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Figure 3.5 Self–propelled with side tipper (power haul) Elevating tipper bins are popular in Queensland mill areas where the infield haulout must fill mixed bin sizes that may vary in size (e.g. 6 t and 10 t rail bins at the same siding). The elevating tipper bins can also top-up rail or road transport bins to maximise loading efficiency. However, elevating tipper bins have a higher capital cost, higher maintenance costs and are slower to unload when compared to side tippers. There are various manufacturers of dedicated sugarcane haulout equipment across the industry. Table 3.1 provides a list of sugarcane haulout equipment manufacturers. Table 3.1 Sugarcane haulout equipment manufacturers Manufacturer Location Equipment Type Contact Carta & Co Pty Ltd Ingham Elevating Tippers 07 4776 5362 Corradini Ingham Elevating Tippers 07 4776 5225 EHS Manufacturing Mackay Side Tippers 07 4959 8880 Mallee System As mallee is spread geographically across the Western Australian wheatbelt and harvesting will be a year round operation soil conditions will vary widely, both spatially and over time. The Mediterranean climate zones can see unstable soils become commonplace during winter. Therefore, vehicles used for infield haulout will need to be suitable for off-road use and have low ground pressures. Depending on the row configuration and because of the low stumps are left by the harvester, rubber tracks will be preferable to low flotation tyres (Giles and Harris 2003). A variety of infield transport systems have been considered over the years it has taken to develop a mallee industry supply chain. There are a number of basic requirements: 85
• The harvester will not have any on-board storage capacity or tow its own bin. A commercial harvester will be a large machine on its own and adding a large volume bin would make it a very cumbersome machine. Also the time required to transfer a bin-full of biomass to a haulout will significantly reduce upon the field efficiency of the harvester. • With relatively long infield haul distances, haulouts will need to have high payloads and relatively high speeds. • Whole-tree biomass is difficult material to transfer from vehicle to vehicle. It is most similar to silage, so it does not flow or auger from the bottom of a bin like grain, and conveyors themselves can be difficult to load from a bulk mass. The mass has to be torn apart and fed incrementally onto the conveyor to avoid blockages. • It is unlikely that whole tree biomass will be readily tipped from one bin to the next. Tipping is feasible in itself, but as discussed previously in Section 2.3.3, tipping is expected to lead to significant losses in bulk density. • Short term surge buffers in bins or on trailers will be required between the infield transport and the road transport stages to enable maximum field efficiency for the harvester. The problems of limited surge capacity between stages were identified by McCormack et al (2009) as one of the most significant weaknesses of the supply chain. • Road transport will be in multi-trailer truck configurations and terminal time (loading and unloading time) must be minimised. This makes loading and unloading over the side of road trailers necessary, and to avoid the need for another machine in the supply chain, the road trailers need to be able to load themselves, or be loaded by the haulouts. Not all the key parameters have been tested at this point, and most importantly the effect of tipping bin-to-bin is yet to be quantified. If as expected tipping causes unacceptable loss of bulk density, then a system based upon containers is most likely to be adopted. This will place additional requirements upon system design: • Containers will be filled at the harvester and passed along the supply chain undisturbed until emptied at the processor’s receival point. • Containers must be matched to the size of the road trailers as there is no practical method of selfloading two containers over the side of one road trailer. • A road trailer has a payload of 25 - 28 tonnes, depending upon tare weight, so bins of about 70 m3 volumetric capacity will be required. This indicates larger haulouts will be necessary than are currently employed in the sugar industry. A conceptual haulout configuration is presented in Figure 3.6. • Haulouts matched to side-loading trailers (similar to the swing-lift loaders used for shipping containers) will also need to be self-loading and unloading. 4.2m 18m Figure 3.6 Conceptual haulout configuration with a 70 m 3 bin 3 In the introduction to Section 3.2 the option of using shunt trucks was raised as a way of introducing operational flexibility into the system and allowing infield transport to focus upon short hauls to the field edge. If shunt trucks are employed, they will be similar to road truck configurations, with a prime mover suitable for operations in most paddock conditions, but without the whole-of-paddock 86
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
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For a sustainable woody crop indust
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changed significantly since they we
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Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
Page 57 and 58: Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
Page 59 and 60: During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62: single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64: 2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68: The quality of cut may be less impo
Page 69 and 70: ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 71 and 72: Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74: Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
Page 77 and 78: L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80: Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
Page 81 and 82: • waiting for mill delivery of em
Page 83 and 84: perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101 and 102: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 103 and 104: 3. Transport and Storage Systems Tr
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133 and 134: Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
Page 153 and 154: Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
Page 155 and 156: also has a flow on effect to the sp
Page 157 and 158: Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
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6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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