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120 21.6 52 140 25.2 51 *Assume 1.8m row width Table 2.9 shows the average breakdown of operations across a 14-hour harvesting day from eight harvesters in the Mackay region. These data show that on turning at the end of rows and waiting for the mill to supply bins can consume nearly as much time as actual cutting time. Table 2.9 Field efficiency for Australian harvesting (Sandell and Agnew, 2002) Operation Time % of Time (Hours:minutes) Cutting 6:15 45 Turning 2:50 20 Waiting for bins 2:42 20 Rest 0:59 7 Other Downtime 0:52 6 Servicing 0:22 3 Mallee System The dispersed nature of the crop will have a significant impact on field efficiency. The yields per km of row will be about 20 to 40 green tonnes. However, because the mallees are in narrow dispersed belts, the yield per paddock hectare will be less than 5 green tonne per hectare, and typically around 1 green tonne per hectare. Therefore, the haul distance will vary from hundreds of metres to several kilometres, which will make the logistics of harvesting and infield transport critical to minimising the time lost by both harvesters and haulouts. Modelling as part of this project has illustrated that because the rows of mallees are typically long, and the harvester’s speed will be low, the 20% of time spent turning in sugar cane will be reduced to about 5% (see Section 7.3). With close coordination between the harvester and the haulouts to minimise waiting for bins, it appears possible that harvester utilisation in the vicinity of 70% - 80% may be achievable. It is a challenging objective to achieve such high levels of utilisation in the mallee crop configuration, with the dispersed crop and capital intensive harvesters and haulouts. One option under consideration is to use infield transport for short hauls (up to about 2 km) to short-term landings in the corner of the paddock, and maintain the ratio of two haulouts per harvester. This will ensure that all three machines are as fully utilised as possible, with the emphasis upon maintaining harvester utilisation. The paddock corner landings will in many cases not be accessible by conventional road transport prime movers, and it is proposed to establish road transport landings widely spaced across a district, 59
perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. These road transport landings will used for several days to weeks at a time while the surrounding farms are harvested. Transport between the paddock landings and the road transport landings will be by the addition of a third transport step, using a fast tractor or an 8x8 prime mover as a shunt truck to move one or two trailers at a time between the two types of landing. In terms of logistics, coordination between harvester and the two infield haulouts will be in the order of minutes, maintained by relatively short haul distances. Coordination between the haulouts and the shunt will be in the order of hours, because the paddock landings provide a short term surge buffer. Coordination between the shunt truck and the road trucks will be in the order of days, with stockpiling at the road transport landings governed by the perishability of the biomass and the number of bins available. There is no quantitative data on field efficiency as the prototype harvester has not undergone commercial testing and it is anticipated that another more powerful prototype will be required to conduct full scale commercial trials. 2.4.4 Discussion Significant losses arise from mechanical harvesting of sugarcane. The majority of these losses are in billeting and separation of trash from billets. Recent developments in sugarcane harvester monitoring and performance have seen installation on harvesters of various sensors to allow the status of the machine to be determined. This has indicated that the percentage of time the sugarcane harvester is actually cutting cane is only around 50% of the total harvesting ‘shift’. Information on losses and field efficiencies from mallee harvesting is limited and will need consideration. Real time monitoring of the current prototype harvester will allow optimisation of performance. Table 2.10 Harvester performance monitoring comparison Parameter Sugarcane Harvester Mallee Harvester Losses 7.5-26% Unknown but indications are low Real Time Monitoring Increasing Partial capability for prototyping; PLC and autosteer in commercial machines Field Efficiency 50-55% Unknown; >70% may be feasible 2.5 Harvest and Transport Integration Harvest and transport sectors are often complex systems from a tactical and strategic planning perspective. Improved integration of harvest and transport can maximise efficiencies and profitability across these sectors, leading to reduced costs of production. In order to improve the system the key drivers and links must be developed. 2.5.1 Time of Harvest Sugar system Existing harvesting arrangements are based on interpretations of the commercial cane sugar (CCS) curve. The effect of harvest time on sugarcane productivity is a complex one. The Australian sugar 60
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
Page 33 and 34: 1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
Page 35 and 36: northern New South Wales (where it
Page 37 and 38: Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
Page 39 and 40: Bark has relatively high ash but as
Page 41 and 42: Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
Page 45 and 46: out the fluctuations in farm income
Page 47 and 48: Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
Page 49 and 50: inconclusive result may have been d
Page 51 and 52: For a sustainable woody crop indust
Page 53 and 54: changed significantly since they we
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
Page 57 and 58: Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
Page 59 and 60: During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62: single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64: 2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68: The quality of cut may be less impo
Page 69 and 70: ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 71 and 72: Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74: Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
Page 77 and 78: L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80: Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
Page 81: • waiting for mill delivery of em
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
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Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
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• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
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5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
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Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
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6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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