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2.9 Recommendations Increasing harvester performance will be critical to reduce harvesting costs. Key information that should be collected when the harvester commences full scale infield trials in order to inform decisions on improved harvesting systems includes data on material bulk density and whole-of-system performance. Information on losses which will include leaves, branches and twigs expelled during felling and feeding should be evaluated and quantified. Consideration will need to be given to appropriate tipping and pouring options. Harvester and chipper design could be impacted in terms of chip size and the trade-off between chipping costs (chip size) and transport costs (packing and bulk density). Consideration will need to be given to ways to improve pour rates and efficiencies. This could inform changes to the mallee row arrangement to better suit commercial harvester and transport constraints. Harvester operation and production appears optimised if mallees are close together (
3. Transport and Storage Systems Transport chains are a key link in an agricultural commodity system supply chain and an efficient transport system is critically important for efficient agricultural commodity marketing. Transport can no longer be considered as a separate service that is required only as a response to supply and demand conditions. It has to be built into the entire supply chain system, from harvest to processing. This is best brought about by an efficient, high volume, transport system where the transporting unit costs are low. The proportion of transport charges to final market price will vary with the efficiency of the transport sector. The presence of an efficient agricultural commodity transport system is sustained by: Functional integration. Its purpose is to link the elements of the supply chain in a cohesive system. Functional integration relies on the freight management strategy (e.g. just-in-time, warehousing, transhipment), the transportation mode (e.g. road) and transportation equipment. Geographical integration. Resource consumption may be reliant on supply sources that are distant. The need to overcome space is fundamental to an economic and sustainable system. The transport system developed must integrate geographically separated regions. Logistics performance. Logistics have a major impact on economic activity. Logistics performance relies on route optimisation, coordinated transport and integrated logistics methods. All transport systems have component parts and processes. The way the transport system functions is the result of the interaction of these elements at harvest time. The components and processes of a biomass transport system are outlined in proceeding sections with comparison to the transport system of the Australian sugarcane industry. A change to any element of the transport system will also have an impact on the other elements of the production system. 3.1 System Overview Sugar System Harvested sugarcane is delivered to the mill via infield transport and road and/or rail transport. Transport from the siding to the factory by road and/or rail transport (including the cost of their railway infrastructure) is 30-40% of the total milling cost (ASMC, 2008). A number of mills (three in Queensland, three in New South Wales) do not have railway systems and rely on road transport for cane deliveries. Some mills with rail systems rely on road transport for the delivery of a proportion of their cane. However it is recognised that rail transport is the most economical transport method where tonnages are sufficient. However, they require large capital for set-up and have high maintenance costs. Queensland’s cane railways (tramlines) annually transports harvested cane over about 4,000 km of mostly 2 foot (610 mm) gauge privately (mill) owned track. Rolling stock consists largely of cane bins which are box-like containers on wheels, often constructed from tubular steel with wire mesh sides. These vary in capacity from 4 tonnes to 14 tonnes. Four-wheel bins range up to 10 tonne capacity, while bogie designs are used for larger types. There are over 50,000 cane bins in use across the industry, to transport the chopped cane during the crushing season. The furthest run from a pickup point to a mill is 119 km and the average distance hauled ranges up to 35 km. Trains can run at 40 km/h and can be up to 2,000 tonnes in weight and one kilometre in length. 80
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Sustainable Biomass Supply Chain fo
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Foreword This report provides an as
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include business development (new p
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Acknowledgments The authors would l
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4.1 Product Options and Supply Chai
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Table 4.2 Assessment of current val
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Figure 3.4 Tracked rigid self-prope
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Executive Summary What the report i
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• Biomass production potential of
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• As the Industry expands, the mo
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Harvesting, transport and storage s
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Biomass processing, supply chain pl
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Key barriers to biomass industries
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Crop-Biomass Production Production
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Figure 1.1 The cropping and pasture
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Table 1.1 Mallee species used for p
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1.1.4 Growth Cycle Mallee System Ma
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northern New South Wales (where it
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Almost 80% of the industry now cuts
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Bark has relatively high ash but as
