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INTUITIONS, HEURISTICS, METAPHORS 339 Pachur, T. and R. Hertwig 2006: ‘On the Psychology of the Recognition Heuristic’, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 32, 983-1002 Park, H. and L.M. Reder 2004: ‘Moses Illusion’, in Pohl (ed.) 2004, 275-291 Pohl, R.F. (ed.) 2004: Cognitive Illusions. New York: Psychology Press Pohl, R.F. 2006: ‘Empirical Tests of the Recognition Heuristic’, Journal of Behavioural Decision Making 19, 251-271. Rorty, R. 1980: Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature. Oxford: Blackwell. Sloman, S.A. 1996: ‘The Empirical Case for Two Systems of Reasoning’, Psychological Bulletin 119, 3-22. Sosa, E. 2007: ‘Intuitions: Their Nature and Epistemic Efficacy’, Grazer Philosophische Studien 74, 51-67. Spicer, F. 2007: ‘Knowledge and the Heuristics of Folk Psychology’, in V. Hendricks and D. Pritchard (eds.): New Waves in Epistemology, London: Palgrave Macmillan. Thibodeau, P.H. and L. Boroditsky 2011: ‘Metaphors We Think With: The Role of Metaphor in Reasoning’, PLoS ONE 6, e16782, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016782 Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman 1974: ‘Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases’, Science 185, 1124-1131. Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman 1983: ‘Extensional versus Intuitive Reasoning: The Conjunction Fallacy in Probability Judgment’, Psychological Review 90, 293-315. Uleman, J.S., S.A. Sairbay, and C.M. Gonzales 2008: ‘Spontaneous Inferences, Implicit Impressions, and Implicit Theories’, Annual Review of Psychology 59, 329-60. Volz, K.G., R.I. Schubotz, M. Raab, L.J. Schooler, G. Gigerenzer, and D.Y. Cramon, 2006: ‘Why You Think Milan Is Larger than Modena’, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18, 1924-36. Wharton, C.M., K.J. Holyoak, and T.E. Lange 1996: ‘Remote Analogical Reminding’, Memory and Cognition 24, 629-643. Williamson, T. 2005: ‘Contextualism, Subject-sensitive Invariantism, and Knowledge of Knowledge’, Philosophical Quarterly 55, 213-35. Williamson, T. 2007: The Philosophy of Philosophy. Oxford: Blackwell .
What are Epistemic Duties? Andrea Kruse Epistemic duties are important for answering certain questions within normative epistemology. Besides their role as criteria of epistemic evaluation, they are also supposed to guide the intellectual conduct of epistemic agents. Recently, epistemic duties have become very unpopular in epistemology. One reason is a famous argument against epistemic duties given by Alston. In this paper, I will develop an alternative approach to epistemic duties, which does not fall prey to Alston’s argument. To illustrate this, I will sketch Alston’s argument and discuss two responses to it and their shortcomings. In addition, I will give an alternative response to Alston’s argument. This response presupposes an alternative approach to epistemic duties which I will describe in this paper. Moreover, I will characterize epistemic duties in more detail by giving and discussing necessary conditions for them. 1. Epistemic Duties in Epistemology The notion of an epistemic duty is an important notion within the area of normative epistemology. Many epistemologists take the norm that one should believe in accordance with one’s evidence as a paradigmatic instance of an epistemic duty. Epistemic duties or epistemic norms are important for the “ethics of belief”, if it is taken as a theory of normative epistemology 1 . The central question(s) of the “ethics of belief” are “What ought we to believe?” and “How ought we to believe?”. Answering these questions from an epistemic perspective calls for searching or establishing epistemic duties or epistemic norms. Recently, the most popular epistemic theory of the “ethics of belief” is evidentialism. Evidentialism answers the question of what one should believe with the requirement that one should always believe in accordance with one’s evidence (cf. Feldman 2002). One of the most important aims of epistemology is to give an intuitively appealing account of knowledge, which can deal in a satisfactory way with epistemic problems like the Gettier problem, skepticism and the value problem. Goldman claims that besides the aim of finding an appropriate account of knowledge, there are also other aims in epistemology. According to Goldman “[…] one central aim of epistemology is to guide or direct our intellectual conduct” (Goldman 2001: 116). For the realm of epistemology, which is concerned with this aim, the search for epistemic duties or epistemic norms appears to be necessary. The considerations above show that notions like epistemic duty or epistemic norm are of epistemic importance. In what follows I will distinguish epistemic duties from epistemic norms in the following way. Epistemic duties as well as epistemic norms are ought-sentences (Oφ), which serve as criteria of epistemic evaluation. However, an epistemic norm is only an epistemic duty, if, besides serving as a criterion of epistemic evaluation, it also serves to guide epistemic agents in their intellectual conduct. Thus, epistemic duties have an evaluative function as well as a guidance function. For an epistemic norm to satisfy the guidance function, it has to satisfy some further 1 The “ethics of belief” goes back to John Locke’s “An essay concerning human understanding” and has become very popular with Clifford’s famous article “The ethics of belief” (cf. Chignell 2013). In that article the question, “What one should believe?” is answered from the perspective of moral considerations, which locates the “ethics of belief” in the ethical realm rather than in epistemology. However, if one considers the question from an epistemic perspective, “the ethics of belief” becomes a discipline of normative epistemology.
