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on only $1/kg oil ex distillery net of extraction cost). 17. There are both tangible and intangible benefits of value chain improvement that need to be communicated. 18. Flexibility is essential in biomass supply chains to cope with and adapt to unforeseen events. 19. While diversification can add value to the industry, the impact on supply chain constraints needs consideration. 189
References Agnew, J 2002. A Participatory Approach Towards Improving Industry Sector Profits Through Improved Harvesting Efficiency. Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations Publication SD02023, Brisbane, Australia. Abadi A, Bartle J and Giles R 2008. Commercial Feasibility of Woody Biomass Production in Wheatbelt Agriculture. Bio-energy Australia 2008 Conference, 8 December 2008, Melbourne Antony G, Prestwidge DB, Sandell GR and Higgins A 2003. Scope for Cost Savings from Harvesting Rationalisation in the Australian Sugar Industry. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., Vol. 25, (CDROM, 8 pp). Bartle, J, Huxtable, D and Peck, A 2011. Productivity Interactions of Integrated Oil Mallee Farming Systems. Chapter 2 in RIRDC Project No PRJ000477: Hydrological impacts and productivity interactions of integrated oil mallee farming systems: Landscape scale effects of dispersed mallee plantings. Edited by Kim Brooksbank. RIRDC project PRJ000477 (in press). Bartle, J, Olsen, G, Cooper, D and Hobbs, T 2007. Scale of Biomass Production From New Woody Crops for Salinity Control in Dryland Agriculture in Australia. Int. J. of Global Energy Issues, 2007, 27, 115. Bartle, J and Abadi, A 2010. Towards Sustainable Production of Second Generation Bioenergy Feedstocks, Energy Fuels, 24, 2–9. Beattie, R and Crossley, R 2006. Achieving World’s Best Practice Harvesting and Transport Costs for the NSW Sugar Industry, Sugar Research and Development Corporation NSC006 Final Report, Brisbane, Australia. Bezuidenhout, C and Bodhanya, S 2010. Identifying Opportunities in South African Sugarcane Supply Chain Systems. School of Bioresources Engineering and Environmental Hydrology. University of KwaZulu-Natal. Pietermaritzburg. South Africa. Boston Consulting Group. 2004. Boston Consulting Group Report to Canegrowers, Review of Constraints on Industry Competitiveness and Innovation, Brisbane. Brotherton, G 2002. Harvester Performance Testing - Literature Review: Loss Measurement in Sugarcane Harvesting. Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations Publication CD02008, Brisbane, Australia. Canegrowers 2002. Submission to the Independent Assessment of the Sugar Industry. Canegrowers, Brisbane. Canegrowers 2010. "Australian Sugarcane - Cane Payment Information." Retrieved 23 August, 2010. Chapman, FL and Grevis-James, I 1998. Investigations into a Differential Charging System for Harvesting. Proc. Aust. Soc. Sugar Cane Technol., 20: 43-46. Cooper D, Bartle J, Schilizzi S and Pannell D 2001. Oil Mallee Must Look to Multi-Product Industries, In Proceedings 45th Annual Conference of Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society Inc, 23-25 January 2001, Adelaide. 190
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
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Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
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Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
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Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
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Transport efficiencies may be possi
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3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
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same time, the potential problems o
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Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
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• The harvester will not have any
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Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
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external factors dramatically impac
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Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
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3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
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Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
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Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
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• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
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5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
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Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184: It was assumed that there was a fif
Page 185 and 186: Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
Page 187 and 188: Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
Page 189 and 190: Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
Page 191 and 192: Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
Page 193 and 194: 30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
Page 195 and 196: 8. Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 197 and 198: Biomass bulk density has a large im
Page 199 and 200: Vehicles used for infield haulout w
Page 201 and 202: This can be compared with harvest a
Page 203 and 204: While diversification can add value
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
Page 207 and 208: and transport conditions. Billet le
Page 209 and 210: that cane production is the most pr
Page 211: on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
Page 215 and 216: Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
Page 217 and 218: Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
Page 219 and 220: Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
Page 221: Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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