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OVERDETERMINATION IN CAUSAL DECISION THEORY 571 they were performed. But we can assign probabilities to alternative causes of the relevant outcomes. Confidence is expressed by such degrees of belief on the alternative causes and on the impossibility to attach probabilities to actions. Somehow, in decisional symmetric overdetermination scenarios, any rational agent will choose the actions that are related causally to his desired outcomes, in spite the fact that traditional versions of expected utility may initially promote indifference. If Billy and I are both great at smashing bottles, why should I put more confidence on his throw than on mine? Of course, this self-confident attitude must not always be assumed; it should be just considered as a strategic (and thus, rational) tie-breaking move in cases of initial indifference. I have shown that decisional overdetermination is not problematic for traditional causal decision theory. Nevertheless, what seems to be threatening by such kind of scenarios is the notion of causation on which traditional definitions of expected utility are based. A version of expected utility based on an intuitive notion of causation differs from traditional accounts. This does not only confirm that the fundamental concepts considered in traditional accounts of expected utility, for example, counterfactual dependence, are far from a transparent definition of causation. It also suggests that a fundamental and general theory of causation should be searched with more independence from those concepts. Furthermore, a theory that tells us how to act rationally should not only consider the importance of an agent’s causal influence on the relevant outcomes, but also be based on a notion of causation that clearly explains what is usually understood as a causal relation and what causation really is. An intuitive approach may be a crucial point in reconsiderations of the foundations of causal decision theory, although it should not be the last step. Esteban Céspedes J. W. Goethe-Universität Frankfurt a.M. e.cespedes@stud.uni-frankfurt.de References Arló-Costa, H. 2001: ‘Bayesian epistemology and epistemic conditionals: On the status of the export-import laws’, Journal of Philosophy 98, 555-593. Beebee, H. 2004: ‘Causing and Nothingness’, in Paul, Hall & Collins (ed.): Causation and Counterfactuals. MIT Press. Dowe, P. 2000: Physical Causation. Cambridge University Press. Dowe, P. 2009: ‘Would-cause semantics’, Philosophy of Science 76, 701-711. Gibbard, A. & Harper. W. 1978: ‘Counterfactuals and Two Kinds of Expected Utility’, in Hooker, Leach & McClennen (ed.): Foundations and Applications of Decision Theory. Dordrecht: Reidel. Hall, N. 2004: ‘Two Concepts of Causation’, in Hall, Paul, & Collins (eds.): Causation and Counterfactuals. Cambridge: MIT Press. Harré, R. & Madden, E. H. (1975). Causal Powers. Oxford: Blackwell. Hitchcock, C. 1996: ‘The role of contrast in causal and explanatory claims’, Synthese 107 , 395 - 419. Hitchcock, C. 2013: ‘What is the ‘Cause’ in Causal Decision Theory?’, Erkenntnis Levi, I. 1986: Hard Choices. Cambridge University Press. Lewis, D. 1973: ‘Causation’. Journal of Philosophy, 70, 556-567. Lewis, D. 1979: ‘Counterfactual dependence and time’s arrow’, Noûs 13, 455-476.
572 CÉSPEDES Lewis, D. 1981: ‘Causal Decision Theory’, Australasian Journal of Philosophy 59, 5 – 30. Lewis, D. 2000: ‘Causation as influence’, Journal of Philosophy 97, 182-197. Maslen, C. 2012: ‘Regularity Accounts of Causation and the Problem of Pre-emption: Dark Prospects Indeed’, Erkenntnis 77, 419-434. McGee , V. 1985: ‘Counterexample to Modus Ponens’, Journal of Philosophy 82, 462-471. Mumford, S. & Anjum, R. L. 2011: Getting Causes from Powers. Oxford University Press. Northcott, R. 2008: ‘Causation and contrast classes’, Philosophical Studies 139, 111 - 123. Nozick, R. 1970: ‘Newcomb’s Problem and Two Principles of Choice’, in Rescher (ed.): Essays in Honor of Carl G. Hempel. Dordrecht: Reidel. Pearl, J. 2000: Causality: Models, Reasoning, and Inference. Cambridge University Press. Salmon, W. 1984: Scientific Explanation and the Causal Structure of the World. Princeton University Press. Schaffer, J. 2005: ‘Contrastive causation’, Philosophical Review 114, 327-358. Skyrms, B. 1980: Causal Necessity. Yale University Press. Spirtes, Glymour & Sheines. 2000: Causation, Prediction, and Search. MIT Press. Spohn, W. 1977: ‘Where Luce and Krantz do really generalize Savage’s decision model’, Erkenntnis 11, 113 - 134. Spohn, W. 2006: ‘Causation: An alternative’, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 57, 93-119. Spohn , W. 2012a: ‘Reversing 30 years of discussion: why causal decision theorists should one-box’, Synthese 187, 95-122. Spohn, W. 2012b: The Laws of Belief. Oxford University Press. Stalnaker, R. 1972: ‘Letter to David Lewis’, in Harper, Stalnaker, and Pearce. Ifs: Conditionals, Belief, Decision, Chance, and Time. Dordrecht: Reidel. Stalnaker, R. 1968: ‘A Theory of Conditionals’, in Rescher. Studies in Logical Theory. Oxford: Blackwell. Stone, J. 2009: ‘Trumping the causal influence account of causation’, Philosophical Studies 142, 153-160.