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Was dürfen wir glauben? Was sollen
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Vorwort Vom 17.-20.9. 2012 fand unt
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4. Philosophie des Geistes 210 Theo
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1. Sprachphilosophie
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8 DON’T ASK, LOOK! 2. A Simple Mo
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10 DON’T ASK, LOOK! other hand, p
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12 DON’T ASK, LOOK! (BNC); for Am
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14 DON’T ASK, LOOK! ‘wishing’
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Rede über fiktive Kontexte David B
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18 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE Bezi
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20 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE Da d
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22 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE Russ
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24 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE Cons
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26 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE viel
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28 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE (9)
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30 REDE ÜBER FIKTIVE KONTEXTE Da P
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The Ineliminability of Non-Nominal
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34 DOLBY So whether ‘∃F (Ann is
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36 DOLBY proposition expressed by
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38 DOLBY MacBride, F. 2006a: ‘Pre
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40 EL KASSAR 2. Das Regelfolgen-Pro
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42 EL KASSAR Lebewesen auf fundamen
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44 EL KASSAR Ginsborgs „anthropol
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46 EL KASSAR Literatur Allison, H.
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48 HARTH (4) Not (A believes that P
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50 HARTH platitudes there are extra
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52 HARTH P is stably assertible for
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54 HARTH the parties involved has m
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56 HARTH improvement of S*, i.e. if
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58 HARTH Coliva and Morruzzi 2012:
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Has Vagueness Really No Function in
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62 LANIUS Accordingly, we can disti
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64 LANIUS (P6*) Some Y lies with re
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66 LANIUS fact, I think that one ca
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68 LANIUS verdicts in absolute bord
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A Single-Type Ontology for Natural
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72 LIEFKE In particular, Property 0
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74 LIEFKE c. Mary believes that Joh
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76 LIEFKE of a streamlined variant
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78 LIEFKE attributed property. 4 In
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80 LIEFKE This completes our descri
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82 LIEFKE (15) {w s | [[John e]] ex
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84 LIEFKE Church, A. 1940: ‘A For
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86 MARX Redundanz ebenso aus wie Un
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88 MARX Wilson schlägt zwei altern
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90 MARX Vertreter der Relevanztheor
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92 MARX schweren Fehler begangen ha
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94 MARX Um ihren Status als vorherr
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The Fundamental Question of Metaphy
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98 LOOK article ought to be conside
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100 LOOK Although premise (3) seems
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102 LOOK metaphysical nihilism can
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Why Dispositions Are Not Higher-ord
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106 MUGG 2. Shoemaker’s Arguments
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108 MUGG avoid such speculations wh
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110 MUGG The regress problems Marti
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112 OLIVA CÓRDOBA sharp contrast t
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114 OLIVA CÓRDOBA admit point acti
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116 PORRO whether the activity of s
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118 PORRO ‘There are particles ar
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120 PORRO counting method should be
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122 PORRO Bennett says the nihilist
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124 PORRO References Bennett, K. (2
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Regularity Theories of Mechanistic
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128 HARBECKE The philosophical inve
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130 HARBECKE 5. Material Commonalit
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132 HARBECKE At this point it is no
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134 HARBECKE Davis, S., S. Butcher,
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136 HAUSWALD dafür plädieren, den
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138 HAUSWALD Unbestimmtheit aufweis
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140 HAUSWALD eine entscheidende Rol
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142 HAUSWALD (importance). Was aber
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144 HAUSWALD Zu beachten ist die M
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146 HAUSWALD Exemplare wie A 2 häu
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Epistemische und nicht-epistemische
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150 HIRSCH HADORN weiterer Grund si
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152 HIRSCH HADORN struktureller Ad
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154 HIRSCH HADORN eine moralische
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156 HIRSCH HADORN wissenschaftliche
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158 HIRSCH HADORN auch auf bloßen
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160 HIRSCH HADORN - und J. Hardie 2
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Causation, Dispositions, and Mathem
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164 RÖHL 1.3 Options for Avoiding
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166 RÖHL triggering event and poss
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168 RÖHL direction), because Newto
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170 RÖHL 5. Conclusion The conflic
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Between Relativism and Absolutism?
