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iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Supervisory Committee ............................................................................................................................ii Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................iii Table of contents.......................................................................................................................................iv Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................................vi Part One: Overview of High Tang Frontier Poetry Introductory Remarks................................................................................................................................1 Chapter One: General Introduction 1.1. A Brief Historical Sketch.........................................................................................................3 1.2. Etymological Explanation of “Frontier” (biansai 边塞 ) ........................................................8 1.3. Key Locales Forming the Poetic Tang Frontier .....................................................................9 Chapter Two: Basic Anatomy of a Subgenre: Key Traits of Frontier Poetry.......................................... 16 2.1. The First Facet: Frontier War............................................................................................... 18 2.2. The Second Facet: Frontier Peoples and Customs................................................................29 2.3. The Third Facet: The Frontier Landscape............................................................................ 34 Chapter Three: High Tang Accomplishments in Frontier Poetry 3.1. Frontier Poetry: A Subgenre Challenged .............................................................................46 3.2. High Tang Frontier Poetry: Elements of Distinction 3.2.1. An Array of Martial Responses .............................................................................54 3.2.2. Forays into Frontier Responses: The Landscape ...................................................73 3.2.3. Forays into Frontier Responses: Local Peoples and Customs................................86 Part Two: Focalization in Cen Shen's Frontier Landscapes Introductory Remarks............................................................................................................................105 Chapter Four: Critical Overview and Theoretical Framework 4.1. 奇 (qi) and Cen Shen's Frontier Landscape: A Common Reading.....................................108
v 4.2. A Model of Focalization: Key Instruments for Investigating the Frontier Landscape........120 Chapter Five: Underlying Perceptual Facets of the Thermal and Hibernal Frontiers 5.1.Cen Shen's Thermal Landscape: Patterns in Perceiving Heat..............................................132 5.1.1. Coordinated Openings..........................................................................................135 5.1.2. Echoes of Ordinary Perceptual Facets..................................................................137 5.1.3. Imaginary Mode Correspondences.......................................................................140 5.1.4. A Landscape of Natural Violence.........................................................................143 5.2. Cen Shen's Hibernal Landscape: A System of Snow and Cold...........................................149 5.2.1. A Landscape of Shifting Focalization...................................................................152 5.2.2. Scale of Focalization: Ambient Spatial Coordinates............................................154 5.2.3. Degree of Kinesis: Active and Static Scenes........................................................161 5.2.4. A Typology of Cold: Innateness and Effect..........................................................165 Chapter Six: Perceiving the Landscape of Distance 6.1 The Frontier and Homesickness...........................................................................................171 6.1.1.Spatial Coordinates as Expressions of Homesickness and Separation..................178 6.1.2. Overcoming Distance Within the Frontier Setting...............................................186 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................196 Bibliography (English Language Sources) ...........................................................................................202 Bibliography (Chinese Language Sources) ...........................................................................................206 Appendix One: Cen Shen's “Thermal” Poems.......................................................................................211 Appendix Two: Cen Shen's “Hibernal” Poems......................................................................................216 Appendix Three: Cen Shen's “Distance” Poems....................................................................................221
Page 1 and 2: Traversing the Periphery: Focalizat
Page 3: iii Supervisory Committee Dr. Tsung
Page 7 and 8: Part One: Overview of High Tang Fro
Page 9 and 10: 3 Part One: Overview of High Tang F
Page 11 and 12: 5 recognition through martial emplo
Page 13 and 14: 7 万里不惜死 Ten thousand
Page 15 and 16: 9 “a far away place”; 边 also
Page 17 and 18: 11 胡儿十岁能骑马 39 H
Page 19 and 20: 13 胡人半解弹琵琶 54 T
Page 21 and 22: 15 蕃书文字别 Fan 66 docum
Page 23 and 24: friends remain far from the front l
Page 25 and 26: 19 poems”on the basis of geograph
Page 27 and 28: 21 君子于役 My lord is in se
Page 29 and 30: 23 probable setting of the poetic t
Page 31 and 32: particularly fitting in illustratin
Page 33 and 34: 27 as for their relatives far from
Page 35 and 36: 29 哥舒大夫破九曲之
Page 37 and 38: 31 This sense of estrangement, as e
Page 39 and 40: 33 and separation often found on th
Page 41 and 42: interest in describing the frontier
Page 43 and 44: 37 Enduring Cold”. In Bao Zhao's
Page 45 and 46: 39 Zhao's work intersects with the
Page 47 and 48: experience of having joined militar
Page 49 and 50: 43 historical displacement (Han all
Page 51 and 52: 45 To conclude, the preceding chapt
Page 53 and 54: 47 the accepted definition of front
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49 to implement his vision of natio
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selection of High Tang poets must b
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53 “ 高岑迥别。高悲
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desire to dedicate oneself to the n
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57 and forever pacifying the border
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59 clearly encroaching upon the lit
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61 the Frontier” (“Saixia qu”
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63 铁门关西月如练双
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65 exemplifying High Tang advanceme
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67 孤城落日斗兵稀身
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69 traditional hermeneutics in whic
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wife, a domestic tearing caused by
