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Cooper, D, Olsen, G and Bartle, J 2005. Capture of Agricultural Surplus Water Determines the Productivity and Scale Oof New Low-Rainfall Woody Crop Industries. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 45:1369-1388. Crook, TD, Pope, GM, Staunton, SP and Norris, CP 1999. A Survey of Field CCS versus Mill CCS. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 21: 33–37. Crossley, R and Dines, G 2004. Integrating Harvester GPS Tracking Data with a Spatial Harvest Recording System, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 26, (CDROM, 11 pp). Crossley, R and Markley, J 2011. AGDAT: Spatial Applications to Improve Harvest Management, Data Recording, and Reporting and Data Exchange Between Organisations. International Sugar Journal 2011, Vol 113, No. 1354 DaCunha Mello, R and Harris, HD 2000. Cane Damage and Mass Losses for Conventional and Serrated Basecutter Blades. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 22, 84-91. Davis, RJ and Norris, CP 2000. Improved Feeding of Green Cane by Harvesters. Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations Publication SD00009, Brisbane, Australia. Davis, RJ and Norris, CP 2001. Impact of Chopper Harvesting on the Translation of Field CCS to Factory Realised CCS. Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations Publication SD01007, Brisbane, Australia. Davis, RJ and Norris, CP 2002a. Optimising the Forward Feeding Zone of Chopper Harvesters: Development of a Research Platform, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 24, (CDROM, 1 p). Davis, RJ and Norris, CP 2002b. Improving the Feeding Ability of Sugarcane Harvesters, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 24, (CDROM, 12 pp). Davis, RJ and Norris, CP 2003. Optimising the Forward Feeding Zone of Harvesters: Development of a Research Platform, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 25, (CDROM, 12 pp). Davis, RJ and Schembri, MG 2004. Enhancing Harvester Forward-Feeding Performance: An Exercise in Optimising Machine-Crop Interactions, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 26, (CDROM, 14 pp). Dawson, M 2004. Cane Deterioration – Literature Review, Ðawson Biological Consulting Pty Ltd, Brisbane Dogramaci, S and Waterhouse, A 2004. ‘Engineering Salinity Solutions’, First National Salinity Engineering Conference, Perth, Western Australia, Institution of Engineers, Australian Capital Territory Dunlop, M, Turner, G and Howden, S 2004. Future Sustainability of the Australian Grains Industry: a Consultancy Report Prepared for the Grains Council of Australia and Grains Research and Development Corporation, CSIRO Sustainable Ecosystems, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, p.147. El Bassam, N 2010. Handbook of Bioenergy Crops: A Complete Reference to Species, Development and Applications. Published by Earthscan Ltd Dunstan House, 14 St Cross St London. EC1N 8XA. ISBN: 978-84407-854-7. 191
Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Processing of Mallee Eucalyptus. A Report for RIRDC/Land & Water Australia/FWPRDC Joint Venture Agroforrestry Project. RIRDC Publication No 01/160. Eriksson P 2000. Skogforsk Review of Systems for Logging Residues Handling in Sweden. New Zealand Journal of Forestry Science 30(1/2): 88-93. Esquivel, M, Cabezas, L, Hernandez, B, Marrero, S, Fernandez, F, Ponce, E, Quintana, L and Gonzalez, L 2007. Harvester Automation and Precision Agriculture Trials in Queensland 2006, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 29, (CDROM, 9 pp). FFI CRC 2010. Energy Tree Crops: Renewable Energy from Biomass could be the Driver to Large Scale Adoption of Woody Crops and Structural Improvement to Dryland Agricultural Systems in Australia. Future Farm Industries Cooperative Research Centre, University of Western Australia, Crawley. Fuelling, TG and Wright, R 1997. GPS and GIS: Management Tools for Millers and Growers. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 19:14-20. Fuelling, TG 1999. Harvesting Quality Sugar Cane, Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 21, 28-32. Garson, CA 1992. Control of Harvester Basecutter Height. Proc Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 14:156-162. Garside, AL, Smith, MA, Chapman, LS, Hurney, AP and Magarey, RC 1997a. The Yield Plateau in the Australian Sugar Industry: 1970-1990. In: Keating, B.A., Wilson, J.R. (Eds.), Intensive Sugarcane production, Meeting the Challenges beyond 2000. CAB International, Wallingford, UK. pp. 103-124. Gaucher, S, Le Gal, PY and Soler, G 2003. Modelling Supply Chain Management in the Sugar Industry. Proceedings South African Sugar Technologists Association. 2003. Giles, RC and Harris, HD 2003. Developing a Biomass Supply Chain for New Australian Crops. Paper presented at IEA Bioenergy Task 30 (Short Rotation Crops for Bioenergy) Conference, Tauranga, NZ, 1-5 December 2003. Gomez, J C, Chapple, D, and McDonald L 2006. Sugar Losses in Burnt and Green Cane Harvesting in Argentina. Proc of Aust Soc Sugarcane Technol. Grimley, SC and Horton, JF, 1997. Cost and Service Improvements in Harvest/Transport through Optimisation Modelling. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 19: 6-13. Henkel, CR, Fuelling, TG and Ridge, DR 1979. The Effect of Harvester Basecutter Setting on Dirt in the Cane Supply and Cane left in the Field. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 14:156-162. Higgins, A and Archer, A 2005. Increasing the Capacity to Identify and Action Value Chain Integration Opportunities. Final Report Project CSE013. Sugar Research and Development Corporation. 2005. Higgins, A and Kozan, E 1997. Modelling Train Delays in Urban Networks. Transportation Science, 32: 347-357. Higgins, AJ 2006. Scheduling of Road Vehicles in Sugarcane Transport: A case study at an Australian sugar mill. Europ. J. Operat. Res., 170: 987-1000. 192
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
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Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
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Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
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Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
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Transport efficiencies may be possi
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3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
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same time, the potential problems o
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Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
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• The harvester will not have any
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Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
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external factors dramatically impac
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Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
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3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
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Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
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Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
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• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
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5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
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Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184: It was assumed that there was a fif
Page 185 and 186: Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
Page 187 and 188: Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
Page 189 and 190: Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
Page 191 and 192: Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
Page 193 and 194: 30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
Page 195 and 196: 8. Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 197 and 198: Biomass bulk density has a large im
Page 199 and 200: Vehicles used for infield haulout w
Page 201 and 202: This can be compared with harvest a
Page 203 and 204: While diversification can add value
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
Page 207 and 208: and transport conditions. Billet le
Page 209 and 210: that cane production is the most pr
Page 211 and 212: on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
Page 213: References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
Page 217 and 218: Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
Page 219 and 220: Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
Page 221: Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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