ABSTRACT - DRUM - University of Maryland

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the Stages Condition 0 No convection within ±3 hours 1 No convection in the previous 3 hours, convection starts in the next 3 hours 2 Convection started in the previous 3 hours and continues for the next 3 hours 3 On going C 208 > 10% for the entire 6-hour period 4 Convection on-going during previous 3 hours, convection stops in the next 3 hours 5 Convection stopped in the previous 3 hours, no convection in the next 3 hours Table 2.1 Stages of convective development 25
Figure 2.1 An example of convective stage determination. The thick line shows C 208 (the fraction of pixels in a box with brightness temperatures below 208 K) measured at 180ºE, 10ºS Feb. 10, 2003. Convection is determined as “occurring” if C 208 is over 10 % (horizontal dashed line). C 204 , C 206 , C 210 , and C 212 are shown as dotted, dashed, dot-dashed, and thin line. Determined convective stages are shown at the bottom. 26
Page 2 and 3: the time evolution of local convect
Page 5 and 6: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I foremost would li
Page 7 and 8: 2.3.4 Regional distribution .......
Page 9 and 10: LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Convective impa
Page 11 and 12: 3.6 A schematic of possible errors
Page 13 and 14: This dissertation includes two stud
Page 15 and 16: forces from the stratosphere by wav
Page 17 and 18: Figure 1.1 describes the impact of
Page 19 and 20: Detrained air from convective cloud
Page 21 and 22: water vapor, as well as the chemica
Page 23 and 24: vapor mixing ratio with altitude in
Page 25 and 26: Instrument [H 2 O] e (ppmv) Period
Page 27 and 28: that recent lidar images of thin ci
Page 29 and 30: Troposphere Exchange Project (STEP/
Page 31 and 32: 1. Observation of tropopause coolin
Page 33 and 34: are locally associated with cold an
Page 35: channels of four weather satellites
Page 39 and 40: Temperature (K) Figure 2.3 Same wit
Page 41 and 42: temperature profile. The anomalies
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.4 Cooling rate calculation
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.5 Sensitivity tests in (a)
Page 47 and 48: Potential temperature (K) Figure 2.
Page 49 and 50: 2.4.2 Cloud-top radiative cooling I
Page 51 and 52: the daytime and nighttime convectiv
Page 53 and 54: which implies approximately 35% of
Page 55 and 56: Chapter 3. A study of tropical deep
Page 57 and 58: not quantitatively indicate the ext
Page 59 and 60: Figure 3.1 A cartoon of overshootin
Page 61 and 62: there is, as expected, a general sy
Page 63 and 64: Figure 3.3 Geophysical distribution
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3. 5 Mean of scatter plots i
Page 67 and 68: horizontal error bars in Fig. 3.5 a
Page 69 and 70: example, if we use A = 3 km, s = 1,
Page 71 and 72: Figure 3. 7 A moist adiabatic model
Page 73 and 74: Figure 3. 8 Total heights of the ov
Page 75 and 76: Chapter 4. Summary and Conclusions
Page 77 and 78: In order to see how fast this conve
Page 79 and 80: is estimated from visible and near-
Page 81 and 82: -7 K/day. This cooling speed is bey
Page 83 and 84: References Abbas, M. M., H. A. Mich
Page 85 and 86: Dessler, A. E. and H. Kim, Determin
Page 87 and 88:
Hurst, D. F., G. S. Dutton, P. A. R
Page 89 and 90:
Kummerow, C., W. Barnes, T. Kozu, J
Page 91 and 92:
Randel, W. J., F. Wu, and W. Rivera
Page 93 and 94:
Stenke A. and V. Grewe, Impact of d
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