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As haulout distances will be relatively long, payloads will need to be large. Tipping from bin to bin is not preferred, so haulouts with half a road trailer capacity of around 35 m 3 are unlikely, and a single trailer with a capacity of around 70m 3 will most likely be investigated. This size should give a payload of around 28 t at a bulk density of 0.4 t/m 3 . A combined tare weight for a tractor and large trailer plus a bin, as depicted in Figure 3.6 might be about 30 tonnes, which would give a load/gross mass ratio of about 0.45. 3.2.3 Haulage cost and fuel consumption Sugar System Haulage costs have been examined in relation to transport speed and distance, as described in Figures 3.8 and 3.9. The influence of payload will be similar to that observed for speed as these are the two principal influences upon transport costs. Figure 3.8 Effect of haulout speed on infield transport cost Figure 3.9 Effect of haul distance on infield transport cost Haulout fuel usage is directly related to the average distance that the biomass must be hauled from the harvester to the receival and hence is dependent on machine size, distance, payload and farm and operational factors. Clearly, factors such as engine size, row length, distance to siding and a range of 89
external factors dramatically impact on fuel consumption/tonne harvested. Haulout fuel usage is rarely separated from total harvesting (harvester + haulout) fuel usage. A harvesting operation usually has a minimum of two haulouts per harvester. Three or more haulouts may be used for long haul distances. Fuel usage is expressed as fuel used divided by the total tonnes cut over an extended period. The engine size of haulouts varies widely. Tractors / trailer combinations require a tractor around 150 Hp (110 kW) drawbar power. The typical engine power range for self propelled is between 180 Hp (136 kW) to 220 Hp (165 kW) for 12 -14 t capacity. Willcox et al. (2004) measured the average fuel usage for haulout vehicles under green cane and burnt cane conditions in the Maryborough, Mackay and Ingham regions in Queensland over a two year period. They measured total fuel used per day and divided it by the total tonnes cut for the day. Table 3.4 shows the effect of haul distance on haulout fuel usage for two contractors in the Mackay region. These data clearly shows the impact of larger equipment and increased haul distance on fuel usage. Whilst the elevating tippers are larger capacity, the side tipping trailers have a quicker turnaround time and smaller power plant. Table 3.4 Effect of haul distance on haulout fuel use (Willcox et al. 2004) Haul Distance Fuel use Fuel use m Mackay* L/T Mackay** L/T 500 0.34 0.71 1000 0.39 0.72 1500 0.44 0.73 2000 0.49 0.74 2500 0.54 0.75 *2 x 10 t tractor drawn side tipping trailers with JCB tractors. **2 x 15 t tractor drawn (JCB Fastracs) elevator tippers. Figure 3.10 shows data collected from harvesting contractors in the Mackay region. This shows that haulout fuel use is less than 50% of harvester fuel usage. Willcox et al. (2004) from a study of harvesting operations in the Maryborough region showed that haulout fuel usage is about 53% of the harvester fuel usage. 90
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
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During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62: single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64: 2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68: The quality of cut may be less impo
Page 69 and 70: ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 71 and 72: Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74: Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
Page 77 and 78: L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80: Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
Page 81 and 82: • waiting for mill delivery of em
Page 83 and 84: perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133 and 134: Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
Page 161 and 162: farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
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6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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