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Was dürfen wir glauben? Was sollen
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Vorwort Vom 17.-20.9. 2012 fand unt
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4. Philosophie des Geistes 210 Theo
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1. Sprachphilosophie
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8 DON’T ASK, LOOK! 2. A Simple Mo
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10 DON’T ASK, LOOK! other hand, p
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12 DON’T ASK, LOOK! (BNC); for Am
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14 DON’T ASK, LOOK! ‘wishing’
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Rede über fiktive Kontexte David B
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18 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE Bezi
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20 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE Da d
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22 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE Russ
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24 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE Cons
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26 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE viel
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28 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE (9)
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30 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE Da P
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The Ineliminability of Non-Nominal
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34 DOLBY So whether ‘∃F (Ann is
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36 DOLBY proposition expressed by
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38 DOLBY MacBride, F. 2006a: ‘Pre
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40 EL KASSAR 2. Das Regelfolgen-Pro
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42 EL KASSAR Lebewesen auf fundamen
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44 EL KASSAR Ginsborgs „anthropol
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46 EL KASSAR Literatur Allison, H.
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48 HARTH (4) Not (A believes that P
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50 HARTH platitudes there are extra
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52 HARTH P is stably assertible for
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54 HARTH the parties involved has m
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56 HARTH improvement of S*, i.e. if
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58 HARTH Coliva and Morruzzi 2012:
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Has Vagueness Really No Function in
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62 LANIUS Accordingly, we can disti
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64 LANIUS (P6*) Some Y lies with re
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66 LANIUS fact, I think that one ca
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68 LANIUS verdicts in absolute bord
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A Single-Type Ontology for Natural
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72 LIEFKE In particular, Property 0
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74 LIEFKE c. Mary believes that Joh
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76 LIEFKE of a streamlined variant
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78 LIEFKE attributed property. 4 In
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80 LIEFKE This completes our descri
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82 LIEFKE (15) {w s | [[John e]] ex
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84 LIEFKE Church, A. 1940: ‘A For
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86 MARX Redundanz ebenso aus wie Un
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88 MARX Wilson schlägt zwei altern
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90 MARX Vertreter der Relevanztheor
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92 MARX schweren Fehler begangen ha
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94 MARX Um ihren Status als vorherr
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The Fundamental Question of Metaphy
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98 LOOK article ought to be conside
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100 LOOK Although premise (3) seems
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102 LOOK metaphysical nihilism can
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Why Dispositions Are Not Higher-ord
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106 MUGG 2. Shoemaker’s Arguments
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108 MUGG avoid such speculations wh
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110 MUGG The regress problems Marti
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112 OLIVA CÓRDOBA sharp contrast t
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114 OLIVA CÓRDOBA admit point acti
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116 PORRO whether the activity of s
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118 PORRO ‘There are particles ar
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120 PORRO counting method should be
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122 PORRO Bennett says the nihilist
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124 PORRO References Bennett, K. (2
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Regularity Theories of Mechanistic
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128 HARBECKE The philosophical inve
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130 HARBECKE 5. Material Commonalit
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132 HARBECKE At this point it is no
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134 HARBECKE Davis, S., S. Butcher,
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136 HAUSWALD dafür plädieren, den
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138 HAUSWALD Unbestimmtheit aufweis
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140 HAUSWALD eine entscheidende Rol
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142 HAUSWALD (importance). Was aber
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144 HAUSWALD Zu beachten ist die M
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146 HAUSWALD Exemplare wie A 2 häu
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Epistemische und nicht-epistemische
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150 HIRSCH HADORN weiterer Grund si
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152 HIRSCH HADORN struktureller Ad
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154 HIRSCH HADORN eine moralische
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156 HIRSCH HADORN wissenschaftliche
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158 HIRSCH HADORN auch auf bloßen
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160 HIRSCH HADORN - und J. Hardie 2
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Causation, Dispositions, and Mathem
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164 RÖHL 1.3 Options for Avoiding
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166 RÖHL triggering event and poss
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168 RÖHL direction), because Newto
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170 RÖHL 5. Conclusion The conflic
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Between Relativism and Absolutism?
