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The chipped biomass must be moved from the farm to a centralised receiving point for transfer to road transport. The chipped biomass will be thrown directly from the harvester to a following bulk bin (haulout) which will forward the material to the field edge. A shunt transport will then move the biomass to the receiving point for the road transport. Due the cost of reclaiming heaps on the ground, it is unlikely that chipped biomass will be stored on farm. The dispersed layout of the mallee crops creates significant challenges for cost-efficient transport of biomass from the harvester to the road transport receiving point. A lack of real crop distribution data limits the usefulness of system analysis data. Infield transport distances will vary widely over short periods of time, so transport to the roadside landings will require a two-stage process to give the operation the flexibility to cope with widely varying harvester-to-landing distances. Haulouts will need to have high capacities because they represent the smallest batch process in the supply chain. The spatial distribution of landings will need to be matched with biomass distribution and available yield. Tradeoffs will be required between an increased number of landings and shorter infield haul distances. Haulout efficiency will be maximised if production per hectare and bulk density are maximised and haul distances to the road landing are reduced. Similarly, mallee is spread geographically across the Western Australian wheat belt and harvesting will be a year round operation, so soil conditions will vary widely, both spatially and over time. The Mediterranean climatic conditions can see unstable soils become commonplace during winter. Vehicles used for infield haulout will need to be suitable for off-road use and have low ground pressures. Depending on the row configuration and if low stumps are left by the harvester, rubber tracks or low floatation tyres will need to be considered. As transport regulations vary from state to state, licensing of infield transport that travel on public roads may be required. This may involve the mallee industry working with the WA Department of Transport to define appropriate guidelines for conditional registration. Consideration could be given to pre-processing at roadside landings, involving upgrading processes such as chip separation, oil distillation, drying and even pellet manufacture. This would improve the marketing of the biomass, by placing the emphasis of the long-haul road transport upon the movement of specific value-added products to appropriate markets. However costs and efficiencies of the several options would need to be assessed. The need for and role of material stockpiles will need to be evaluated in terms of the supply chain management and impact on product quality. Stockpiles are a risk management strategy and can ensure continuous feedstock supply in case of interruptions (for example fire, flood, soft soils, and major mechanical breakdowns). The grain transport trailers that are common in the wheatbelt regions do not have the volumetric capacity for biomass. The wood chip transport systems are geographically somewhat distant from mallee areas and they rely, partly for historical reasons, upon the use or rear discharge by tipping or walking floors. This requires that road trains be decoupled and reassembled for every load, which imposes extra cost upon woodchip transport compared grain transport, which can empty trucks through a grizzly screen. The mallee industry will have the opportunity to avoid this problem if it adopts side loading and unloading from the outset. If the materials handling process from the point of harvest is containerised, then side loading and unloading can be accommodated using the principles of sea container swing-lift technology. Key considerations regarding sugar and mallee transport systems are tabulated in Appendix 1 of the document. 101
3.6 Recommendations The nature of the biomass material to be delivered needs to be well defined to allow the most suitable transport system to be developed. Appropriate strategies will need to be developed for transport configurations such that the bulk density of material is not reduced. Existing and potential haulout and road transport systems have been reviewed but conceptual designs of the alternative new systems need to be developed and proper financial analysis conducted. Comparisons of existing and potential systems need to be thorough and systematic. A resource inventory of the existing mallee in WA is essential for proper analysis of alternative transport systems and development of the early commercial operations. It will also assist in planning and guiding future expansion of the mallee resource so as to maximise transport efficiency in the future. 102
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
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The quality of cut may be less impo
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ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
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Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74: Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
Page 77 and 78: L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80: Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
Page 81 and 82: • waiting for mill delivery of em
Page 83 and 84: perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133 and 134: Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170: • There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172: 6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
Page 173 and 174: • Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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