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Mallee System Pour rate is a key performance indicator in the development of a mallee chipper harvester. System analysis (McCormack et al. 2009) indicates that the most efficient instantaneous pour rate for reliably harvesting mallee should exceed 50 green tonnes /hr. The FFI CRC project, with the current harvester, has a target instantaneous pour rate of more than 20 green tonnes/hr. The target beyond the current project is between 60 to 80 green tonnes /hr with a subsequent prototype harvester. The prototype harvester in trials to date has achieved a maximum continuous pour rate of 35 green tonnes/hr in a mallee crop yielding about 12 green tonnes/km of row (about 35 green tonnes/ha). Performance in heavier crops demonstrated a similar decline to that illustrated in Figure 2.7 due primarily to the heavier trees overloading the chipper (due to lack of power) and reducing the continuous performance of the harvester. In principle, higher pour rates would result in lower per tonne costs but with the restriction of a relatively low harvester speed, at some point the mallees will need to be so big that the over-the-row chipper harvesting method may become impractical. At this stage it is not possible to identify the limit of performance. 2.3.3 Product bulk density The bulk density of the product produced is an important performance consideration for efficient transport. Sugar System The most critical crop factors affecting bulk density of the cane-trash mixture are stalk density, leaf and trash to cane ratios and leaf and trash characteristics. The ratio of trash and leaf to cane is generally accepted to be affected by variety, growing conditions and final crop yield. A given variety can display significantly different characteristics, depending on the environment in which it is grown. In an assessment of the transport logistics, the breakdown of the characteristics of the total biomass is of critical importance, i.e. extraneous matter (EM) levels alone are of limited value unless the components of the EM are known. Extraneous matter is defined as any material other than clean billets that occurs within the homogenous mixture of harvested biomass that is processed at the mill. Available data on the composition of residues, with respect to fresh moisture content, are summarised in Table 2.2. Table 2.2 Cane supply composition (wet and dry matter basis) Component % by weight % by moisture % DM of total EM NSWSMC NSWSMC NSWSMC NSWSMC NSWSMC NSWSMC 1999 2000 1999 2000 1999 2000 Cane 80.2 71.5 - - - - Tops 3.6 - 78.6 84.6 7.7 10.6 Green Leaf 10.1 28.5 66.9 67.9 33.4 36.2 47
Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 This data indicates that, although green leaf is the greatest component by mass of EM, dry leaf is a significantly greater source of dry-matter. New South Wales Sugar Milling Cooperative (NSWSMC) modelling and actual data indicates that bulk densities of 0.250 tonne/m 3 or greater are required for a sustainable harvest and transport system for whole-of-crop harvesting (Beattie et al. 2006). Figure 2.8 shows the bulk densities achieved in a number of different trials conducted by NSWSMC with whole-cane and unshredded trash. In a number of the trials, one variable was altered to assess its impact on bulk density of the product. These data show that the average bulk density of whole-of-crop harvesting is about 0.20 tonne/m 3 . Of concern is the significant number of bulk densities near or below 0.20 tonne/m 3 . Table 2.3 shows the typical bulk density for various cane supply. The major issue is the low bulk density of the cane/trash product leaving the harvester. Addressing this by increasing the bulk density of the mixed product reduces the number of infield haulout bins, removes the necessity to have additional people and machinery at the cane pad for bin levelling and reduces road transport costs to the mill. For NSWSMC, increasing bulk density through a reduction in billet length is not that simple. A balance needs to be found between short billet lengths and sugar losses and deterioration and compare this to other alternatives like chopping of the trash to improve packing in the infield and road transport bins. For sugarcane, a low bulk density has transport cost implications, due to true cartage charges being on a ‘per bin’ basis rather than a ‘per tonne’ basis. 0.35 Bulk Density v's Variety and Billet Length 0.3 Bulk Density t/cuM 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0 Florida 1YO 1st Ratoon CP 1YO 1st Ratoon CP 1YO 1st Ratoon_Topped 1 YO PN/BL trial (8/99) Q124 1YO 107t/ha,183mm Q124 1YO 107t/ha,167mm Q124 1YO 68t/ha,199mm Q124 1YO 68t/ha,157mm Q124 1YO 68t/ha,133mm ESK 1YO 133t/ha 203mm ESK 1YO 133t/ha 176mm Co 740 2YO 93t/ha, 170mm 48
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
Page 19 and 20: • As the Industry expands, the mo
Page 21 and 22: Harvesting, transport and storage s
Page 23 and 24: Biomass processing, supply chain pl
Page 25 and 26: Key barriers to biomass industries
Page 27 and 28: Crop-Biomass Production Production
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
Page 33 and 34: 1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
Page 35 and 36: northern New South Wales (where it
Page 37 and 38: Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
Page 39 and 40: Bark has relatively high ash but as
Page 41 and 42: Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
Page 45 and 46: out the fluctuations in farm income
Page 47 and 48: Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
Page 49 and 50: inconclusive result may have been d
Page 51 and 52: For a sustainable woody crop indust
Page 53 and 54: changed significantly since they we
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
Page 57 and 58: Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
Page 59 and 60: During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62: single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64: 2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68: The quality of cut may be less impo
Page 69: ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 73 and 74: Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
Page 77 and 78: L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80: Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
Page 81 and 82: • waiting for mill delivery of em
Page 83 and 84: perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
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Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
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• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
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5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
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Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
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6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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