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6. Full occupation of a paddock by mallee competition. might be represented by 200-300 mallee/ha, either on a uniform spacing of approximately7x7m, or closely spaced belts to facilitate harvesting efficiency. 6. Harvest efficiency is maximised when the concentration of biomass per metre of row is maximised and distance between belts is minimised. Competition between mallees for soil moisture precludes higher density planting if long-term biomass production from many cycles of harvesting is a principal objective. These higher density block plantings would virtually exclude annual cropping from the paddock but 7. Expansion in the sugar industry has generally been driven at a local mill area scale in response to market forces. Future expansion in mallee production will be driven by the market for biomass and farming systems and layouts will need to adapt to the economics of this supply arrangement. would allow some grazing and stock shelter. This strategy may be suitable for soils not suited to annual cereal cropping (e.g. deep yellow acid sands). 8. Sophisticated information and data collection systems have developed in the sugar industry to manage supply areas and volumes. These systems are could be readily customised for biomass industries. 9. Where mallee planting is not intended for biomass removal, consideration will need to be given to protocols for carbon credits under the carbon farming initiative. 10. Mallee planting provides vegetative biodiversity in a wheat monoculture and the collateral benefits of this biodiversity and associated environmental dividend needs to be quantified. 11. A resource inventory of the existing mallee in WA is essential for development of commercial operations. Sugar Industry Mallee Woody Crop Differences/Contrasts Key Issues and Recommendations Harvesting Transport and Storage Systems 1. Sugar plantations typically cover large continuous blocks of typically greater than 20ha allowing high harvester utilization and efficiencies 2. Sugar industry has collected a lot of information related to harvesting best practice and machine performance. 3. Sugarcane presents a fairly uniform crop to be managed by a harvester. 4. Material handling characteristics of sugarcane has been well researched and documented and machinery designed to provide optimum pouring 1. Mallee typically planted in double rows separated by 50m-150m of wheat and other crops. 2. There is very little published data available relevant to the mallee harvesting systems 3. Mallee biomass has a variable characteristic and does not flow very well. Tipping and bridging can be a problem and bulk density can be low. Control of chip quality, leaf and twig material is difficult in the harvester, all of which affect material flow, angle of repose, 1. High shift-average sugarcane harvester throughput of typically 60 to 90 tonne/hr are achievable versus likely 20-40 tonne/hr for mallee. Low pour rates result in high costs of harvesting. 2. Sugarcane harvester field efficiencies are typically 50% which would be expected to be lower than for mallee 70-80% given the long row lengths, low harvesting speeds, and reduced number of times the harvester needs to turn per hour. 3. Good quality data on mallee harvester performance is being collected which will 1. Mallee harvesting costs are expected to be 3 times that for sugarcane. With increased production volumes and higher delivery rates this could drop to twice current sugarcane harvesting costs. New field layouts and increased harvester performance need to be considered to reduce these costs. 2. Current trials provide opportunities to optimise harvest performance and collect appropriate information on fuel consumption, vehicle utilisation, harvester location, power and pressure and material flow, bulk density etc. This should include matching the power in 183
and transport conditions. Billet length and extraneous matter can be well controlled in current harvesters. 5. Current research is focussing on improved transport efficiencies for whole crop cane through vibration and compaction. 6. Harvester pour rates in sugar are typically 80-200t/hr. The harvester efficiency in cane harvesting is typically around 50% based on lost time waiting for bins or turning at headlands. 7. In sugar cane harvesting product separation (trash and cane) takes place on the harvester. This is not the most efficient place for product separation and losses are typically 7-26%. 8. A reliable and balanced cane supply is critical to the sugar industry both within the day and across the harvesting season. The industry has moved to harvest monitoring (GPS) and mapping to allow better scheduling and planning. Satellite mapping is also used to monitor harvesting and cane supply. 9. Harvesting costs have generally been on a flat rate of $5-$7/tc. There has been a move to differentiate payment for burnt vs green cane and as a base rate plus fuel costs (Typically
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
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Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
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Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
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Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
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Transport efficiencies may be possi
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3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
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same time, the potential problems o
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Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
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• The harvester will not have any
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Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
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external factors dramatically impac
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Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
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3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
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Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
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Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
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• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
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5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
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Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184: It was assumed that there was a fif
Page 185 and 186: Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
Page 187 and 188: Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
Page 189 and 190: Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
Page 191 and 192: Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
Page 193 and 194: 30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
Page 195 and 196: 8. Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 197 and 198: Biomass bulk density has a large im
Page 199 and 200: Vehicles used for infield haulout w
Page 201 and 202: This can be compared with harvest a
Page 203 and 204: While diversification can add value
Page 205: Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
Page 209 and 210: that cane production is the most pr
Page 211 and 212: on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
Page 213 and 214: References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
Page 215 and 216: Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
Page 217 and 218: Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
Page 219 and 220: Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
Page 221: Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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