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American Museum of Natural History 

Central Park West at 79th Street New York, N.Y. 10024 - 5192 

Through its 118-year history, the 

American Museum has conducted 

basic investigations in anthropology, 

zoology and mineral sciences. 

Exhibitions and educational programs 

based on research projects 

in these disciplines are enjoyed by 

some 2.6 million visitors annually. 

Membership has grown to more 

than 500,000. 

The American Museum is the 

largest natural history museum in 

the world and a preeminent 

research institution. Some 200 

researchers scientists and their 

assistants use the collections, 

which total nearly 36 million artifacts 

and specimens, to conduct 

their studies. Their findings are 

shared with colleagues and the 

general public through lectures, 

exhibitions, articles and books. 

The American Museum puts out 

12 regularly issued serial publications, 

ranging from the catalogs of 

Micropaleontology Press to the 

widely read Natural History 

magazine It also publishes numerous 

books, catalogs, monographs, 

lectures, and materials for children. 

The Museum's 22 buildings, 

housing 39 exhibition halls, nine 

scientific departments, five 

theaters, a 400,000-volume library, 

classrooms, laboratories, service 

areas, retail shops and food 

service facilities, make it a 

veritable city of research, exhibition 

and education. 

A private institution, the 

Museum receives support from 

the City of New York, New York 

State Council on the Arts, 

National Endowment for the 

Humanities, National Endowment 

for the Arts, National Science 

Foundation, Institute of Museum 

Services, 300 corporations, 100 

private foundations, numerous individual 

contributors, and through 

membership fees and visitor 

contributions. 

HIGHLIGHTS 

1986 July 

* "China Month" was celebrated with 

weekend performances and talks 

dealing with Chinese culture. 

August 

* The United States Department of 

Health, Education and Welfare 

awarded a grant of $161,160 to the 

Library to microfilm and catalog 

scientific manuscripts. 

September 

* The Margaret Mead Film Festival, 

the nation's leading showcase for anthropological 

films, celebrated its 

10th season. 

October 

* "Dark Caves, Bright Visions: Life in 

Ice Age Europe,' opened in Gallery 3, 

with the largest collection of original 

late Ice Age artifacts ever assembled 

in the United States. It drew almost 

320,000 visitors. 

* The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation 

awarded a grant of $725,000 for the 

conservation of the collections in the 

Department of Anthropology. 

* The New York State Council on the 

Arts awarded the Museum a $585,000 

grant for general operating support. 

* Stephen Jay Gould, a prominent 

evolutionary theorist, delivered the 

Mack Lipkin Man and Nature Lectures 

in the Main Auditorium. 

November 

* A ribbon-cutting by Mayor Koch 

reopened the Museum's rebuilt main 

entrance on Central Park West. 

December 

* "On Thp: New York's Water Supply', 

an exhibition examining New York's 

water supply system, opened. 

* The National Endowment for the 

Humanities granted $224,500 to support 

the exhibition "Carthage: A 

Mosaic of Ancient Thnisia." 

* The National Science Foundation 

awarded $186,000 for collection 

management of the Mammalogy 

Department's holdings. 

1987 January 

* The Museum played host to 

members of the New York State 

Assembly, New York State Senate, 

New York City Council, and their 

families, at the third annual 

"Legislators Night." 

* Michael Novacek, Chairman of the 

Department of Vertebrate Paleontology, 

and his colleagues, recovered a 

rich variety of fossil mammals in 

Chile. The discovery provides a more 

complete picture of life in the 

southern Andes from 15 to 20 million 

years aga 

February 

* "Black History Month" was 

celebrated; two programs examining 

life in Harlem were presented. 

* A generous gift from the estate 

of George Willett established the 

George Willett Curatorship. 

* Norman D. Newell, Curator 

Emeritus in the Department of 

Invertebrates, received the 1987 

Scientific Freedom and Responsibility 

Award at the annual meeting of the 

American Association for the 

Advancement of Science. 

