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product partitioning incorporating multi-phase separation, probably including size grading, a degree of “gravity” separation and pneumatic separation. This equipment would be anticipated to be either fixed or re-locatable, but not mobile for “infield” use. Case by case evaluation of the economics of different strategies will be required, with factors such as eventual Industry size and distribution having a significant impact on future development paths. 4.3 Mallee Products and Conversion Technologies. A range of products can potentially be derived from mallee trees, with three main processes being utilised: • Extraction of oils. Whilst a number of processes can be utilised for the extraction of oils from biomass, with mallee the main source of oils is in the leaf material and steam extraction is considered the most appropriate technology; • Thermal conversion. Thermal conversion ranges from combustion, where the aim is to maximise heat recovery for process heat or electricity generation, to a range of processes where the combustion process is controlled and targeted products are produced. The process can be manipulated to maximise output of a range of products from charcoal to combustible gasses. Gasses can then be further converted into liquid fuels (e.g “bio-crude”). Heat is also liberated. The process is well described by El Bassam (2010). Figure 4.5a illustrates the mass balance of the process of gasification and bio-oil production from a biomass crop, with the basis being 1000 kg of feedstock dry-material prior to the conversion process. Figure 4.5b gives the energy balance for material at 25% moisture content initial condition. The actual conversion efficiencies to the nominated end products can be manipulated by the temperature of the process, with higher temperatures favouring higher production of gasses and oil, and lower temperatures favouring the production of char. • Physical conversion. Physical conversion of biomass is in the context of a bioenergy crop is primarily by processes such as briquetting or pelleting. This strategy is primarily used to “standardise” the product and maximise density for transport. Whilst the oil extraction process and physical conversion require the addition of energy, thermal conversion is essentially exothermic. Whilst thermal conversion technology has been used on a large scale for many years (charcoal production, Fischer Tropsch for liquid fuel production and “producer gas” for stationary applications) technology is developing rapidly. Figure 4.5(a) Mass balance of biomass conversion using fast pyrolysis.(El Bassam 2010) 109
Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of conversion of biomass using fast pyrolysis. 4.4 Mallee Products, Markets and Value. Whilst a wide range of products can be derived from Oil Mallee trees, the market availability for the products will be the most significant issue. Key issues to be determined relating to an initial assessment of these products includes: • Current Australian or if relevant worldwide production of the product; • Estimated current ex-factory price for the product; • Potential production from a full scale potential Western Australian or Australian industry; • An estimate of the ex-factory value of the price of the product if the nominated potential production was achieved. Current Production: Australian or Worldwide production of the range of products is estimated as a pre-cursor to what impact a significant Industry would have on the domestic and international supply chains. Current Price: The estimated current ex-factory price for the product based on a limited search and known data. For example, the current price paid for Mallee Oil as a boutique product is in the order of $10/kg, however Australian production is 150t/year and total world production is approximately 4,000t/year. The price of other potential products can be derived from known data. Potential for Increased Production: The adoption of Mallee in the WA wheat belt as portrayed in section 1.3.1 would result in about 8 million tonnes fresh weight of whole tree product per year. This is a significant resource, although of modest value against the typical annual West Australian wheat harvest of over 4M tonnes. This could potentially produce about 80,000 tonnes of oil annually in Western Australia alone. 110
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
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Bulk density will be a key consider
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Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
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Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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Page 83 and 84: perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176: interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178: Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180: Relationships between sectors and p
Page 181 and 182: 7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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