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Western Australia a number of facilities utilise diesel or LPG, with the thermal outputs of the systems typically being between 2MW and 10MW. The plants typically also have a significant electrical load. Combustion of Mallee can potentially be a cost effective option, given the probable continuing increase in fossil energy prices. Energy recovery efficiency will be significantly lower than for units currently fired with LPG and somewhat lower than current diesel fired units. Some additional capital requirement and management and control will be required. The market is of limited total capacity and highly localised. Potentially, steam extraction of mallee oil could be undertaken in conjunction with a thermal facility. Similarly, with appropriate equipment selection, potential also exists to make other co-products such as bio-char. Table 4.8 Value of Mallee as a feedstock for local small-scale thermal applications Thermal LPG Diesel Product Value ($/GJ) $19.15 $23.81 Component Used whole tree whole tree Relative Efficiency 75% 85% Nett Product Value ($/GJ) $14.36 $20.24 Energy Content GJ/t freshweight whole tree 10.00 10.00 Value/t freshweight whole tree $ 143.63 $ 202.39 Residual/co-product Mallee Oil / Limited Bio Char Co-Product value. Extracted Mallee Oil, limited Bio-Char Table 4.8 indicates that Mallee is more competitive against diesel fired installations than against LPG installations, and that this is a potentially good market for small scale production. A 10MW thermal operation (medium abattoir) with 60% efficiency biomass boilers and operating for 24 hrs/day for 220 days/year would consume 25,000 green tonnes biomass/year. 4.4.7 Electricity Electricity can be generated from biomass via three potential strategies: • Co-firing biomass in high efficiency coal fired power stations. • Gasification and use in internal combustion engines/turbines with heat recovery. • Combust and utilise the heat in high efficiency ORC system. The co-firing of woodchip into coal fired power stations gives energy recovery efficiencies similar to that achieved with coal, however the increased price of electricity associated with REC’s can be claimed giving an effective price of approximately $80/MWhr. Higher energy recovery efficiencies can potentially be achieved with gasification, and use of the gas in internal combustion engines with heat recovery. Claimed conversion efficiencies are over 50% however this technology has not is not yet been commercialised on a large scale. The combustion of the product in conjunction with low pressure steam boilers and mini-turbines, or Organic Rankine Cycle systems, are suitable for installations in the order of 0.5 to 2MW. Typical overall efficiencies are in the order of 20-25% for optimised ORC systems and 10% for steam cycle systems (Joyce, J. Pers Com). 117
Table 4.9 presents an estimation of the value of chipped mallee as a fuel for electricity generation, under three scenarios: • as a product for co-fuelling in large coal fired power stations , • Local substitution for grid power in areas with limited grid supply and; • In a stand-alone facility to replace diesel gensets. In the first and last example, transport of the product to the end user would be a significant consideration, as coal fired power stations are not generally sited near potential Mallee production areas and large diesel gensets tend to be located near remote mining operations. In the second example, the local power generation is displacing local grid supply, but nominally at full retail cost. For the purposes for analysis a value of $200/MWhr is assumed. Table 4.9 Value of Mallee woodchip for electricity generation. Electricity Co-fire with Coal Local ORC Grid Displacement Local ORC Diesel Displacement Product Value ($/MWhr) $ 80 $200 $ 350 Process cost (%) 10% 20% 20% Nett product Value $72 $160 $280 Component Used whole tree whole tree whole tree Energy Recovery Efficiency 30% 20% 20% Energy Recovery GJ/t 3.04 2.02 2.02 freshweight whole tree Value/t freshweight whole $ 60.80 $90.00 $ 157.52 tree Residual/co-product Mallee Oil / Bio-Char / Process heat Co-Product value. Extracted Mallee Oil, limited Bio-Char, process heat 4.4.8 Summary of Crop Component Value The above analysis indicates that products from Mallee can nominally be categorised into three categories: • Products with high value but limited potential market; • Products which have co-products with significant potential combined value, and; • Products which are consumed in the nominated process, and have a single product value. Table 4.10 presents a summary of the value of recoverable/derivable components from the range of different potential products, and an indication of the potential residual value in co-products. Products with high value but limited market include: • Boutique oil production, and; • Activated charcoal Both these products also have significant potential for additional revenue from co-products. The oil extraction process enhances the value of leaf and twig material for other uses, whereas the production of activated charcoal results in the liberation of significant quantities of combustible gas and heat, both which can be used in downstream processes. Local thermal and electricity supply in remote areas is potentially a high value product, however there is probably limited scope for co-products except the potential production of mallee oil. 118
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133 and 134: Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184: It was assumed that there was a fif
Page 185 and 186: Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
Page 187 and 188: Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
Page 189 and 190: Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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