* David Grimaldi, Assistant Curator 

in the Department of Entomology, 

discovered the oldest known bee, 

fossilized in amber. 

March 

* "The Chaco Phenomenon;" an exhibition 

exploring prehistoric Pueblo 

culture in the American southwest, 

opened in Gallery 3. 

* The Charles Hayden Foundation 

provided a grant of $250,000 for the 

enlargement and improvement of 

the school reception area and lunch 

service facilities. 

* The National Science Foundation 

awarded $256,531 for collection 

management of fossil fish. 

April 

* "Latin American Month" was 

celebrated with performances, talks 

and demonstrations dealing with 

Latin American culture. 

May 

* "Celestial Rhythms," contemporary 

and classical electronic music with 

laser lights, was staged in the 

Planetarium. 

June 

* Biologist Garrett Hardin delivered 

the Mack Lipkin Man and Nature 

Lectures in the main auditorium. 

* The Howard Phipps Foundation 

continued to support renovation of 

the Roosevelt Memorial Hall with a 

grant of $250,000.

118th ANNUAL REPORT 1986/87 

AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 

Page 

Contents 

2 Report of the President 

6 Directors Message 

10 Anthropology 

13 Astronomy and Planetarium 

15 Entomology 

20 Herpetology 

23 Ichthyology 

27 Invertebrates 

31 Manmnalogy 

36 Mineral Sciences 

41 Omithology 

45 Vertebrate Paleontology 

49 Research Stations 

50 Education 

53 Exhibition and Graphics 

55 Library Services 

57 Collections Management 

58 Interdepartmental Facilities 

59 Grants and Fellowships 

60 Publications, Membership and Marketing 

65 Adminitration 

67 Development and Public Affairs 

72 Officers, Thstees and Staff 

77 Members Electd by the Board to 

Higher Categories 

Contributors 

78 Unrestricted Gifts 

81 Restricted Gifts 

82 Government Grants and Support 

83 Gifts-in-Kind 

Financial Statements 

A-3 Teasurer`s Report 

A-4 Statement of the Museum 

A-10 Statement of the Planetarium

One hundred and 

eighteenth Annual 

Report of the 

President 

Tb the Trustees of the American 

Museum ofNatural History 

and to the Municipal Authorities 

of the City ofNew York 

This past year has witnessed 

very successful exhibitions (of 

which more later), critically well 

received scientific publications 

and the focusing of an effort to 

substantially increase the 

numbers of pre and postdoctoral 

students associated with the 

Museum. 

In addition, this has been a time 

for introspection, and planning 

for the future of the Museum and 

its scientific research. We have 

moved closer to implementing the 

major recommendations made by 

the Long-range Planning Committee. 

We have a better idea of 

the physical needs of the Museum 

for the next 10 to 20 years and 

the funds which will be required 

to achieve our goals. The last and 

the best news is that George D. 

Langdon, Jr., President of Colgate 

University, has agreed to assume 

the position of President and 

CEO effective next year. 

The Museum's role in the 

teaching and training of scientists 

dates from 1917 when we entered 

into an agreement with Columbia 

University to train scholars in 

paleontology. Similar programs in 

the biopsychology of behavior and 

in evolutionary biology began 

some 20 years ago with the City 

University of New York. This year 

we planned an additional 

teaching-training program in entomology 

in collaboration with 

Cornell University; the first 

students will be admitted to the 

program next year. Alumni of 

these programs are among the 

leading scientists in their fields 

today, holding appointments in 

academic institutions worldwide. 

These programs say much for 

the strength of the Museum's 

commitment to science. Equally 

significant as the collaborative 

programs with local universities 

are the postdoctoral fellowship 

awards begun two years ago, the 

research grant programs supported 

by the Museum for more 

than 30 years, and the graduate 

assistantships and undergraduate 

research projects which the 

Museum sponsors. 

