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About the Authors Erik Schmidt Erik is Director of the National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture (NCEA) at the University of Southern Queensland and is responsible for leadership of research and commercialisation projects in Agricultural Engineering. The NCEA specialises in developing collaborative teams of private and public sector research individuals and organisations to provide industry focused solutions. Erik holds key research leadership roles including overall responsibility for delivery of NCEA projects and principal investigator on a number of national projects. He has worked closely with the Australian Sugar Industry while employed as project engineer with BSES Ltd and the CSIRO where work focused on harvesting systems and adoption of new technologies. He was formerly Head of the Engineering at the South African Sugar Association responsible for planning, coordination and management of research and development projects. A component of this work included evaluation of cane supply systems and assessing the potential for improving mill area profitability by managing cane supply and harvesting systems. Rick Giles Rick is a Senior Project Coordinator with the Department of Environment and Conservation of Western Australia and he is principally involved in a project with the Future Farm Industries Cooperative Research Centre, which is developing a new concept tree harvester for the mallee supply chain. His work on the harvesting principle and the associated supply chain extends back to the late 1990s and the strategies employed in sugar industry supply chains have been a major influence upon this work since 1999. With the engagement of the FFI CRC in the harvester development project in 2007, the funding of the project by the WA Low Emissions Energy Development Fund, and the engagement in 2008 of Biosystems Engineering in Toowoomba, development of harvesting technology is now well advanced. Rick’s involvement in the mallee industry development began in 1993 as the first substantial mallee resources were being planted in the WA wheat belt. Prior to that time he worked in forest silviculture and plant water relations research. Rod Davis Rod is an Agricultural Engineer with over 20 years of experience in research and development projects across various agricultural production systems. Rod is currently principal consultant and Director of FSA Consulting. Rod’s role within FSA Consulting includes project management, water, energy and GHG research in intensive livestock industries and water resource management. From 1995 to 2004, Rod was a research engineer with the Farming Systems group, BSES Ltd. His primary role was to conduct research in the area of machine issues associated with the growing, harvesting and transport of sugarcane including: the conceptualisation, development, trialling and commercialisation of alternative component designs, measurement of machine loadings and environmental data through the development of real-time data acquisition and monitoring systems and the development of industry harvesting best practice guidelines. Rod has extensive experience in project management, sugarcane production, harvesting and harvester design, mechanical component design and power hydraulic system as well as data acquisition systems. Craig Baillie Craig is an Agricultural Engineer who grew up on a cotton farm in the Emerald Irrigation Area of Central Queensland and is currently the Deputy Director of the NCEA. Craig’s responsibilities iv
include business development (new projects), commercialisation / application of engineering technology, the development of training programs and research management. His practical experience includes technical support to Australia’s largest sugarcane farmer, Bundaberg Sugar Ltd. For Bundaberg Sugar Craig’s work focused on the development of company farming operations including new infrastructure, machinery development, new technologies and innovative farming strategies. Farming strategies focused on minimum tillage, machine guidance (GPS) and alternative crops. Whilst with Bundaberg Sugar, Craig worked in irrigation research (CRC for Sustainable Sugar Production) and was seconded to the Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations (BSES) as project and extension officer for the Rural Water Use Efficiency Initiative (RWUEI) in Sugar from 1999 to 2002. Craig was previously involved in the CRC for Irrigation Futures by coordinating the development of new research projects. Troy Jensen Troy is a Senior Research Fellow/Senior Lecturer with the National Centre for Engineering in Agriculture and the Faculty Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba. He received his PhD degree in Engineering from USQ. Applying engineering technologies to agriculture is something that Troy has been doing since be commenced work in 1987. Since this time, he has gained extensive applied research experience in such diverse areas as: agricultural machinery, animal and plant biosecurity, precision agriculture, remote sensing, controlled traffic farming, native grass seed harvesting and management, grain storage, horticultural mechanisation, and biomass reuse. His current research area focuses on the use Precision Agriculture Technologies and is currently working on a project funded by the SRDC titled “A co-ordinated approach to Precision Agriculture RDE for the Australian Sugar Industry”. Gary Sandell Gary has had thirteen years of research experience in harvesting and transport systems and is currently the Principal of Harvest Solutions, a commercial consulting company. Before working in his current role, Gary worked for BSES Ltd where he gained valuable experience in field trials, harvester optimisation and extension methodologies. Gary began to develop data logging systems and then worked with GPS systems to measure and record harvester performance. Gary has worked with collaborators such as CSR Ltd., NSW Sugar Milling Cooperative, CSIRO and others in projects examining the sugar entire value chain. Highlights during this period include sugar innovator of the year 2003, principal editor of the harvest best practice manual and writing and collaborating on various scientific papers. Following this Gary worked as a freelance consultant, trading as Harvest Solutions, for a further four years, building up an impressive client list focussing on supply chain management. Chris Norris Chris is a principal consultant with NorrisECT leading providers of innovation and technology for the growing energy crop industry with a strong focus on market development and strategic planning of the energy crop industry. Chris provides the company with an exclusive skill set and knowledge base that has gained him international recognition as a leading sugarcane technologist. Chris has over 35 years’ experience in the innovation of agricultural mechanisation systems as well as an extensive understanding of agricultural processes that have been developed over decades of involvement in R&D projects. Chris has consulted globally through internationally recognised Booker-Tate Ltd and independently, developing specialist expertise relating to biomass recovery strategies for cogeneration. Chris and NorrisECT have internationally recognised expertise in a number of areas including gathering and forward feeding of cane, optimization of harvester and trash extraction system v
Page 1 and 2: Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
Page 3: Foreword This report provides an as
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 9 and 10: 4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
Page 11 and 12: Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
Page 13 and 14: Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary What the report i
Page 17 and 18: • Biomass production potential of
Page 19 and 20: • As the Industry expands, the mo
Page 21 and 22: Harvesting, transport and storage s
Page 23 and 24: Biomass processing, supply chain pl
Page 25 and 26: Key barriers to biomass industries
Page 27 and 28: Crop-Biomass Production Production
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
Page 33 and 34: 1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
Page 35 and 36: northern New South Wales (where it
Page 37 and 38: Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
Page 39 and 40: Bark has relatively high ash but as
Page 41 and 42: Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
Page 45 and 46: out the fluctuations in farm income
Page 47 and 48: Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
Page 49 and 50: inconclusive result may have been d
Page 51 and 52: For a sustainable woody crop indust
Page 53 and 54: changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
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Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
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Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
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Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
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Transport efficiencies may be possi
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3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
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same time, the potential problems o
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Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
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• The harvester will not have any
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Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
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external factors dramatically impac
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Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
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3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
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Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
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Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
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• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
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5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
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Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
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6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
Page 221:
Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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