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nitrogen management. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 26. Norris, CP, Davis, RJ and Hockings, PR 1999. Improving the Performance of Chopper Systems in Cane Harvesters. Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations Publication SD99019, Brisbane, Australia. Norris, CP, Davis, RJ and Poulsen, LS 1998. An Investigation Into the Feeding of Lodged Green Cane by Harvesters, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 20: 224-231. Norris, CP, Hockings, PR and Davis, RJ 2000. Chopper Systems in Cane Harvesters: A: Development of a Test Facility. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 22:244–249. Norris, CP, Robotham, BG and Tudroszen, NJ 2000. Harvest and Transport Considerations for Whole-Crop Harvesting in the Condong mill Area, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations Consultancy Report CO00016, Brisbane, Australia. O’Keefe, M 1997. Supply Chain Management. Agricultural Science, May-June 1997:29-32. Olsen, G, Cooper, D J, Huxtable, D, Carslake, J and Bartle, J R 2004. Search project final report, NHT Project 973849 – Developing Multiple Purpose Species for Large Scale Revegetation, CALM, Kensington, Western Australia. Pearce, F 1994, Optimising Cane Harvester Extractor Performance. ME Thesis, Faculty of Engineering and Surveying, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Australia. Peck A, Sudmeyer R, Huxtable D, Bartle J and Mendham D 2011. Productivity of Mallee Agroforestry Systems Under Various Harvest and Competition Management Regimes. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Canberra. Petheram, C., Zhang, L., Walker, G. and Grayson, R 2002. Towards a Framework for Predicting Impacts of Land-Use on Recharge: A Review of Recharge Studies in Australia, Australian Journal of Soil Research, Vol. 40, pp.397–417. Pinkney, A. and Everitt, P 1997. Towards an Integrated Cane Transport Scheduling System. Proc. Au Technol., 19: 420-425. Powell, JG 2006. Wide-Swath Harvesting, Powerpoint Presentation – Wide-Swath Harvesting Workshop, Mackay, May 2006, Queensland Mechanical Caneharvesters Association. Prestwidge, DR, Lamb, B, Higgins, AJ, Sandell, GR and Beattie, R, 2006. Optimising the Number and Location of New Cane Delivery Pads in the NSW region. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 28, (CDROM, 10 pp). QSL . 2011. Raw Sugar Supply Agreements rolled over until June 2015, Retrieved 25 October 2011). Ridge DR and Hobson PA 1999, Removal Of Extraneous Matter In Sugar Mills For Co-Generation Of Power And Reduction Of Cane Loss, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations Publication SRDC Final Report SD99005, Brisbane, Australia. Ridge, DR and Dick, RG, 1988. Current Research on Green Cane Harvesting and Dirt Rejection by Harvesters, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 10: 19-26. Ridge, DR and Dick, RG, 1992. Soil Intake with Cane during Chopper Harvesting – Minimising the Problem. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 14:24–30. 195
Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. Targeting High Soil Levels in Cane. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 19:44–50. Ridge, DR and Norris, CP, 2000. Harvesting and Transport, Chapter 16 in Manual of Canegrowing, DM Hogarth and PG Allsopp (eds), Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, Brisbane. Ridley, AM., Pannell, DJ., Ewing, ME. and Lefroy, E 2004. ‘The role of plants and plant-based R&D in managing dryland salinity in Australia’, in Ridley, A., Feikema, P., Bennet, S., Robinson, N, Harper, RJ, and Smettem, KRJ .2006. Soil Water Depletion by Eucalyptus Ssp Tree Belts Integrated into Dryland Agricultural Systems. Plant and Soil 286, 141-151. Robotham, BG, Norris, CP and Geddes, RG 2001. Upgrading Load and Speed Limits for Cane Transport Vehicles, Sugar Research and Development Corporation Project BSS190, BSES Publication SD01004. Ruxton, Adam, and Grabau, PJ 2009. Automating Harvester and Haulout Forward Progression During Harvesting RTK-GPS. Proceedings of the Australian Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, 31. pp. 355-364. ISSN 0726-0822 Sandell, GR and Agnew, JR 2002. The Harvesting Best Practice Manual for Chopper-Extractor Harvesters. Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, Brisbane, Australia. Sandell, GR and Prestwidge, DB 2004. Harvest Haul Model – The Cost of Harvesting Paddocks of Sugarcane Across a Sugar Milling Region. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 26, (CDROM, 10 pp). Schembri, M 2000. Commercial Implementation of the Crop Divider Height Control System. Sugar Research and Development Corporation Project SRI092 Final Report, Brisbane, Australia Schembri, MG and Garson, CA 1996. Gathering of Green Cane by Harvesters: A First Study, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 18:145-151. Schembri, MG, Hobson, PA and Paddock, R 2002. The Development of a Prototype Factory-Based Trash Separation Plant. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 24: 12-18. Schembri, MG, McKenzie, NJ, Connor, A and Everitt, PG 2000. Further Advances in Automating Basecutter Height Control. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 22:92-97. Schroeder, B, Panitz, J, Linedale, T, Whiteing, C, Callow, B, Samson, P, Hurney, A, Calcino, D, and Allsopp, P 2009. SmartCane Harvesting and Ratoon Management. SmartCane Best Management Practice Booklet. BSES Limited Technical Publication TE09004. ISBN: 978-0-949678-32-4. Shaw, GR and Brotherton, GA 1992. Green Cane Harvesting – A Dilemma, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 14: 1-7. Sichter, NJ, Whiteing, C and Bonaventura, P 2005. Estimation of Harvester Losses by Determination of Sugar in Harvest Residue, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 27, (CDROM 7pp). Spinaze, D H 2002. A Harvester-mounted Trash Shredder and Collection System. Proc. Of Aust Soc. of Sugar Cane Technol. 12 , 63-66. Spinaze, D and Subramanian, C 1999. Surface Engineering of Basecutter Blades to Reduce Wear. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 21:191-195. 196
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
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Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
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Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
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Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
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Transport efficiencies may be possi
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3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
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same time, the potential problems o
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Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
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• The harvester will not have any
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Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
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external factors dramatically impac
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Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
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3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
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Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
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Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
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• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
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5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
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Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184: It was assumed that there was a fif
Page 185 and 186: Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
Page 187 and 188: Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
Page 189 and 190: Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
Page 191 and 192: Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
Page 193 and 194: 30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
Page 195 and 196: 8. Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 197 and 198: Biomass bulk density has a large im
Page 199 and 200: Vehicles used for infield haulout w
Page 201 and 202: This can be compared with harvest a
Page 203 and 204: While diversification can add value
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
Page 207 and 208: and transport conditions. Billet le
Page 209 and 210: that cane production is the most pr
Page 211 and 212: on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
Page 213 and 214: References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
Page 215 and 216: Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
Page 217: Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
Page 221: Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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