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Figure 3.14 Fliegl Gigant push-off trailer 3.3.2 Capacity The current multi-lift bin used in QLD has a volume of 65 m 3 . This was also the size of the multi-lift bins in all NSW mill regions in NSW prior to 2008. With a 65 m 3 multi-lift, the maximum allowable payload under RTA NSW axle loading regulations is achieved with burnt cane with less than 100 % volume utilisation. For whole-of-crop harvesting, NSWSMC has replaced their steel framed 65 m 3 multi-lift bins with imported low tare weight, aluminium 90 m 3 bins at Condong and Broadwater mill areas. Harwood mill still uses steel framed 65 m 3 multi-lift bins. The tare mass of the aluminium multi-lift bins is about 4.25 t. The aluminium bins have not been trouble free. The main issue is damage from side tipping haulouts catching on the side of the bin during unloading. Mallee System The product to be transported has bulk density and similar flow characteristics to burnt cane, and a road system suitable for road trains already exists throughout the WA wheatbelt for cartage of wheat. However, these systems use end tipping trailers and grain trailers do not have sufficient volume for mallee biomass. Side tipping road trains are considered essential for chipped biomass to avoid the problems of end tipping. For some free-flowing products, such as wheat, this can be accommodated by tipping through a grizzly screen into a pit. However, whole chipped mallee does not flow as well. It cannot be tipped over the drawbar of a second trailer or through a grizzly screen, and if tipped over the side it must be tipped clear of the trailer wheels. Road trains and B-doubles seem more likely than single semi-trailer as mallee crops are most likely to occur in low rainfall areas. Road transport of bulk materials in WA has become focussed upon two trailers (27.5m overall length) to give an extra axle group beyond the B-double. Hence, a configuration that allows side unloading of two trailers is essential. There are systems that collapse B-doubles into one long bin, opening the A trailer into the front of the B trailer, and then tipping the whole truck on a tipping platform. These whole truck tipping systems are expensive compared to tipping sideways into a pit, but they permit deliveries from a variety of existing transport trailers that all tip over the rear. Bowl door tippers are common place in bulk transfer of materials in the construction industry. However, as it will be difficult to tip from a large capacity infield transport into a road trailer, and breaking up and re-assembling two-trailer configurations will be less productive in short haul situations, a containerised system may be most appropriate. A containerised system also avoids the problems anticipated with reduced bulk density when whole tree biomass is tipped from bin to bin (see section 3.2.1). 95
Figure 3.15 shows an example of the basic vehicle configuration that may be used for mallee, but this truck uses standard rear tipping trailers. Some design and analysis will be required to determine if containers with similar dimensions and the same volume per trailer could be used, loading and unloading with a swing-lift system as employed for sea containers. In some regions (such as central and western NSW) modified sea containers could be used for biomass, with two 12.2m trailers in road train configuration, but in the south west of WA trailers will be restricted to about 9m length for an overall vehicle length of 27.5m. Figure 3.15 Standard two trailer chip transport with rear tipping trailers 3.3.3 Heavy vehicle regulations Sugar System Road transport vehicles need to conform to New South Wales and Queensland heavy vehicle regulations. Road regulators from both States describe sugarcane as a divisible load and hence haulage operators are required to limit loads through adjusting the amount of material placed in the bin. Applications for permits to operate over-mass do not receive favourable consideration. The multi-lift bin system is mass limited not Mallee System volume limited. Road transport vehicles need to conform to Western Australian heavy vehicle regulations. Whilst there are moves to make road transport regulations uniform nationally there are likely to be local variations. 3.3.4 Transport Costs Sugar System 96
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
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single row, as this would improve t
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2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
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Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68: The quality of cut may be less impo
Page 69 and 70: ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 71 and 72: Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74: Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
Page 77 and 78: L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80: Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
Page 81 and 82: • waiting for mill delivery of em
Page 83 and 84: perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133 and 134: Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
Page 163 and 164: 6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
Page 165 and 166: Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
Page 167 and 168: weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
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6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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