Our programs for training 

scientists have grown remarkably 

in recent years, reflecting both 

the generous assistance received 

from public and private sources 

and the commitment demonstrated 

by the Trustees to allocate support 

to that purpose. Whether 

the funds were provided by contributors, 

foundations or the 

Museum's general funds, the programs 

could count with certainty 

on being underwritten. That 

policy continues today, with much 

of the funding coming from endowment 

and other Museum 

funds. An example was the decision 

by our Board of Trustees to 

direct income from the 

Kalbfleisch Endowment to the 

support of postdoctoral fellowships 

when the full benefit of the 

Kalbfleisch bequest became 

available for general Museum purposes 

three years ago. Similar action 

by the Board this year, 

allocating proceeds from the sale 

of our Bimini property to the 

Government of the Bahamas,more 

than doubled endowed support for 

the Lerner-Gray Fund for Marine 

Research. 

I was especially pleased as well 

to see the Lincoln Ellsworth Fund 

applied, with the enthusiastic approval 

of Mrs. Lincoln Ellsworth, 

to support research and exploration 

by young scientists that 

would reflect the spirit of Lincoln 

Ellsworth's life and accomplishments. 

Administering this program, 

named for one of our most 

distinguished former trustees, is a 

special honor for the Museum. 

Gifts from trustees Edwin 

Thorne and Nancy Fessenden 

have also been applied to research 

support for science students. 

Other recent gifts from which income 

is applied to such support 

have come from Richard 

Weatherhead, Herbert Axelrod, 

Edmund J. Retkowic, and the 

Greenwall Foundation. Bequests 

from Madeline Traina and George 

Willett may also fund grants and 

fellowships awarded by the 

Museum. Annual gifts from the 

Exxon Educational Foundation 

have assisted in supporting 

graduate fellows and 

undergraduate researchers. 

The Frank M. Chapman 

Memorial Fund and the Theodore 

Roosevelt Memorial Fund, both of 

which support research grants 

and fellowships, have grown in recent 

years from the original 

Funds established by Elsie Binger 

Naumburg in the case of the 

Chapman Fund, and from the 

members of the Theodore 

Roosevelt Association to the 

Theodore Roosevelt Memorial 

Fund. Members of the Association 

and of the Roosevelt family also 

assist with frequent annual gifts. 

Similarly, the Lerner-Gray Foundation, 

with guidance from 

Trustee Arthur Gray, Jr., has 

made a number of gifts to the 

principal of the Lerner-Gray Fund 

for Marine Research. 

Museum grant and fellowship 

awards this year totaled more 

than $300,000. They were used to 

assist four undergraduate science 

students, 176 graduate students, 

and 6 postdoctoral scholars from 

every region of the United States, 

and from a number of foreign 

countries as well. Funds often 

reach these young men and 

women when they are most in 

need of financial aid, when it can 

best influence their career decisions 

and professional development. 

But these awards benefit 

the Museum and its future as 

much or more than they do the

FrenchAmbasgador to the United Stales, 

Emmanuel de Margerie, right, joined 

President Robert G. Goelet for a 

pre'iew ofthe special exhibition "Dark 

Caves, Bright Visions." The exhibition 

of Paleolithic art and artifacts - the 

physical evidence ofthe evolution ofthe 

human spirit - included items loaned 

from several French museums, including 

the Mus/e des Antiquites Nationales 

and the Muske de l'Homme. More 

than 300,000 people viewed the exhibition 

during its three months at the 

Museum.

4 

students and scholars. They reinforce 

all our scientific endeavor. 

They influence our reputation and 

determine our stature among our 

present and future colleagues in 

science and research. They 

enhance the image of the Museum 

as a significant academic partner 

in our country's science 

community. 

Other generous contributions 

were received during the year. A 

gift from the estate of George 

Willett, an independent member 

of the New York Stock Exchange 

for 55 years, has allowed the 

Museum to establish the George 

Willett Curatorship. The title was 

awarded to Frederick H. Rindge, 

Curator in the Department 

of Entomology, in recognition of 

his distinguished contributions to 

science during the 38 years he has 

served on the Museum staff. 

