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Table 4.2 Assessment of current value and annual production and potential production and possible impact on product value. Product Mallee Oil Activated Charcoal Metallurgical Charcoal Bio-oil (Industrial Feedstock) Diesel/Avgas Bio-char Process heat for local abattoirs and similar. Electricity Grid input Local Electricity Local Electricity Current Market Price (Estimated exfactory) $10/ kg oil current price for small producers for “Boutique” market. $3000/t product for high value uses such as water purification and gold processing. Not known but plant at Bunbury utilising forest log waste. Refinery feedstock: 60% of diesel equivalent thermal value. Direct consumption through oil distribution system. Currently in excess of $400/t as fertiliser additive. $19.8 /GJ, LPG $23.80/GJ Diesel $41.67/GJ Electricity Grid $.05 /kW hr nominal, $.08 / kW hr with REC’s. Displacemnet of local Grid power@ $.20/kWhr Remote (Diesel displacement) @ $.35 /kWhr Current Annual Production 4,000 t/year worldwide 150t/year Australia Not known Current limited local production “in-house”. Not currently produced. Not currently produced. Limited current production from other sources. Limited local usage in “low tech” applications. Limited cofiring. Not currently done. Not currently done. Potential Production after conversion efficiencies. 85,000t/year from leaf product. 350,000 t/year if all product converted. 1.75M t of various grades from woodchip. logs. 2,000ML/year (from total biomass). 2,000ML/year (from total biomass). 1.75 M t/year (from total biomass). 106,000 TJ. (from total biomass). 7,400GW hr/ year. 5,900 GW hr/ year. 5,900 GW hr/ year. Potential price at large scale production. $2.00/kg, industrial solvent/ industrial feedstock $300/t (a 50% premium on metallurgical charcoal.) $200/t nominal commodity price, but could be a premium for “lump” product. 60% of diesel equivalent thermal value 80% of diesel equivalent thermal value. $ 85/ $185 per tonne on $23/$50 carbon tax as sequestration value. Limited market. (2-10 MW thermal facilities, 0.6 - 3 t/hr) Limited sensitivity but large market. Limited market and high price sensitivity. Limited market and limited price sensitivity. Impact of Increased Production: The impact of potential production on the ex-factory price, assuming maximum potential production was diverted into that product, must be assessed. The actual impact of increasing the volume of a particular product on the market will be dependent on the rate of increase in production, and high value products may help the establishment of the Industry. Again, in the example of Mallee oil, the industrial price which would be achieved under the scenario of large scale production is believed to be close to $2.00/kg (Enecon, 2001), but other industrial markets are being explored, such as the use of cineole as a precursor for the manufacture of plastics (Bartle and Abadi, 111
2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary of some potential products, and an assessment of the parameters above. Table 4.2 indicates that a large scale Mallee Industry would potentially very significantly impact on the current value of a number of products. For example, current producers of eucalyptus oil would see a dramatic reduction in the value of their product if even a small percentage of the potential production of mallee oil entered the market they are currently targeting. As part of an industrial process however, even at the anticipated dramatically reduced oil value, oil extraction could be an important component of overall economics of a larger industry. Other high value markets are generally low product volume, such as thermal energy displacement in local industries such as feedmills and abattoirs, and the even smaller potential market as local electricity production utilising rapidly developing technologies such as Organic Rankine Cycle systems to convert low grade thermal energy to electricity to displace diesel electricity generation units. Potential higher value uses without volume limitations include conversion utilising gasification or pyrolysis to liquid fuels. Current technology converts the syngas and other gaseous products to heavy oil, which can be utilised directly as a furnace fuel, or refined into more traditional products. More recent development has been towards “reforming” the gas products over a catalyst to produce synthetic diesel or avgas, and limited by-products. Whilst substantial research and development is being undertaken into this technology and results are exciting, it is not yet commercialised. Indications are that overall conversion efficiency is in the order of 55%, although higher efficiencies are potentially achievable (Holmgren pers com, 2011). Charcoal and combustible gasses are additional products. Table 4.3- 4.9 analyses each potential product, including anticipated industrial product value, and extraction/conversion costs to derive values for the crop component being utilised as feedstock for a process. 4.4.1 Mallee oil Available data indicates that average oil recovery from steam extraction is approximately 10 kg/green tonne from whole trees or 18 kg/green tonne from leaf and twig components. This is nominally consistent with minimal extractable oil in the wood component of the tree, and varies according to leaf age, season and other agronomic parameters. The energy required for steam extraction of the oil is typically 10 kg of saturated steam/kg of oil, however allowance must also be made for heating of the biomass prior to extraction commencing. The extraction process results in a leeching of much of the water-soluble alkali products from the leaf. The resulting liquor has some potential value as a fertiliser because of this, however energy would be required to concentrate it to reduce the product volume for cost efficient transport. More significantly, research indicates that the oil extraction process can actually increase the value of these components for some downstream uses such as metallurgical charcoal. The process would also be anticipated to increase the value of these products for various thermal uses because of the reduction in specific alkalis. After the extraction process, the leaf and twig material would have to be dried before further use. The use of thermal drying utilising a proportion of the material after oil extraction would consume in the order of 35% of the product. Alternative strategies include solar drying, by spreading the product in thin layers over a large area. This would involve a number of operations and cost to spread, turn and collect the material. 112
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
Page 83 and 84: perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133: Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
Page 183 and 184: It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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