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and his enduring memory. When read
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75 赤亭道口行人绝 The
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77 reinforced through a stacking of
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79 habits in creating the literary
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81 无花只有寒笛中闻
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Not only does Cen Shen surpass the
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85 the frontier and absence qualify
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87 its novelty and perspicacity; it
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Hao's “Hu” are compassionately
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91 the physically immediate scene o
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ather enticing (if, according to so
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95 (lines 5-10) The poem now moves
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97 also the non-militaristic intera
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99 non-Chinese languages of the Fan
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of the second quoted couplet by way
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integrate into his own previous exp
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105 Part Two: Focalization in Cen S
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frontier settings, the second part
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the country's near abroad, a time w
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111 argues that Cen Shen's frontier
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eathtaking scene depicted not only
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115 河岳英灵集 ) 31 states
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117 exemplification of “qi” (
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central Chinese physical and human
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121 subject of focalization. 62 In
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focalization, as discussed in this
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125 Prior to mentioning issues surr
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Aside from describing how the focal
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demonstrable bearing on the manner
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131 underlining methods of focalizi
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133 彷徉无所倚 He roams ai
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135 In short, the intention behind
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spouting upwards and overwhelming t
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139 the Fire Mountain theme through
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141 “carp” (liyu 鲤鱼 ) with
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143 ordinary mode of focalization.
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It should be noted, however, that f
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147 (“Song of Hot Lake”, lines
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149 obliterate the impact of the pu
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151 The traditionally dolorous doma
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153 towards the indefatigable and s
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of the exterior frontier. The most
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157 轮台东门送君去去
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159 Shifts from distance to nearnes
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161 It was previously noted in this
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163 胡天八月即飞雪忽
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associations of desolation and uses
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167 temperature, effects which tran
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169 Conclusion There is an underlyi
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171 Part Two : Focalization in Cen
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173 In addition to these visual per
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175 六月未春衣 21 In the s
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177 连年闻鼓鼙故山在
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179 空山啼夜猿既伤千
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181 poet-narrator's gaze (dong wang
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183 gazes westward, feelings of hom
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185 With the act of perceiving open
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187 isolation, are by far the lands
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189 frontier poetry and Chinese fro
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191 为报家人数寄书 Sen
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193 只在马蹄下明日归
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195 为缩天山东 and contrac
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the thermal frontier concentrated o
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199 Tang dynasty. As discovered qui
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201 alternates between that which t
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203 Frankel, Hans. “Yueh-Fu Poetr
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205 Rimmon-Kenan, Shlomith. Narrati
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207 Gushiji 古诗记 . In Siku q
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209 Tan Youxue 谭优学 .“Bian
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211 Appendix I: Cen Shen's “Therm
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213 火山云歌送别 Parting
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215 使交河群 Mission To Jiao
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217 风挚红旗冻不翻 The
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219 走马川行奉送出师
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221 Appendix III: Cen Shen's “Dis
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223 经陇头分水陇水何
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225 过燕支寄杜位 Passing
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227 逢入京使 Encountering a
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229 宿铁关西馆 Staying the
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231 岁暮碛外寄元撝 At
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233 碛西头送李判官入
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235 安西馆中思长安 At
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237 寄宇文判官 Sent to Adm
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239 武威春暮闻宇文判
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241 临洮客舍留别祁四
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243 临洮泛舟赵仙舟自
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245 玉关寄长安李主簿
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