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machine components and the crop. This will transfer as much of the sugar standing in the field to the mill, whilst minimising extraneous matter (EM) and dirt in the cane supply. Recent developments in harvester monitoring and performance have seen the mounting on harvesters of various system configurations, which incorporate sensors to allow the status of the machine to be determined. These systems typically monitor elevator on/off and engine on/off and incorporate GPS to allow tracking and harvester ‘state’ to be defined. Mallee System The Claas Xerion has an onboard tractor management system that not only controls implements but can monitor all tractor functions. The on board management system monitors the following: • Full machine monitoring • Area meter • Hour meter • Total fuel consumption • Fuel consumption per field • Fuel consumption per job • Job processing • Engine monitoring Hence, there is existing capability for measuring and monitoring a range of field and other variables affecting machine performance. In the current prototype, Biosystems Engineering has installed data logging capability and transducers to monitor oil pressures, rotational speeds and some oil flows to various components in the harvester head. The feed rate from the saw to the chipper is linked via programmable logic control to ground speed and chipper feed speed is linked to the speed of the chipper drum. It may be feasible in future harvesters to regulate ground speed according to the load on the chipper. Future harvesters and perhaps the haulouts, will be auto steered, to follow tree lines mapped at the time of crop establishment, or mapped by the harvester on first harvest. Continuous mass flow measurement should be possible at a point where the chipped biomass passes at high speed around a curve in the discharge chute, and this capability will assist with infield logistics and lead to yield mapping and improved growth monitoring and modelling. 2.4.3 Field Efficiency Field efficiency of harvesting equipment can be calculated as the percentage of total operating time that the machine is actually harvesting. Sugar System In the case of sugarcane harvesting, the target output is the steady-state operating speed and is primarily determined by crop conditions. The percentage of available time the harvester is achieving its target output is primarily determined by time lost: • turning at end of rows • waiting for haulouts to take the harvested crop from the harvester 57
• waiting for mill delivery of empty bins • servicing and repairs • moving between fields • “cutting in” to new fields where harvesting rate is slow because the harvester tows a reversing haulout directly behind it into the field • choking of material in the harvester Time lost turning obviously relates to both the time taken for the harvester and haulout to turn at the end of the row and achieve correct positioning to allow the harvesting process to re-commence. It is therefore effected by: • maneuverability of the harvester and haulouts • available space for this maneuvering (headland width) • length of row and crop size, therefore affecting the number of turns which must be executed in daily allocated cutting. Row length is outside the control of the harvesting contractor. Short rows decrease the efficiency of a harvesting operation significantly because turn time is fixed. That is, less time is spent cutting cane for each turn when row length is reduced. Time lost waiting for haulouts relates to haulout capacity, speed of travel to the unloading node, unloading time and return time to near the harvester. This is therefore effected by: • haulout speed, loaded and unloaded on both field headlands and formed roads • distance to the delivery point • unloading time at the delivery point Field efficiencies are an important measurement in the analysis of harvest cost and harvest transport systems. The Australian cane industry has developed methodologies for measuring field efficiency. These include electronic systems using on-board electronic measuring equipment, data loggers and GPS systems. The typical field efficiencies for various crop sizes are shown in Table 2.8. These data are aggregated from the Maryborough, Mackay and Burdekin regions. Benchmarking of Australian harvesting operations has been by undertaken by Sandell and Agnew (2002) and Willcox (2004). Table 2.8 shows the percentage of time actually spent cutting cane from the total daily operation from two seasons in the Maryborough, Mackay and Burdekin regions. This shows that on average a little over 50% of the time the machine is actually cutting. Table 2.8 Field efficiency for various crop sizes (Willcox, 2004) Crop Size Crop Size Field Efficiency t/ha t/km row* % 60 10.8 53 80 14.4 52 100 18.0 52 58
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
Page 33 and 34: 1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
Page 35 and 36: northern New South Wales (where it
Page 37 and 38: Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
Page 39 and 40: Bark has relatively high ash but as
Page 41 and 42: Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
Page 45 and 46: out the fluctuations in farm income
Page 47 and 48: Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
Page 49 and 50: inconclusive result may have been d
Page 51 and 52: For a sustainable woody crop indust
Page 53 and 54: changed significantly since they we
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
Page 57 and 58: Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
Page 59 and 60: During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62: single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64: 2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68: The quality of cut may be less impo
Page 69 and 70: ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 71 and 72: Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74: Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
Page 77 and 78: L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79: Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
Page 83 and 84: perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
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Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
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• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
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5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
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Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
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6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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