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174 SEIDEL but also the techniques
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176 SEIDEL seen to suggest that the
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178 SEIDEL there are good reasons f
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180 SEIDEL - otherwise the thesis f
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182 SEIDEL (b) Moderate Relativism
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184 SEIDEL References Barnes, B. an
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When Is It Rational to Believe a Ma
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188 STELLING So what does all of th
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190 STELLING extremely fast in some
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192 STELLING Historically the start
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194 STELLING we knew exactly what t
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196 STELLING there is no finite pro
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198 STELLING Lam, C. W. H., Thiel,
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200 STRÖSSNER Principle of Statist
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202 STRÖSSNER this is relevant, th
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204 STRÖSSNER statements like “M
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206 STRÖSSNER 4.1 Carnap’s Logic
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208 STRÖSSNER Veltman’s results,
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4. Philosophie des Geistes
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212 BUKOW Figure 1. Gradual change
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214 BUKOW Probabilistic rationality
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216 BUKOW Mapping between cognition
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218 BUKOW cognitive elements (lila,
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220 BUKOW would be the ones we woul
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222 BUKOW schemas evolve. This appl
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Mechanistische Erklärung: Reduktiv
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226 GUTSCHE Transkription und Trans
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228 GUTSCHE Diese beiden Modelle (d
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230 GUTSCHE verschiedene Perspektiv
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232 GUTSCHE Oppenheim and Putnam re
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234 GUTSCHE Es lässt sich also fes
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Phenomenal Concepts - Still Battlin
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238 MERGENTHALER CANSECO Psychophys
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240 MERGENTHALER CANSECO 4. Deferen
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242 MERGENTHALER CANSECO (4) That i
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244 MERGENTHALER CANSECO occur. Let
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246 MERGENTHALER CANSECO We see tha
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248 MERGENTHALER CANSECO language t
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Ein Dilemma für modale Argumente g
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252 MÜLLER Dingen ist. Kripke hat
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254 MÜLLER Erkenntnis, und Einsich
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How We Know Our Senses Eva Schmidt
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258 SCHMIDT of properties represent
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260 SCHMIDT to the personal-level f
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262 SCHMIDT rich flavour of a tomat
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The arche of Cognition - Grounding
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266 WEBER & VOSGERAU equations. 1 S
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268 WEBER & VOSGERAU Understood in
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270 WEBER & VOSGERAU clear idea of
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272 WEBER & VOSGERAU Because of thi
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274 WEBER & VOSGERAU impaired (impl
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276 WEBER & VOSGERAU Mahon, B.Z., a
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Integrating Evaluation and Affectiv
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280 WILUTZKY regret) feel bad. This
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282 WILUTZKY unwarranted, for repre
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284 WILUTZKY experiential represent
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286 WILUTZKY Montague, M. 2009: ‘
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Page 299 and 300: Explanatorisches Verstehen: Ein Def
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Page 313 and 314: How Gettier Helps to Understand Jus
Page 315 and 316: 314 HOFMANN issue is independent of
Page 317 and 318: 316 HOFMANN same beliefs as we do i
Page 319 and 320: Contextualism and Gradability - A R
Page 321 and 322: 320 JASTER All the crucial things t
Page 323 and 324: 322 JASTER quoted. The proposal he
Page 325 and 326: Intuitions, Heuristics, and Metapho
Page 327 and 328: 326 FISCHER Effortless processes al
Page 329 and 330: 328 FISCHER The first two steps are
Page 331 and 332: 330 FISCHER extension of terms, in
Page 333 and 334: 332 FISCHER activation spreads out
Page 335 and 336: 334 FISCHER This alignment facilita
Page 337 and 338: 336 FISCHER explains: ‘When I spe
Page 339: 338 FISCHER Gerken, M. 2011: ‘Epi
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Page 345 and 346: 344 KRUSE version of this principle
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Page 351 and 352: 350 KRUSE implies can” principle
Page 353 and 354: The Method of Reflective Equilibriu
Page 355 and 356: 354 LANGKAU 3. Reflective Equilibri
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Page 361 and 362: 360 LANGKAU relativism, moral reali
Page 363 and 364: 362 LANGKAU Proponents of MRE might
Page 365 and 366: 364 LANGKAU — 1996: Justice and J
