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Stewart, RL and McComiskie, G 1988. A Comparison of Green and Burnt Cane Harvesting in the Burdekin, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 10: 27-32. Sugar Industry Oversight Group 2006. The Strategic Vision for a Commercially Vibrant Sustainable and Self-Reliant Industry in Australia. Sugar Research and Development Corporation, SRDC 2004. Cane Harvesting to Improve Industry Performance, Sugar Research and Development Corporation Technical Report 2/2004, Brisbane, Australia. Sugar Research and Development Corporation, SRDC 2006. Analysis of Bagasse and Trash Utilisation Options, Sugar Research and Development Corporation Technical Report 2/2006, Brisbane, Australia. Sugar Research and Development Corporation, SRDC 2006 (b). The Value Chain of the Australian Sugar Industry. SRDC Technical Report 1/2006. ISSN 1327-9475. Brisbane Sutherland, RF 2002. New Energy Options in the Australian Sugar Industry. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 24: 19-23. Thorburn, P, Hobson, P, Higgins, A, Juffs, R and Downs, P 2006. Integrated Value Chain Scenarios for Enhanced Mill Region Profitability. Final Report Project Report CSE010. Sugar Research and Development Corporation. Turner, N and Ward, PR 2002. Special Issue: The Role of Agroforestry and Perennial Pasture in Mitigating Waterlogging ad Secondary Salinity, Agricultural Water Management, Vol. 53, p.275. URS Australia.2008. Oil Mallee Industry Development Plan For Western Australia. Report for the Oil Mallee Association of Australia Inc and the Forest Products Commission of WA. URS Australia Pty Ltd, November 2008 Watson LJ and Connors CG 2008. Furfural–A Value Adding Opportunity for the Australian Sugar Industry. Proc of Aust Soc Sugar Cane Technol. Vol 30 Whiteing CNC 2001. Extraneous Matter V’s Cane Loss; Finding a Balance in Chopper Harvested Green Cane. Proc of 24th ISSCT. Whiteing, C and Kingston, G 2008. Regional Adoption of Alternative Harvester Configurations for Sustainable Harvesting Efficiency, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations Publication SD 08005, Brisbane, Australia. Whiteing, C, Norris, CP and Paton, D 2002. Facilitation of Best Practice to Reduce Extraneous Matter and Cane Loss. Bureau of Sugar experiment Stations Publication SD02009, Brisbane, Australia. Whiteing, C, Norris, CP and Paton, DC 2001. Extraneous Matter versus Cane Loss: Finding a Balance in Chopper Harvested Green Cane. Proc. Intl. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 24(2):276-282. Wildy, D, Pate, J and Bartle, J 2003. Silviculture and Water Use of Short-Rotation Mallee Eucalypts, RIRDC Publication No 03/033, Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra Willcox TG, Crane J and Downs P 2005. Measurement and Feedback Systems for Improving Market Signals for Harvesting, Final Report - SRDC Project BSS261, BSES Ltd. 197
Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D and Kelly, R 2004. Working Towards Payment Methods for Harvesting that Provide Incentive for Good Farming Practice, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 26, (CDROM, 7 pp). Willcox, TG, Juffs, R, Crane, J and Downs, P 2005. Measurement and Feedback Systems for Improving Market Signals for Harvesting, Sugar Research and Development Corporation Project BSS261 Final Report SD05013, Brisbane, Australia. Wright PG, Fernandes AC and Zarpelon F 2007. Control Calculations for Factories Producing Both Sugar and Alcohol. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol. 29 Wu H, Fu Q, Giles R, and Bartle J 2008. Production of mallee biomass in Western Australia: energy balance analysis. Energy and Fuels, 22, 190-198 Wu H, Hendrawinata W, Yu Y, Gao X, Li Y, Bartle J and Grayling P. 2011. Effect of hydrodistillation on 1,8-cineole extraction from mallee leaf and the fuel properties of spent biomass. Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Research, 50, 11280-11287. Yun Yu, Bartle, J, Chun-Zhu Li and Hongwei Wu 2009. Mallee Biomass as a Key Bioenergy Source in Western Australia: Importance of Biomass Supply Chain. Energy & Fuels 2009, 23, 3290–3299. Zillman, SR and Harris, HD 2001. Developing and Improving the Jetclean Harvester Cleaning System. Sugar Research and Development Corporation Project NCA006 Final Report, Brisbane, Australia. 198
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
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Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
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Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
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Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
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Transport efficiencies may be possi
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3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
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same time, the potential problems o
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Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
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• The harvester will not have any
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Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
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external factors dramatically impac
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Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
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3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
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Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
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Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
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• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
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5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
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Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184: It was assumed that there was a fif
Page 185 and 186: Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
Page 187 and 188: Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
Page 189 and 190: Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
Page 191 and 192: Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
Page 193 and 194: 30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
Page 195 and 196: 8. Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 197 and 198: Biomass bulk density has a large im
Page 199 and 200: Vehicles used for infield haulout w
Page 201 and 202: This can be compared with harvest a
Page 203 and 204: While diversification can add value
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
Page 207 and 208: and transport conditions. Billet le
Page 209 and 210: that cane production is the most pr
Page 211 and 212: on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
Page 213 and 214: References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
Page 215 and 216: Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
Page 217 and 218: Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
Page 219: Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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