Additional funds from the Willett 

estate will help underwrite the 

graduate and undergraduate 

research training described earlier. 

A grant from The Eppley Foundation 

for Research supported the 

second field expedition in Chile by 

Michael J. Novacek, Chairman 

and Curator in the Department of 

Vertebrate Paleontology, and colleagues 

from the American 

Museum and Chile's National 

Museum. Their discoveries of 

fossil mammals from regions 

previously unexplored in the 

Andes will help answer questions 

about South America's biological 

and geological evolution. 

The Museum is especially 

grateful to the Edward John Noble 

Foundation for ongoing support 

of both the St. Catherines Island 

Research Program, and the St. 

Catherines Archaeological Program, 

the latter under the direction of 

David Hurst Thomas, Curator in 

the Department of Anthropology. 

The scientific staff of our 

Museum, in addition to its 

primary work in research and collection 

management, gives 

authority to the exhibitions we 

present, both those developed out 

of our permanent collections and 

those developed from special exhibits 

of loan material. "Dark 

Caves, Bright Visions: Life in Ice 

Age Europe" presented the 

largest collection of original late 

Ice Age (Upper Paleolithic) artifacts 

ever assembled for exhibition in 

the United States. The exhibition 

showed more than 300 artifacts 

from museums and universities 

throughout Europe and North 

America, including our own collection. 

The very successful 

exhibition catalog was published 

with support from the Richard 

Lounsbery Foundation and Mr. 

and Mrs. Gordon R Getty. 

A benefit preview for "Dark 

Caves, Bright Visions" took place 

in October, under the patronage 

of His Excellency the Ambassador 

of France to the United States 

and Mrs. Emmanuel de Margerie 

We are especially grateful to the 

Benefit Committee "Celestial 

Fantasy:' "Open House" and the 

children's Halloween party were 

other events organized this year 

by the Benefit Events Office and 

its committees. 

The culture and architectural 

complex established by the 

Anasazi people (precursors of 

modern day Pueblos) nearly 1000 

years ago in the Chaco Canyon of 

northwestern New Mexico was illustrated 

in "The Chaco 

Phenomenon." The exhibition 

showed the social, political and 

religious aspects of Anasazi life It 

was supported by grants from the 

National Endowment for the 

Humanities, the University of 

New Mexico Foundation, Maxwell 

Museum Association and Santa 

Fe Industries. The exhibition was 

prepared by the Maxwell Museum 

of Anthropology in Albuquerque 

"City of Light:" a photographic 

exhibition in the Akeley Gallery, 

documented religious rituals 

associated with death in Benares, 

India. The exhibition was an Arthur 

Ross Exhibit of the Month. Others 

in this series of exhibits were 

"The Brazilian Princess" the 

world's largest cut gem at more 

than 21,000 carats, and "Rooted 

in Ceremony" a display of unusual 

origami pieces. 

"On lhp: New York's Water 

Supply," in Gallery 1, showed the 

geological, biological, historical 

and engineering aspects of the 

City's water supply system. It was 

supported by a grant from the 

Lucius N. Littauer Foundation. 

The exhibition was held over for 

several months, at the request of 

the New York City Department of 

Environmental Protection, to 

assist the New York City Board of 

Education in scheduling additional 

visits to the exhibition by 

school classes. 

Education is a driving force 

behind much of our Museum work 

and our capabilities for carrying 

out teaching programs are continually 

being expanded. A 

generous grant from the Charles 

Hayden Foundation allowed the 

Museum to increase the capacity 

of our school-class orientation 

facilities from 2400 to 3800 

students each day. In addition, 

overflow audiences in the 

Auditorium can now view programs 

in the Henry Kaufmann 

Theater through closed-circuit 

television equipment provided by 

a generous grant from the Henry 

Kaufmann Foundation. 

