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Methodology The project was undertaken in the following stages: 1. Data collection and review (Mallee industry and comparative sugar industry). 2. Identify and outline the key issues and develop discussion paper and analysis framework. 3. Consultation, discussions and workshops between project team, mallee industry and stakeholders. 4. Analysis and assessment including assessment of supply chain and business drivers, identification of gaps, opportunities and requirements. 5. Mallee delegation visit to the NSW sugar industry and formal workshop to discuss and benchmark supply issues. 6. Final reporting and recommendations. The design and scope of the project was structured around the framework illustrated in the flow chart below, which illustrates elements of the supply chain and informs the structure of this report. Initially an assessment was undertaken of mallee productions systems and contrasts with sugarcane production. Crop growth cycle, field layout, crop management, yield and supply areas impact the efficiency and economics of biomass harvesting operations. It is important that an accurate resource inventory of biomass supply exists to assess supply volumes and constraints. Changes to field layout and age at harvest can have significant impacts on harvest efficiency. Consideration was given to harvesting, transport and storage systems for both mallee and sugarcane. Mallee harvester design and capability will be important to improve throughput, losses, product quality issues, and harvesting economics. Transport and storage systems will impact infield and longhaul transport requirements. Trailer size and configuration as well as product bulk density and pay load will impact supply chain economics and system performance. Storage will impact handling costs and quality changes to biomass material (eg moisture content). Biomass products and processing options will also impact the supply chain. A number of product options have evolved for sugarcane and exist for mallee. Potential mallee products will be impacted by market price, production volumes and conversion efficiencies. This will in turn impact the best approach for material harvesting and handling. Industry and business structures have played a major role in the evolution of the sugar industry and the ability of regions to adopt best supply chain management practices. Ownership within the supply chain and payment systems all impact the supply chain and consideration has been given to developments in the sugar sector that may have relevance to mallee. Integration along the supply chain through material supply planning and logistics management, information collection and system modelling has been effective in improving the logistics of the sugar supply chain and consideration has been given to approaches that may have relevance to mallee systems. Finally consideration has been given to component costs of the supply chain and harvest-haul operation pricing using appropriate costing models. Of particular importance is the sensitivity of the delivered cost of biomass per green tonne based on key drivers such as harvester pour rate and production volumes. 3
Crop-Biomass Production Production System Product Components and Use Supply Areas Resource Management Harvesting Systems Harvester Design Performance Monitoring Harvest and Transport Integration Cost of Harvesting Product Separation Transport and Storage Systems Equipment Overview Infield Road Transport Transport Performance and Costs Products & Processing Facilities Product Options and Markets Supply and Demand Industry Location Existing Infrastructure Processing Requirements Industry and Business Structures Industry Supply Chain Supporting Industry Business Models and Structures Supply Chain Planning and Management Production Harvest and Transport Processing Planning and Management Tools Coordination Alternatives and Options Modelling and Economic Considerations Supply chain planning , integration and collaboration Planning and Management Tools Supply chain component costs and Sensitivity Analysis framework for mallee supply chain. 4
Page 1 and 2: Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
Page 3 and 4: Foreword This report provides an as
Page 5 and 6: include business development (new p
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 9 and 10: 4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
Page 11 and 12: Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
Page 13 and 14: Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary What the report i
Page 17 and 18: • Biomass production potential of
Page 19 and 20: • As the Industry expands, the mo
Page 21 and 22: Harvesting, transport and storage s
Page 23 and 24: Biomass processing, supply chain pl
Page 25: Key barriers to biomass industries
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
Page 33 and 34: 1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
Page 35 and 36: northern New South Wales (where it
Page 37 and 38: Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
Page 39 and 40: Bark has relatively high ash but as
Page 41 and 42: Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
Page 45 and 46: out the fluctuations in farm income
Page 47 and 48: Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
Page 49 and 50: inconclusive result may have been d
Page 51 and 52: For a sustainable woody crop indust
Page 53 and 54: changed significantly since they we
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
Page 57 and 58: Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
Page 59 and 60: During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62: single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64: 2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68: The quality of cut may be less impo
Page 69 and 70: ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 71 and 72: Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74: Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
Page 77 and 78:
L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80:
Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
Page 81 and 82:
• waiting for mill delivery of em
Page 83 and 84:
perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86:
transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88:
contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90:
experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92:
Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94:
onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96:
Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98:
Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100:
Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102:
Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104:
3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106:
same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110:
• The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114:
external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116:
Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118:
3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122:
Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124:
Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126:
3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128:
• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132:
• Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133 and 134:
Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136:
2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138:
4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140:
Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142:
Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144:
• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146:
• The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148:
5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150:
is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152:
Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154:
Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156:
also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158:
Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164:
6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166:
Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172:
6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174:
• Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176:
interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178:
Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180:
Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182:
7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184:
It was assumed that there was a fif
Page 185 and 186:
Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
Page 187 and 188:
Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
Page 195 and 196:
8. Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 197 and 198:
Biomass bulk density has a large im
Page 199 and 200:
Vehicles used for infield haulout w
Page 201 and 202:
This can be compared with harvest a
Page 203 and 204:
While diversification can add value
Page 205 and 206:
Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
Page 207 and 208:
and transport conditions. Billet le
Page 209 and 210:
that cane production is the most pr
Page 211 and 212:
on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
Page 213 and 214:
References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
Page 215 and 216:
Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
Page 217 and 218:
Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
Page 219 and 220:
Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
Page 221:
Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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