallee ................................ 106 4.3 Mallee Products and Conversion Technologies. ............................................ 109 4.4 Mallee Products, Markets and Value. ............................................................. 110 4.5 Summary and Recommendations. ................................................................. 122 5. Industry and Business Structures ...................................................................... 124 5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................ 124 5.2 Institutional / Regulatory Framework .............................................................. 124 5.3 Ownership within the Supply Chain ................................................................ 129 5.4 Ownership and Implications ........................................................................... 137 5.5 Suggested Industry and Business Structures for Mallee ................................ 138 5.6 Lessons for the Mallee industry from Sugar ................................................... 138 6. Supply Chain Planning and Management .......................................................... 140 6.1 Drivers <strong>of</strong> Supply Chain Efficiency ................................................................. 140 6.2 Integration Across the Supply Chain .............................................................. 143 6.3 Coordination and Collaboration ...................................................................... 144 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and Modelling.................................................. 148 6.5 Models for Supply Chain Planning and Management - Examples for Sugarcane ..................................................................................................... 149 6.6 Supply Chain Alternatives and Options for the Mallee Industry ...................... 155 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Economic Considerations .................................. 158 7.1 The Harvest-Haul Model ................................................................................ 158 7.2 Component Costs to Supply Chain ................................................................ 159 7.3 Costing Assumptions ..................................................................................... 159 7.4 Sensitivity Analyses ....................................................................................... 165 7.5 Conclusion and Recommendations ................................................................ 170 8. Conclusions and Recommendations ................................................................. 172 Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment with Sugarcane Supply Chain ....................... 182 References ....................................................................................................................... 190 ix
Page 1 and 2: Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
Page 3 and 4: Foreword This report provides an as
Page 5 and 6: include business development (new p
Page 7: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 11 and 12: Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
Page 13 and 14: Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary What the report i
Page 17 and 18: • Biomass production potential of
Page 19 and 20: • As the Industry expands, the mo
Page 21 and 22: Harvesting, transport and storage s
Page 23 and 24: Biomass processing, supply chain pl
Page 25 and 26: Key barriers to biomass industries
Page 27 and 28: Crop-Biomass Production Production
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
Page 33 and 34: 1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
Page 35 and 36: northern New South Wales (where it
Page 37 and 38: Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
Page 39 and 40: Bark has relatively high ash but as
Page 41 and 42: Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
Page 45 and 46: out the fluctuations in farm income
Page 47 and 48: Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
Page 49 and 50: inconclusive result may have been d
Page 51 and 52: For a sustainable woody crop indust
Page 53 and 54: changed significantly since they we
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
Page 57 and 58: Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
Page 59 and 60:
During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62:
single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64:
2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66:
Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68:
The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 71 and 72:
Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74:
Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76:
Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80:
Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
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Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
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Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
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Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
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Transport efficiencies may be possi
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3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
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same time, the potential problems o
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Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
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• The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114:
external factors dramatically impac
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Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
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3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
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Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142:
Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144:
• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146:
• The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148:
5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152:
Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172:
6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
Page 199 and 200:
Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
Page 203 and 204:
While diversification can add value
Page 205 and 206:
Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
Page 213 and 214:
References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
Page 215 and 216:
Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
Page 217 and 218:
Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
Page 219 and 220:
Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
Page 221:
Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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