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174 SEIDEL but also the techniques
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176 SEIDEL seen to suggest that the
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178 SEIDEL there are good reasons f
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180 SEIDEL - otherwise the thesis f
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182 SEIDEL (b) Moderate Relativism
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184 SEIDEL References Barnes, B. an
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When Is It Rational to Believe a Ma
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188 STELLING So what does all of th
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190 STELLING extremely fast in some
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192 STELLING Historically the start
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194 STELLING we knew exactly what t
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196 STELLING there is no finite pro
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198 STELLING Lam, C. W. H., Thiel,
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200 STRÖSSNER Principle of Statist
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202 STRÖSSNER this is relevant, th
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204 STRÖSSNER statements like “M
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206 STRÖSSNER 4.1 Carnap’s Logic
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208 STRÖSSNER Veltman’s results,
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4. Philosophie des Geistes
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212 BUKOW Figure 1. Gradual change
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214 BUKOW Probabilistic rationality
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216 BUKOW Mapping between cognition
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218 BUKOW cognitive elements (lila,
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220 BUKOW would be the ones we woul
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222 BUKOW schemas evolve. This appl
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Mechanistische Erklärung: Reduktiv
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226 GUTSCHE Transkription und Trans
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228 GUTSCHE Diese beiden Modelle (d
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230 GUTSCHE verschiedene Perspektiv
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232 GUTSCHE Oppenheim and Putnam re
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234 GUTSCHE Es lässt sich also fes
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Phenomenal Concepts - Still Battlin
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238 MERGENTHALER CANSECO Psychophys
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240 MERGENTHALER CANSECO 4. Deferen
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242 MERGENTHALER CANSECO (4) That i
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244 MERGENTHALER CANSECO occur. Let
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246 MERGENTHALER CANSECO We see tha
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248 MERGENTHALER CANSECO language t
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Ein Dilemma für modale Argumente g
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252 MÜLLER Dingen ist. Kripke hat
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254 MÜLLER Erkenntnis, und Einsich
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How We Know Our Senses Eva Schmidt
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258 SCHMIDT of properties represent
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260 SCHMIDT to the personal-level f
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262 SCHMIDT rich flavour of a tomat
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The arche of Cognition - Grounding
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266 WEBER & VOSGERAU equations. 1 S
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268 WEBER & VOSGERAU Understood in
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270 WEBER & VOSGERAU clear idea of
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272 WEBER & VOSGERAU Because of thi
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274 WEBER & VOSGERAU impaired (impl
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276 WEBER & VOSGERAU Mahon, B.Z., a
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Integrating Evaluation and Affectiv
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280 WILUTZKY regret) feel bad. This
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282 WILUTZKY unwarranted, for repre
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284 WILUTZKY experiential represent
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286 WILUTZKY Montague, M. 2009: ‘
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288 WUNDER 2. Nicht-menschliche Akt
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290 WUNDER Kommen zwei Substanzen A
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292 WUNDER Unless there is a princi
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294 WUNDER gewisse Randbedingungen
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296 WUNDER mehr Blätter verlieren
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Explanatorisches Verstehen: Ein Def
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300 BAUMBERGER globalen Erwärmung
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302 BAUMBERGER 2.1.3 Erfassen einer
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304 BAUMBERGER 3. Explanatorisches
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306 BAUMBERGER aber nicht gänzlich
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308 BAUMBERGER verstehen kann, waru
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310 BAUMBERGER spezifizierten Fakto
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How Gettier Helps to Understand Jus
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314 HOFMANN issue is independent of
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316 HOFMANN same beliefs as we do i
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Contextualism and Gradability - A R
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320 JASTER All the crucial things t
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322 JASTER quoted. The proposal he
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Intuitions, Heuristics, and Metapho
