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Figure 7.9 Effect of harvester pour rate and annual tonnes harvested on the cost of harvest Table 7.5 Data table of the effect of harvester pour rate and annual tonnes on the cost of harvest Cost of harvest [$/t] Annual tonnes harvested 14,400 57,600 100,800 144,000 Harv. Pour rate [t/h] 10 64.08 56.45 55.36 54.92 30 29.60 21.97 20.89 20.45 50 22.71 15.08 13.99 13.55 70 19.99 12.36 11.27 10.84 Table 7.6 Effect of harvester pour rate and annual tonnes harvested on shift length. Shift length [hrs per day] Annual tonnes harvested 14,400 57,600 100,800 144,000 Har v. 10 5.1 20.4 35.6 1 50.9 1 169
30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6 10.8 70 0.8 3.3 5.8 8.2 1 Two or three harvesters required 7.5 Conclusion and Recommendations A desktop assessment of mallee harvest haul logistics has been undertaken for Western Australian alley plantings. The modelling was based on the approach widely used in the sugar industry (Sandell and Prestwich, 2004). The analysis indicates that harvester pour rate has the largest impact on the cost of harvest. High pour rates equate to more income for each unit of fuel, wages and all other costs. Tonnes harvested per season also have a large effect on the cost of harvest. Higher annual tonnes equate to better capital utilisation. Road haul distance has the next largest effect on cost of harvest: - the further the wood chip is carted, the more it costs. With haul distances of 100km haulage costs are likely to be around $15/green tonne. Capital cost has some impact on the cost of harvest but is less critical. The selection of capital equipment is important as it can bring inherent efficiencies. It is also important that in-field equipment be suited to the adverse conditions found in mallee harvesting. Row spacing has a small impact on the cost of harvest because the harvester spends most of the time harvesting due to relatively low ground speeds and large row lengths. For small scale industry development (14,400 green tonnes/yr of biomass chip delivery which is equivalent to a 2MW power generation capacity) and current prototype harvester performance (30 green tonnes/hr pour rate) harvesting costs are shown to be around $29.60/green tonne. Combined with road haulage costs of $15/green tonne this would equate to a delivered cost to a processor of $44.6/green tonne. To this one would need to add a return to the grower (stumpage cost). This needs to be compared against the value of product to the processor and the fee the processor is prepared to pay. A harvester would be underutilised under this scenario. For large scale industry development (144,000 green tonnes/yr of wood chip delivery which is equivalent to a 20MW power generation capacity) and future harvester performance (50t/hr pour rate) harvesting costs are shown to be around $13.50/green tonne. Combined with road haulage costs of $15/green tonne this would equate to a delivered cost to a processor of $28.50/green tonne. This would provide a more appropriate cost of supply when compared with the fee the processor is likely to be prepared to pay. A harvester would be required to work an average 11 hours per day to process this tonnage. Table 7.7 compares likely harvesting costs of alley based mallee systems in Western Australia to whole crop sugar systems in NSW. Sugarcane systems have a much lower harvesting cost ($6.40/green tonne) based on the large scale of the industry (good capital utilisation), high crop yields (170t/ha) and high delivery rates. Despite higher harvester field efficiency rates under mallee systems (owing to the large proportion of time spent cutting in the row) the delivery rate to the road haulage vehicle is relatively low. This results in a high harvest cost which is approximately twice that for 170
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
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Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
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Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
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Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
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Transport efficiencies may be possi
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3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
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same time, the potential problems o
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Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
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• The harvester will not have any
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Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
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external factors dramatically impac
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Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
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3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
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Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184: It was assumed that there was a fif
Page 185 and 186: Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
Page 187 and 188: Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
Page 189 and 190: Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
Page 191: Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
Page 195 and 196: 8. Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 197 and 198: Biomass bulk density has a large im
Page 199 and 200: Vehicles used for infield haulout w
Page 201 and 202: This can be compared with harvest a
Page 203 and 204: While diversification can add value
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
Page 207 and 208: and transport conditions. Billet le
Page 209 and 210: that cane production is the most pr
Page 211 and 212: on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
Page 213 and 214: References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
Page 215 and 216: Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
Page 217 and 218: Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
Page 219 and 220: Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
Page 221: Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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