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Tables Table 1.1 Mallee species used for plantings in WA (source Oil Mallee Association) ....................... 8 Table 1.2 The changing harvest cycle length due to configuration and climatic conditions ............ 10 Table 1.3 Establishment and management costs for contract operations .......................................... 12 Table 1.4 Potential uses of mallee. .................................................................................................... 17 Table 1.5(a) Land area devoted to cropping and pasture in Southern Australia ................................... 20 Table 1.5(b) Mean annual increment to harvestable size 1 of mallees growing in two row belts for each rainfall zone .......................................................................................................................................... 20 Table 1.5(c) Potential annual biomass production for mallees growing in two row belts, by rainfall zone .................................................................................................................................... 20 Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Table ............................................................................................. 42 Table 2.2 Cane supply composition (wet and dry matter basis) ........................................................ 47 Table 2.3 Bulk density of cane supply .............................................................................................. 49 Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply ................................................................................................... 52 Table 2.5 Effect of yield on harvester fuel use .................................................................................. 53 Table 2.6 Harvester performance comparison ................................................................................... 54 Table 2.7 Typical cane losses during harvesting ............................................................................... 55 Table 2.8 Field efficiency for various crop sizes .............................................................................. 58 Table 2.9 Field efficiency for Australian harvesting ......................................................................... 59 Table 2.10 Harvester performance monitoring comparison ................................................................ 60 Table 2.11 Alternative harvest payment systems options, consequences and incentives ................... 68 Table 2.12 Cost of sugarcane harvesting ............................................................................................. 71 Table 2.13 Typical costs of sugarcane harvesting ............................................................................... 71 Table 2.14 Estimated costs of mallee harvesting, excluding profit and tax ........................................ 74 Table 3.1 Sugarcane haulout equipment manufacturers .................................................................... 85 Table 3.2 Examples of sugarcane haulout capacity ........................................................................... 87 Table 3.3 Haulage vehicle load/gross mass ratio .............................................................................. 88 Table 3.4 Effect of haul distance on haulout fuel use ....................................................................... 90 Table 3.5 Costs of road transport of mallee biomass with side loading and unloading .................... 97 Table 4.1 Typical composition of mallee at harvest size ................................................................ 106 x
Table 4.2 Assessment of current value and annual production and potential production and possible impact on product value. ................................................................................................. 111 Table 4.3 Value of feedstock components for Mallee Oil for boutique and industrial use ............ 113 Table 4.4 Value of feedstock components for activated charcoal. .................................................. 114 Table 4.5 Value of feedstock components for Metallurgical Charcoal ........................................... 115 Table 4.6 Value of feedstock components for Bio-Char for various uses....................................... 115 Table 4.7 Value of feedstock components for the manufacture of Synthetic Diesel. ..................... 116 Table 4.8 Value of Mallee as a feedstock for local small-scale thermal applications .................... 117 Table 4.9 Value of Mallee woodchip for electricity generation. .................................................... 118 Table 4.10 Summary of value of recoverable/deliverable components. ........................................... 120 Table 5.1 Ownership of Australian sugar mills ............................................................................... 133 Table 6.1 Examples of the processes that have been modelled within the different sectors of the Australian sugar industry ................................................................................................. 150 Table 7.1 Scenario one capital equipment. ...................................................................................... 160 Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equipment ...................................................................................... 162 Table 7.3 Scenario three capital equipment .................................................................................... 163 Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates ................................................................................................................. 164 Table 7.5 Data table of the effect of harvester pour rate and annual tonnes on the cost of harvest 169 Table 7.6 Effect of harvester pour rate and annual tonnes harvested on shift length. .................... 169 Table 7.7 Comparison of Mallee (Western Australia) and Sugarcane (Whole crop - NSW) harvesting costs ............................................................................................................... 171 xi
Page 1 and 2: Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
Page 3 and 4: Foreword This report provides an as
Page 5 and 6: include business development (new p
Page 7 and 8: Acknowledgments The authors would l
Page 9: 4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
Page 13 and 14: Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
Page 15 and 16: Executive Summary What the report i
Page 17 and 18: • Biomass production potential of
Page 19 and 20: • As the Industry expands, the mo
Page 21 and 22: Harvesting, transport and storage s
Page 23 and 24: Biomass processing, supply chain pl
Page 25 and 26: Key barriers to biomass industries
Page 27 and 28: Crop-Biomass Production Production
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
Page 31 and 32: Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
Page 33 and 34: 1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
Page 35 and 36: northern New South Wales (where it
Page 37 and 38: Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
Page 39 and 40: Bark has relatively high ash but as
Page 41 and 42: Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
Page 43 and 44: Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
Page 45 and 46: out the fluctuations in farm income
Page 47 and 48: Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
Page 49 and 50: inconclusive result may have been d
Page 51 and 52: For a sustainable woody crop indust
Page 53 and 54: changed significantly since they we
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
Page 57 and 58: Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
Page 59 and 60: During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62:
single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64:
2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66:
Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68:
The quality of cut may be less impo
Page 69 and 70:
ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 71 and 72:
Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74:
Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76:
Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
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L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80:
Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
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• waiting for mill delivery of em
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perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
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transport arrangements, harvest gro
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contractors and growers, and the fa
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experience of the sugar industry wi
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Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
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onto the harvester. BR+F still send
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Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
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Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100:
Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
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Transport efficiencies may be possi
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3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106:
same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108:
Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
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• The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114:
external factors dramatically impac
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Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
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3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
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Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
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Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
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Haul distance is largely outside th
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3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
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• The strategy offered lower tota
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sugarcane billets are such that wit
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• Transfer the whole tree product
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Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
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2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
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4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
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Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
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Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
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• Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
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• The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148:
5. Industry and Business Structures
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is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152:
Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154:
Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
Page 169 and 170:
• There is close contact between
Page 171 and 172:
6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
Page 175 and 176:
interface. The system allows users
Page 177 and 178:
Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
Page 179 and 180:
Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
Page 199 and 200:
Vehicles used for infield haulout w
Page 201 and 202:
This can be compared with harvest a
Page 203 and 204:
While diversification can add value
Page 205 and 206:
Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
Page 207 and 208:
and transport conditions. Billet le
Page 209 and 210:
that cane production is the most pr
Page 211 and 212:
on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
Page 213 and 214:
References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
Page 215 and 216:
Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
Page 217 and 218:
Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
Page 219 and 220:
Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
Page 221:
Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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