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326 FISCHER Effortless processes al
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328 FISCHER The first two steps are
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330 FISCHER extension of terms, in
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332 FISCHER activation spreads out
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334 FISCHER This alignment facilita
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336 FISCHER explains: ‘When I spe
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338 FISCHER Gerken, M. 2011: ‘Epi
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What are Epistemic Duties? Andrea K
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342 KRUSE principle is also necessa
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344 KRUSE version of this principle
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346 KRUSE an epistemic agent exerci
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348 KRUSE whereby the latter do not
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350 KRUSE implies can” principle
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The Method of Reflective Equilibriu
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354 LANGKAU 3. Reflective Equilibri
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356 LANGKAU 4. Reflective Equilibri
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358 LANGKAU collective MRE. The vie
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360 LANGKAU relativism, moral reali
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362 LANGKAU Proponents of MRE might
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364 LANGKAU — 1996: Justice and J
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366 LÖWENSTEIN question demands -
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368 LÖWENSTEIN On the fine-grained
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370 LÖWENSTEIN How does this stop
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Interrogative Formen des Wissens un
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374 SCHMECHTIG Doch um welche Art v
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376 SCHMECHTIG Das reduktionistisch
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378 SCHMECHTIG Dass eine Frage wie
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380 SCHMECHTIG Einstellungsprädika
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382 SCHMECHTIG Interrogative, da st
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384 SCHMECHTIG Antwort auf die eing
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386 SCHMECHTIG nicht der Eindruck e
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388 SCHMECHTIG Wissen das Ziel der
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390 SCHMECHTIG Beck, S. & Rullmann,
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Practical Knowledge Michael Schmitz
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394 SCHMITZ knowledge Gettier cases
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396 SCHMITZ knowledge is also possi
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398 SCHMITZ nature of such knowledg
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400 SCHMITZ Consider the following
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402 SCHMITZ mountain by asking “A
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6. Ästhetik und Religionsphilosoph
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406 GEROGIORGAKIS number which rath
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408 GEROGIORGAKIS sympathize with R
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410 GEROGIORGAKIS In the lines to f
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Zur Rechtfertigung religiöser Übe
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414 MOCKER b) Theoretische/Urteilsn
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416 MOCKER normative Gründe für e
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Kunst und Moral Lisa Katharin Schma
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420 SCHMALZRIED 2. Radikaler Autono
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422 SCHMALZRIED 3.1 Radikaler Moral
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424 SCHMALZRIED harmonisch, ausbala
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426 SCHMALZRIED 4. Skizze einer plu
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428 SCHMALZRIED 5.1 Argumente für
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430 SCHMALZRIED 5.2 Argumente gegen
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432 SCHMALZRIED Lisa Katharin Schma
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434 SCHMALZRIED Posner, R. 1997:
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436 SCHNEIDER unvollkommene) Versuc
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438 SCHNEIDER (1) Keine geschaffene
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440 SCHNEIDER (1) In der Begründun
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442 SCHNEIDER setzt“ 34 . Der fre
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444 SCHNEIDER können, bleibt - wie
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446 SCHNEIDER 3° Reine Unterlassun
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448 SCHNEIDER [Gott] bewahrt unser
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7. Angewandte Ethik, politische Phi
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452 AICHER important to acknowledge
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454 AICHER oneself”. 17 Furthermo
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456 AICHER 5. (Surrogate) Decision-
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458 AICHER One reason for overridin
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460 AICHER the narrative constructs
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462 AICHER Discussion of philosophi
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464 AICHER Quante, M. 1999: ‘Prec
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466 BLÖSER 1. Was heißt „faire
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468 BLÖSER Alles in allem scheint
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470 BLÖSER nehmen, wie für Rawls
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472 BLÖSER 4.2 Vorwurf des fehlend
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474 BLÖSER dem oben beschriebenen
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476 BLÖSER Schaub, J. 2010: „Ide
