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Figure 7.6 Effect of belt spacing an cost of harvest ..................................................................... 167 Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes harvested on harvesting cost ................................................. 168 Figure 7.8 Effect harvester pour rate on harvesting cost .............................................................. 168 Figure 7.9 Effect of harvester pour rate and annual tonnes harvested on the cost of harvest ...... 169 xiv
Executive Summary What the report is about This report provides a pre-feasibility assessment of the mallee woody crop supply chain based on a comparative assessment with the sugar supply chain. The report will assist in developing a sustainable supply chain for the mallee industry. The report covers the supply of material from the field to potential processing facilities and discusses potential mallee products and markets, business and commercial structures and supply chain planning and management required to support this delivery chain. Who is the report targeted at? The report is targeted at the stakeholders of the mallee woody crop industry. Stakeholders include: • Seedling nurseries and contract tree planters • Farmers • Harvesting contractors • Road transport operators • Biomass processors and conversion industries • Consumers of the products from conversion industries • CRC, university and public sector industry development workers • Private sector industry development individuals and corporations other than farmers The report is of particular relevance to the mallee industry of Western Australia where mallee trees are an integral part of wheat cropping systems. The findings are also relevant to other mallee areas in South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria and Queensland where production is focussed on biomass production and is not integrated with other cropping systems. The principles and approach of this study could also be applied to other biomass supply chains. Background Short cycle tree crops such as mallee’s have the potential to play an important role in the long-term sustainability of low rainfall agriculture. The economic sustainability of the mallee industry depends upon developing markets and industries to utilise the biomass. A fundamental part of this development is the biomass supply chain; the system which links the crop in the farm paddock to the processing factory. Significant research and development has to date focussed on the development of processing facilities for mallee oil and mallee harvesting systems. Only limited formal consideration has been given to the complete biomass supply chain, from field to factory. This project has undertaken a pre-feasibility assessment of the mallee supply chain, industry structure and potential markets and products, with an aim to optimise the supply of material from the field to the processor. The Australian sugarcane industry is a large biomass supply chain and therefore has synergies with a mallee biomass system and therefore it offered a compelling opportunity to inform the mallee industry based on similar supply challenges and 100 years of experience. Project investigations relate primarily to the mallee woody crop industry in Western Australia and pertain both to existing harvesting systems being developed under the Future Farming Industries CRC programs as well as for expanded production capacity. The principles and approach of this study could also be applied to other biomass sources and regions. xv
Page 1 and 2: Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
Page 3 and 4: Foreword This report provides an as
Page 5 and 6: include business development (new p
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 9 and 10: 4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
Page 11 and 12: Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
Page 13: Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
Page 17 and 18: • Biomass production potential of
Page 19 and 20: • As the Industry expands, the mo
Page 21 and 22: Harvesting, transport and storage s
Page 23 and 24: Biomass processing, supply chain pl
Page 25 and 26: Key barriers to biomass industries
Page 27 and 28: Crop-Biomass Production Production
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
Page 33 and 34: 1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
Page 35 and 36: northern New South Wales (where it
Page 37 and 38: Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
Page 39 and 40: Bark has relatively high ash but as
Page 41 and 42: Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
Page 45 and 46: out the fluctuations in farm income
Page 47 and 48: Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
Page 49 and 50: inconclusive result may have been d
Page 51 and 52: For a sustainable woody crop indust
Page 53 and 54: changed significantly since they we
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
Page 57 and 58: Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
Page 59 and 60: During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62: single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64: 2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66:
Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68:
The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74:
Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
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Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
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Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
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Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
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Transport efficiencies may be possi
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3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
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same time, the potential problems o
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Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
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• The harvester will not have any
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Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114:
external factors dramatically impac
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Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
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3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
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Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
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Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
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• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
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5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
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Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
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6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
Page 199 and 200:
Vehicles used for infield haulout w
Page 201 and 202:
This can be compared with harvest a
Page 203 and 204:
While diversification can add value
Page 205 and 206:
Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
Page 207 and 208:
and transport conditions. Billet le
Page 209 and 210:
that cane production is the most pr
Page 211 and 212:
on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
Page 213 and 214:
References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
Page 215 and 216:
Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
Page 217 and 218:
Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
Page 219 and 220:
Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
Page 221:
Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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