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capability of the haulouts. A shunt prime mover could be either a fast tractor or an 8x8 truck prime mover. It appears that bins will be the surge buffer at landings, similar in principle to the multi-lift bins used in the NSW sugar industry (Figure 3.1). The multi-lift bins are ideal where single trailer trucks must be employed and road transport distances are relatively short. However multi-trailer trucks lose efficiency due to increased terminal time where they must be loaded and unloaded over the rear of the trailers as the road trains have to be separated and reassembled both at the loading and unloading stages. 3.2.2 Capacity Sugar System For side tipper and elevating tippers, there are various vehicle sizes from a nominal 8 tonne to nominal 14 tonne capacity. Most units are of local manufacture and unique in design and thus vary between regions, with the configuration usually depending on the transport system to the mill (rail/road). The physical size of haulouts is governed by overall height (3.5m) and width restrictions (2.5m). Width is a critical road dimension continuous operation of over-width cane haulout vehicles of public roads is not permitted. Hence, the actual dimensions will vary depending on height from the ground (tracks, high floatation tyres etc). Table 3.2 provides data on typical dimensions and capacities of various sugarcane haulout vehicles. Table 3.2 Examples of sugarcane haulout capacity Manufacturer Bin Dimensions Volume Nominal Capacity Length Width Height m m m m 3 t Tractor Trailer 3.8 2.3 2.4 21 8 Tractor Trailer 3.5 2.4 2.7 23 9 Austoft Powerhaul 4.8 2.3 2.7 27 10 Tractor Trailer 4.3 2.4 2.7 28 12 Self-Propelled 6.4 2.3 2.5 36 14 Robotham et al. (2001) obtained various data from a range of sugarcane haulout vehicles. They developed a simple load index to help quantify the efficiency of the haulout vehicles as load carrying machines. This load index was defined as vehicle payload divided by gross vehicle mass. An efficient haulage vehicle would have a load index of 0.5 or greater whilst an inefficient haulage vehicle would present figures of around the 0.2. Figure 3.7 illustrates the best and worst gross mass carried compared with load and tare weights for sugarcane haulout vehicles. 87
Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with load and tare weight of haulout vehicles in the sugar industry (Robotham et al. 2001) Table 3.3 shows the load index measured by Robotham et al. (2001) along with a comparison with other vehicles. From their study, the worst tractor/trailer classification had a load index of 0.23 or had a tare weight of about 14 t for a load of less than 7 t. This vehicle has about 8 t (29 – 14 – 7) of its allowable load carrying capacity unutilised. The best tractor/trailer units carried a load almost equal to their tare weight. The potential best unit is assumed to have the same tare weight as the best measured but carried a greater load through improved load distribution onto all axles. The potential best vehicle had a load index of 0.56, which is considered quite achievable. Table 3.3 Haulage vehicle load/gross mass ratio Vehicle Load/Gross Mass Ratio Tractor/Trailer 0.23 – 0.42 Rigid 0.29 – 0.31 Articulated 0.29 – 0.42 Construction Tipper 0.55 Semi-Trailer 0.62 Grain Chaser bin 0.57 Mallee System The haulout capacity must be as large as practical as this is the smallest batch process. With a tipper system the bin capacity must be half or the same capacity as the road transport. McCormack et al. (2009) showed that the benefit of larger bins is greatest for systems which have higher harvester cutting rates. 88
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
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Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
Page 59 and 60: During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62: single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64: 2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68: The quality of cut may be less impo
Page 69 and 70: ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 71 and 72: Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74: Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
Page 77 and 78: L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80: Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
Page 81 and 82: • waiting for mill delivery of em
Page 83 and 84: perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109: • The harvester will not have any
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133 and 134: Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
Page 159 and 160: with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
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6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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