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Table 4.5 Value of feedstock components for Metallurgical Charcoal Product Value ($/t) Component Used Extraction cost ($/t) $198 high volume sales Woodchip / log and “extracted” leaf and twig $50/t charcoal Product Value ($/t) $148.00 Product yield (% of freshweight) 20-30% Value/gt freshweight separated woodchip/log $ 36.00-$54.00 Value/gt freshweight whole tree including extracted leaf $ 36.00-$54.00 Residual and co-products Co-Product value Heat & syngas/ bio-crude. App 60% of initial energy content as heat and combustables/feedstock. As with the production of activated charcoal, the production of metallurgical charcoal results in significant heat production and production of syngas. Whilst a greater proportion of the initial energy is lost to the charcoal product stream, significant energy is still available for downstream use as heat or for the production of bio-crude. 4.3.4 Bio-Char Bio-char is a relatively newly commercialised product, with a range of uses. Bio-char has high value use as a fertiliser component, whilst a lower value use is as a soil physical ameliorant. Biochar can also be used as a vehicle for carbon sequestration, and a value can be derived based on the value assumed for a carbon tax of nominally $50/tonne CO 2 . As with other thermal conversion processes, the recovery of bio-char is dependent on the time and temperature in the reactor, with low temperatures preferred for maximising char recoveries, with overall recoveries of approximately 30% (char : freshweight) being reported as typical. The process consumes the syngases and bio-crude, however the combustion of these products maximises the exothermic nature of the reaction. These lower temperature processes reduce the potential for efficient use of the liberated heat in “steam cycle” conversion processes, however the exhaust heat temperature matches some processes such as Organic Rankine Cycle units for electricity production. Bio-Char as an industrial feedstock for the fertiliser industry has a very significantly higher value than for its use for carbon sequestration, however the value as an industrial product will be dependent on supply. The current price is in the order of $500/tonne (J Joyce, Pers Com, 2011). For this application, pre-extraction of oil from leaf material would reduce its value because of the value of alkalis and other inorganics in the leaf material when used as a fertiliser component. Syngas and heat are by-products of the production of bio-char production, and these can be used directly in downstream processes, e.g thermal applications. Table 4.6 Value of feedstock components for Bio-Char for various uses. Bio Char Fertiliser Additive CO 2 Sequestration Product Value ($/t) $ 500 $50/t CO 2 Component Used whole tree whole tree Extraction cost ($/t) $25 $25 115
Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $ 158.33 Product yield (%) freshweight 29.0% 29% Value/gt freshweight whole tree $ 137.75 $ 45.92 Residual/co-product Co-Product value Heat and syngas/bio-crude App 60% of initial energy content as heat and combustables/feedstock. The value of processing Mallee to produce bio-char for sequestration must be further reduced by the cost of delivering the product back to the field and spreading it, and as such this is not likely to be a primary use for oil mallee trees. 4.4.5 Bio-oil products Direct conversion technologies whereby biomass is pyrolysised at high temperature, with the aim of maximising the conversion of all carbon in the product (and minimising charcoal production) and the syngas recombined to a higher value product are developing rapidly. Whilst initially a heavy bio-crude oil was produced which required further refining, current technology is moving towards direct production of diesel and avgas substitutes by re-combination over specific catalysts (Darmastader, E Pers com, 2011). Available information is that yields of product such as syn-diesel are in the order of 55 US gallons/US ton of dry ash free fibre (Darmastader per som, 2011). This equates to approximately 134 l/tonne freshweight of Mallee. Excess heat is produced as a by-product, and the process can be manipulated to produce some char, at the expense of reduced yield. “Production modules” for this technology are currently in the order of 120,000 tonne fibre/year. Table 4.7 indicates that, assuming conversion efficiency of 134l/tonne DAF (55 US gal/US ton), and a processing cost of approximately $.20/l, the feedstock value at the factory gate is in the order of $93/tonne fresh weight. The impact of preextraction of mallee oil would be a small reduction in recovery of this product. Table 4.7 Value of feedstock components for the manufacture of Synthetic Diesel. Product Value ($/l) $0.90 Component Used whole tree Extraction cost ($/l) $0.20 Nett Product Value ($/l) $0.70 Product yield (l/t) freshweight whole tree 134 Value ($/t) freshweight whole tree $ 93.50 Residual/co-product Limited heat & char Co-Product value Negligible As the aim of the pyrolysis operation would be to maximise conversion efficiency, negligible coproducts would be produced. The production of synthetic diesel and similar products would be volume insensitive and with a long term positive price trend. Additional income from the excess thermal output would be limited. 4.4.6 Local thermal The use of chipped oil Mallee as a source of thermal energy is of interest to local users such as abattoirs and stockfeed processors, as a potential substitute for diesel or LPG. In the South West of 116
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133 and 134: Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184: It was assumed that there was a fif
Page 185 and 186: Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
Page 187 and 188: Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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