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478 BRATU von Freiheit, die gemäß
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480 BRATU Menschen im Gefängnis od
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482 BRATU voraussetzt; aber es sche
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484 BRATU andere Taten - etwa das K
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486 BRATU das liberale Prinzip offe
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488 BRATU Christine Bratu Fakultät
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490 GUTWALD 1. Paternalismus Es hat
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492 GUTWALD Paternalismus unter lib
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494 GUTWALD Mein Argument ist nun,
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496 GUTWALD dargestellt gibt es der
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498 GUTWALD seine Entscheidung, die
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500 GUTWALD Englerth M., „Behavio
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502 SCHICKHARDT inhaltlich näher b
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504 SCHICKHARDT Leistungsfähigkeit
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506 SCHICKHARDT eigenen Fähigkeite
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508 SCHMIDT-PETRI Willen erklären
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510 SCHMIDT-PETRI der durchaus als
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512 SCHMIDT-PETRI Diese Anspruchsre
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514 SCHMIDT-PETRI ihres Todes nicht
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516 SCHMIDT-PETRI gewonnen, sodass
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518 SCHMIDT-PETRI 4.3. Einwand 1: D
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Page 529 and 530: 528 SEIDEL held responsible) is int
Page 531 and 532: 530 SEIDEL obstacles in the way of
Page 533 and 534: 532 SEIDEL the socio-relational cri
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Page 555 and 556: 554 BURKARD living together in smal
Page 557 and 558: 556 BURKARD epistemic standard form
Page 559 and 560: 558 BURKARD Kahane, G., Wiech, K.,
Page 561 and 562: 560 CÉSPEDES Late asymmetric overd
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Page 565 and 566: 564 CÉSPEDES would we say that the
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Page 575 and 576: 574 DI NUCCI ‘terror bombing’ a
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Page 605 and 606: 604 HOFFMANN generell geltende Dieb
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Page 609 and 610: 608 HORST is true. Instead, what I
Page 611 and 612: 610 HORST that’s so, it is hard t
Page 613 and 614: 612 HORST Davidson, D. 1971: ‘Age
Page 615 and 616: 614 KÜHLER Im Folgenden werde ich
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Page 619 and 620: 618 KÜHLER Handlungsversuche und d
Page 621 and 622: 620 KÜHLER naheliegend und auch in
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622 KÜHLER Kühler, M. 2012: „'R
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624 LÖSCHKE Eine nonisomorphistisc
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626 LÖSCHKE vorgebracht wurde, und
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628 LÖSCHKE Vielmehr ist gemeint,
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630 LÖSCHKE weniger komplex sein,
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632 LÖSCHKE Hilfspflicht situative
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634 LÖSCHKE Blick auf die Frage na
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636 LÖSCHKE Handlungen bezogen sei
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Willensschwäche - Eine Systematisi
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640 LUMER Einsatzes einer solchen S
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642 LUMER Optimalitätsurteile Absi
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644 LUMER 1. Der erste Mechanismus
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646 LUMER 5. Lösungsansätze zum N
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648 LUMER zugrunde liegt, der für
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650 LUMER (Abschn. 4-5; 7) gegebene
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652 LUMER Christoph Lumer Universit
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The Case against Consequentialism:
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656 MUKERJI maximizes the good (or
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658 MUKERJI Moore’s (1903/1959) c
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660 MUKERJI The similarities that a
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662 MUKERJI 3. Table: Construction
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664 MUKERJI is, I hope, a promising
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Moralischer Zufall und Kontrolle Ju
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668 SCHÄLIKE wohl aber - so schein
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670 SCHÄLIKE Wir können das Kontr
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672 SCHÄLIKE Somit gilt: Entscheid
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674 SCHÄLIKE 5. Psychologische Nac
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What Makes Moral Values Queer? Juli
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678 SCHÖNHERR moral properties has
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680 SCHÖNHERR (i)P Moral propertie
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682 SCHÖNHERR action has the moral
Page 685 and 686:
684 SCHÖNHERR that is too lax, one
Page 687 and 688:
686 SCHÖNHERR them. Hence, if (iia
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688 SCHÖNHERR tell us why the one
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Konsequentialistische Theorien und
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692 WARMT stolz darüber ist, dass
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694 WARMT Denkens ist es, moralisch
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696 WARMT (3) und gemäß dem kriti
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698 WARMT Damit ist die Handlungsch
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700 WARMT moralischen Theorie, die
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702 WARMT Koller, P. 1998: „Einwa
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