Page 367 and 368: 366 LÖWENSTEIN question demands -
Page 369 and 370: 368 LÖWENSTEIN On the fine-grained
Page 371 and 372: 370 LÖWENSTEIN How does this stop
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Page 375 and 376: 374 SCHMECHTIG Doch um welche Art v
Page 377 and 378: 376 SCHMECHTIG Das reduktionistisch
Page 379 and 380: 378 SCHMECHTIG Dass eine Frage wie
Page 381 and 382: 380 SCHMECHTIG Einstellungsprädika
Page 383 and 384: 382 SCHMECHTIG Interrogative, da st
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390 SCHMECHTIG Beck, S. & Rullmann,
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Practical Knowledge Michael Schmitz
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394 SCHMITZ knowledge Gettier cases
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396 SCHMITZ knowledge is also possi
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398 SCHMITZ nature of such knowledg
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400 SCHMITZ Consider the following
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402 SCHMITZ mountain by asking “A
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6. Ästhetik und Religionsphilosoph
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406 GEROGIORGAKIS number which rath
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408 GEROGIORGAKIS sympathize with R
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410 GEROGIORGAKIS In the lines to f
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Zur Rechtfertigung religiöser Übe
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414 MOCKER b) Theoretische/Urteilsn
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416 MOCKER normative Gründe für e
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Kunst und Moral Lisa Katharin Schma
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420 SCHMALZRIED 2. Radikaler Autono
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422 SCHMALZRIED 3.1 Radikaler Moral
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424 SCHMALZRIED harmonisch, ausbala
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426 SCHMALZRIED 4. Skizze einer plu
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428 SCHMALZRIED 5.1 Argumente für
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430 SCHMALZRIED 5.2 Argumente gegen
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432 SCHMALZRIED Lisa Katharin Schma
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434 SCHMALZRIED Posner, R. 1997:
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436 SCHNEIDER unvollkommene) Versuc
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438 SCHNEIDER (1) Keine geschaffene
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440 SCHNEIDER (1) In der Begründun
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442 SCHNEIDER setzt“ 34 . Der fre
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444 SCHNEIDER können, bleibt - wie
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446 SCHNEIDER 3° Reine Unterlassun
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448 SCHNEIDER [Gott] bewahrt unser
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7. Angewandte Ethik, politische Phi
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452 AICHER important to acknowledge
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454 AICHER oneself”. 17 Furthermo
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456 AICHER 5. (Surrogate) Decision-
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458 AICHER One reason for overridin
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460 AICHER the narrative constructs
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462 AICHER Discussion of philosophi
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464 AICHER Quante, M. 1999: ‘Prec
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466 BLÖSER 1. Was heißt „faire
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468 BLÖSER Alles in allem scheint
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470 BLÖSER nehmen, wie für Rawls
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472 BLÖSER 4.2 Vorwurf des fehlend
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474 BLÖSER dem oben beschriebenen
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476 BLÖSER Schaub, J. 2010: „Ide
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478 BRATU von Freiheit, die gemäß
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480 BRATU Menschen im Gefängnis od
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482 BRATU voraussetzt; aber es sche
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484 BRATU andere Taten - etwa das K
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486 BRATU das liberale Prinzip offe
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488 BRATU Christine Bratu Fakultät
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490 GUTWALD 1. Paternalismus Es hat
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492 GUTWALD Paternalismus unter lib
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494 GUTWALD Mein Argument ist nun,
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496 GUTWALD dargestellt gibt es der
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498 GUTWALD seine Entscheidung, die
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500 GUTWALD Englerth M., „Behavio
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502 SCHICKHARDT inhaltlich näher b
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504 SCHICKHARDT Leistungsfähigkeit
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506 SCHICKHARDT eigenen Fähigkeite
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508 SCHMIDT-PETRI Willen erklären
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510 SCHMIDT-PETRI der durchaus als
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512 SCHMIDT-PETRI Diese Anspruchsre
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514 SCHMIDT-PETRI ihres Todes nicht
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516 SCHMIDT-PETRI gewonnen, sodass
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518 SCHMIDT-PETRI 4.3. Einwand 1: D
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520 SCHMIDT-PETRI 5. Problem Hirnto
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522 SCHMIDT-PETRI 5.4. Die dritte P
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524 SCHMIDT-PETRI Schmidt-Petri, C.
