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Figure 7.3 Swing-lift containers Table 7.3 Scenario three capital equipment Equipment description capital value salvage value equity anticipated use $ $ % hours mallee harvester 750,000 10,000 0 10,000 200 hp tractor 213,800 81,800 0 10,000 200 hp tractor 213,800 81,800 0 10,000 shed 150,000 0 0 50,000 service vehicle + fuel trailer 50,000 5,000 0 10,000 33 tonne side lift trailer - additional value 89,650 25,469 0 10,000 33 tonne side lift trailer - additional value 89,650 25,469 0 10,000 33 tonne side lift trailer - full value 176,000 50,000 0 10,000 33 tonne side lift trailer - full value 176,000 50,000 0 10,000 modified shipping container 10,000 0 0 10,000 modified shipping container 10,000 0 0 10,000 modified shipping container 10,000 0 0 10,000 modified shipping container 10,000 0 0 10,000 163
Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester fuel burnt rate at idle 29 Litres per hour harvester fuel burnt rate at work 86 Litres per hour haulout fuel burnt rate at idle 8 Litres per hour haulout fuel burnt rate at work 24 Litres per hour vehicle fuel use per day 15 Litres per day Wages are calculated at $50.00 per hour flat rate with a 30% on-cost. This is to reflect the typical rate for this area where operators will typically travel from Perth and work on a three or four day shift. Feed mills and processing plants typically operate for around 8,000 hours per year. This equates to 334 days per year of operation at 24 hours per day. Some harvest scenarios return a few hours of harvest per day. In reality, one would operate on a roster of one day on and two off, for example, to bring the harvest hours per day to a more realistic number of hours per day. The model, for the sake of comparison, has assumed that harvest activity occurs each of the 334 days per year and has allowed the harvest hours per day to vary. Some scenarios return at around seventeen hours per day. Obviously this would occur in two shifts plus a rostered day off as appropriate and again this has remained as one shift for 334 days per year. Varying the rostered days on and off will have no effect on costs. Some of the largest group sizes at very low pour rates return a harvest duration of more than twenty-four hours per day. Clearly two harvesters would be required for this. Again, harvest hours per day has been allowed to vary for the sake of comparison. 7.3.4 Road Transport Assumptions Road transport costs are in addition to harvest costs. Previous modelling has suggested two prices for road transport: $0.13 per tonne per kilometre and $0.17 per tonne per kilometre. Both rates assume that trailers are hauled in pairs. Bulk density trials are currently underway. The modelling has assumed that bulk density is adequate to achieve legal axle loads, which seems likely from work to date and from experience in the wood chip industry. Scenarios One and Three are more likely to achieve higher bulk density as the bins are filled directly by the harvester so that packing of the wood chip occurs during filling. Scenario Two, where infield tipper bins tip into road transport, is more likely to be affected by bulk density issues and assumes that the wood chip can be tipped from bin to bin without decrease in bulk density. 164
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
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Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
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Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
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Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
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Transport efficiencies may be possi
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3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
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same time, the potential problems o
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Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
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• The harvester will not have any
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Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
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external factors dramatically impac
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Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
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3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
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Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184: It was assumed that there was a fif
Page 185: Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
Page 189 and 190: Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
Page 191 and 192: Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
Page 193 and 194: 30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
Page 195 and 196: 8. Conclusions and Recommendations
Page 197 and 198: Biomass bulk density has a large im
Page 199 and 200: Vehicles used for infield haulout w
Page 201 and 202: This can be compared with harvest a
Page 203 and 204: While diversification can add value
Page 205 and 206: Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
Page 207 and 208: and transport conditions. Billet le
Page 209 and 210: that cane production is the most pr
Page 211 and 212: on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
Page 213 and 214: References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
Page 215 and 216: Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
Page 217 and 218: Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
Page 219 and 220: Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
Page 221: Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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