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• Efficient separation of ex harvester product into components, primarily leaf, twig and bark from the woodchip component. • Efficient steam extraction of the leaf and twig components, versus the current strategies of whole tree product. This will be essential to reduce the energy consumption and cost associated with oil extraction. • Efficient drying and densification of leaf and twig material after oil extraction to maximise transport densities and minimise transport costs. • Automated combustion systems for mallee chip and densified leaf product. In addition to these basic components, it is essential that work continue on the “Big Picture” components of the potential industry, including gasification/pyrolysis for the potential production of liquid fuels. Key considerations regarding sugar and mallee products and processing and the impact on the supply chain are tabulated in Appendix 1 of the document. 123
5. Industry and Business Structures Industry and business structures will have a significant impact on supply chain development and operation. In particular industry regulation, payment formulae, supply agreements and ownership within the supply chain has influenced innovation in and development of the sugar supply chain. This chapter provides a review of sugar industry and business structures and concludes with considerations and recommendations for mallee industry development. 5.1 Overview The Australian sugar industry is predominately based on the production of raw sugar. Other uses and by-products include molasses, green energy production from the combustion of bagasse (fibrous waste), low volumes of organic sugar (speciality) and packaged cane trash as garden mulch. Section 4.1 of the report provides greater detail on sugar products and by-products. Refined sugar is regarded as a separate business. The sugar industry supply chain consists of growing, harvesting, transport and milling which is effectively driven by farmers and millers. The basic profit centre within the sugar industry is the mill area. Both the growing and milling sector is closely dependant on each other due to the perishability of cane and high transport costs. The sugar content (commercial value) of sugarcane starts to deteriorate within 16 hours of being harvested. Sugarcane cannot be economically transported beyond a time and cost limited geographical radius. For both the growing and milling sectors to achieve a profitable outcome, each in turn must be profitable for the economic sustainability of the mill area. Hildebrand (2002) summarises this relationship: • Farmers seek to ensure that a mill will accept the cane they will grow and harvest over the season for optimum farm proceeds, to a schedule that averages crop and climate event risks between farmers (farmer equity) and • The mill seeks to ensure that cane farming is the most profitable use of land in its feeder area, and that its milling capacity is adequate to ensure cane continues to be grown in sufficient quantity by its supplying farmers, in order for the mill to remain economically viable. Mill areas have various farmer and miller ownership structures however each mill area forms the basic profit centre. 5.2 Institutional / Regulatory Framework 5.2.1 Historical Arrangements The sugar industry has been in operation for more than 100 years and has been examined in detail many times throughout its history. A relatively rapid change in the institutional / regulatory arrangements has occurred in the last 10 years, to a point where the sugar industry has moved from a highly regulated industry to one of deregulation. Historically legislation governed most aspects of the industry where development and commercial activity were premised on remunerative price and grower equity (Sugar Industry Oversight Group, 2006). In the early stages of the industry all raw sugar produced in Queensland was compulsory acquired by the Government and sold by a central Sugar Board (the predecessor of the Queensland 124
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133 and 134: Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184: It was assumed that there was a fif
Page 185 and 186: Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
Page 187 and 188: Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
Page 189 and 190: Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
Page 191 and 192: Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
Page 193 and 194: 30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
Page 195 and 196: 8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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