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526 SEIDEL between DE and ESV, I wi
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528 SEIDEL held responsible) is int
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530 SEIDEL obstacles in the way of
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532 SEIDEL the socio-relational cri
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534 SEIDEL (C) If a distribution D
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The Role of Economic Analysis in Co
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538 WÜNDISCH 3. Means for Achievin
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540 WÜNDISCH For the sake of the f
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542 WÜNDISCH policy regarding clim
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544 WÜNDISCH irresponsible push to
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546 WÜNDISCH This assessment carel
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8. Normative Ethik, Metaethik, Hand
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550 BURKARD beliefs in general. In
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552 BURKARD Richard grew up a devou
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554 BURKARD living together in smal
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556 BURKARD epistemic standard form
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558 BURKARD Kahane, G., Wiech, K.,
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560 CÉSPEDES Late asymmetric overd
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562 CÉSPEDES Evidential Decision T
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564 CÉSPEDES would we say that the
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566 CÉSPEDES earthquake at all. Th
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568 CÉSPEDES dry match, I wonder w
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570 CÉSPEDES between ranking theor
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572 CÉSPEDES Lewis, D. 1981: ‘Ca
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574 DI NUCCI ‘terror bombing’ a
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576 DI NUCCI The philosophical disc
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578 DI NUCCI same too: they both wa
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580 DI NUCCI need not be the case:
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582 DI NUCCI the munitions be geogr
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584 DI NUCCI intentions; and (iii)
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586 DI NUCCI underdetermined as to
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Counterfactuals and Two Kinds of Ou
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590 DOHRN attached to John before J
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592 DOHRN earlier. For although Mar
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594 HOFFMANN Das Ziel meiner Argume
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596 HOFFMANN Verträglichkeit mit d
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598 HOFFMANN alltäglichen Moralver
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600 HOFFMANN Explikation besteht da
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602 HOFFMANN […] War Thomas Budde
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604 HOFFMANN generell geltende Dieb
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606 HOFFMANN Literatur Birnbacher,
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608 HORST is true. Instead, what I
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610 HORST that’s so, it is hard t
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612 HORST Davidson, D. 1971: ‘Age
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614 KÜHLER Im Folgenden werde ich
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616 KÜHLER ebenfalls rein mentalen
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618 KÜHLER Handlungsversuche und d
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620 KÜHLER naheliegend und auch in
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622 KÜHLER Kühler, M. 2012: „'R
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624 LÖSCHKE Eine nonisomorphistisc
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626 LÖSCHKE vorgebracht wurde, und
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628 LÖSCHKE Vielmehr ist gemeint,
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630 LÖSCHKE weniger komplex sein,
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632 LÖSCHKE Hilfspflicht situative
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634 LÖSCHKE Blick auf die Frage na
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636 LÖSCHKE Handlungen bezogen sei
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Willensschwäche - Eine Systematisi
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640 LUMER Einsatzes einer solchen S
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642 LUMER Optimalitätsurteile Absi
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644 LUMER 1. Der erste Mechanismus
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646 LUMER 5. Lösungsansätze zum N
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648 LUMER zugrunde liegt, der für
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650 LUMER (Abschn. 4-5; 7) gegebene
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652 LUMER Christoph Lumer Universit
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The Case against Consequentialism:
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656 MUKERJI maximizes the good (or
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658 MUKERJI Moore’s (1903/1959) c
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660 MUKERJI The similarities that a
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662 MUKERJI 3. Table: Construction
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664 MUKERJI is, I hope, a promising
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Moralischer Zufall und Kontrolle Ju
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668 SCHÄLIKE wohl aber - so schein
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670 SCHÄLIKE Wir können das Kontr
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672 SCHÄLIKE Somit gilt: Entscheid
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674 SCHÄLIKE 5. Psychologische Nac
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What Makes Moral Values Queer? Juli
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678 SCHÖNHERR moral properties has
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680 SCHÖNHERR (i)P Moral propertie
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682 SCHÖNHERR action has the moral
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684 SCHÖNHERR that is too lax, one
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686 SCHÖNHERR them. Hence, if (iia
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688 SCHÖNHERR tell us why the one
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Konsequentialistische Theorien und
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692 WARMT stolz darüber ist, dass
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694 WARMT Denkens ist es, moralisch
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696 WARMT (3) und gemäß dem kriti
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698 WARMT Damit ist die Handlungsch
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700 WARMT moralischen Theorie, die
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702 WARMT Koller, P. 1998: „Einwa
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