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Carbon sinks Planting of mallees to
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Table 1.5(a) State Land area devote
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out the fluctuations in farm income
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Mallee system Most of the mallee bi
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inconclusive result may have been d
Page 51 and 52: For a sustainable woody crop indust
Page 53 and 54: changed significantly since they we
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.2 Biosystems Engineering p
Page 57 and 58: Whole-of-crop harvesting represents
Page 59 and 60: During the last decade the harvesti
Page 61 and 62: single row, as this would improve t
Page 63 and 64: 2.2.2.2 Weight Sugar System The Aus
Page 65 and 66: Table 2.1 Harvester Comparison Tabl
Page 67 and 68: The quality of cut may be less impo
Page 69 and 70: ate than a 170 tonne/ha crop of sta
Page 71 and 72: Dry Leaf 6.1 - 3.5 17.0 58.9 53.2 T
Page 73 and 74: Bulk density will be a key consider
Page 75 and 76: Table 2.4 EM levels in cane supply
Page 77 and 78: L/T L/T 60 0.97 0.71 80 0.92 0.66 1
Page 79 and 80: Total 7.5-26 16.5 Mallee System The
Page 81 and 82: • waiting for mill delivery of em
Page 83 and 84: perhaps at 10 - 20 km intervals. Th
Page 85 and 86: transport arrangements, harvest gro
Page 87 and 88: contractors and growers, and the fa
Page 89 and 90: experience of the sugar industry wi
Page 91 and 92: Table 2.11 Alternative harvest paym
Page 93 and 94: onto the harvester. BR+F still send
Page 95 and 96: Repairs and maintenance 2.10 Capita
Page 97 and 98: Figure 2.14 and Table 2.14 describe
Page 99 and 100: Sichter et al. (2005)), harvest and
Page 101: Transport efficiencies may be possi
Page 105 and 106: same time, the potential problems o
Page 107 and 108: Figure 3.3 Articulated self-propell
Page 109 and 110: • The harvester will not have any
Page 111 and 112: Figure 3.7 Gross mass compared with
Page 113 and 114: external factors dramatically impac
Page 115 and 116: Figure 3.11 The effect of haulout t
Page 117 and 118: 3.3 Road Transport 3.3.1 Configurat
Page 119 and 120: Figure 3.15 shows an example of the
Page 121 and 122: Road distance one way < 20 km 70 km
Page 123 and 124: Haul distance is largely outside th
Page 125 and 126: 3.6 Recommendations The nature of t
Page 127 and 128: • The strategy offered lower tota
Page 129 and 130: sugarcane billets are such that wit
Page 131 and 132: • Transfer the whole tree product
Page 133 and 134: Figure 4.5(b) Energy balance of con
Page 135 and 136: 2010). Table 4.2 presents a summary
Page 137 and 138: 4.4.2 Activated charcoal Activated
Page 139 and 140: Nett Product Value ($/t) $475.00 $
Page 141 and 142: Table 4.9 presents an estimation of
Page 143 and 144: • Oil from leaf @ $2/kg • Synth
Page 145 and 146: • The mallee oil would be extract
Page 147 and 148: 5. Industry and Business Structures
Page 149 and 150: is conducted into tariff levels on
Page 151 and 152: Bx is % brix in first expressed jui
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Hildebrand (2002) estimated that th
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also has a flow on effect to the sp
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Sugar Industry Illustrative Example
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with super size multi-lift bins ove
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farmer vs. harvester) is the next l
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6. Supply Chain Planning and Manage
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Figure 6.1 Building blocks of the s
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weighed against the costs of operat
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• There is close contact between
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6.4 Planning, Management Tools and
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• Harvest and transport logistics
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interface. The system allows users
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Case Study 6.2 - Model Application
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Relationships between sectors and p
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7. Supply Chain Modelling and Econo
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It was assumed that there was a fif
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Table 7.2 Scenario two capital equi
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Table 7.4 Fuel burn rates harvester
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Figure 7.5 Effect of capital equipm
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Figure 7.7 Effect of annual tonnes
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30 1.8 7.0 12.3 17.5 50 1.1 4.3 7.6
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8. Conclusions and Recommendations
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Biomass bulk density has a large im
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Vehicles used for infield haulout w
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This can be compared with harvest a
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While diversification can add value
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Appendix 1: Comparative Assessment
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and transport conditions. Billet le
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that cane production is the most pr
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on sugar only, other proceeds (mola
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References Agnew, J 2002. A Partici
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Enecon 2001. Integrated Tree Proces
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Keating, BA, Antony, G, Brennan, LE
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Ridge, DR and Linedale, AL, 1997. T
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Willcox, T, Hussey, B, Chapple, D a
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