The Museum's Education and 

Membership Departments drew 

upon exhibitions and other events 

to develop public programming 

that enhanced audience appreciation 

of their subjects. Asian, 

African, Caribbean, Native 

American and Middle Eastern 

cultures were highlighted during 

month-long programs throughout 

the year. They included dance, 

craft demonstration, music and 

drama, presented in the Henry 

Kaufmann and Harold F. Linder 

Theaters and the Frederick H. 

Leonhardt People Center of the 

Charles A. Dana Education 

Center. The Museum is very 

grateful to the Samuel and May 

Rudin Foundation and the Vidda

Foundation for their generous 

support of many Education 

Department programs. 

Among the outstanding lecturers 

this year was Jane Goodall, 

the world renowned animal 

behaviorist. She spoke on her 

observations of the chimpanzees 

of the Gombe Stream Research 

Institute in Thnzania. Anthropologist 

Ashley Montagu spoke on the 

development of human intelligence. 

The 1987 Mack Lipkin Man and 

Nature Lectures were delivered 

by Garrett Hardin, Professor 

Emeritus of Human Biology at 

the University of California, 

Santa Barbara. The lectures dealt 

with a two-century struggle between 

the dream of limitless growth and 

the scientific search for limiting 

principles to sustainable growth. 

The New York State Council on 

the Arts awarded a grant to help 

support the 1986 Margaret Mead 

Film Festival. Celebrating a 

decade as the nation's most 

distinguished anthropological film 

event, this Festival has featured 

more than 330 film premieres. 

Renovation and modernization 

of the Museum are continually 

taking place The Wallace Funds 

(established by the founders of 

Reader's Digest) and the Howard 

Phipps Foundation provided support 

to the Roosevelt Hall Renovation 

Project, scheduled to begin in 

winter, 1988. We are also very 

grateful to the Clark Foundation 

for the third year of its support in 

the program to apply computers 

to Museum work. The Andrew W. 

Mellon Foundation generously 

supported our work in conservation 

and collections management. 

DuPont and its energy subsidiaries, 

Conoco and Consolidation 

Coal Company, provided 

assistance for the production and 

installation of a video presentation 

on plate tectonics in the John 

Lindsley Hall of Earth History. 

In November, the lighting of the 

Origami Holiday Tree, an exhibit 

also sponsored by Arthur Ross, 

followed the reopening of the 

Museum's main entrance on Central 

Park West at 79th Street. 

Mayor Edward I. Koch cut the 

ribbon at the entrance, which had 

been closed since April, 1985, for 

restoration of its plaza and steps. 

The project, part of a program of 

maintenance and refurbishment 

of the Museum's facilities, was 

funded under the City's capital 

budget through the Department 

of Cultural Affairs and was supervised 

by the City's Department of 

General Services. 

During the past year, total City 

support for the Museum's operations 

amounted to $8,171,169. The 

Trustees are grateful to the Mayor 

and to Council President Andrew 

J. Stein, Borough President David 

N. Dinkins and members of the 

City Council for their support. 


the Arts awarded $626,000 in support 

of general Museum operations 

and various projects. The 

Museum thanks Kitty Carlisle 

Hart, Chairman of the New York 

State Council on the Arts, and 

Mary Hays, the Council's Executive. 

Director, and their 

associates. We are especially 

grateful to Governor Mario 

Cuomo, Senate Majority Leader 

Warren M. Anderson, Senator 

John R. McHugh, Chairman of 

the Senate Committee on 

'iburism, Recreation and Sports 

Development, Assembly Majority 

Leader Daniel B. Walsh, Assembly 

Minority Leader Clarence D. 

Rappleyea, Jr., Assemblyman 

Matthew J. Murphy, Chairman, 

Assembly Committee on 'lburism, 

Sports Development and Arts, 

and members of the New York 

State Legislature for the 

understanding and leadership 

they demonstrated in their support 

for the Council's work. State 

Senator Roy M. Goodman was instrumental 

in securing a grant 

from the Natural Heritage Trust. 

The NHT grant was used this 

year to assist in conserving 

beautiful and priceless treasures 

in our anthropology collection. 

The Members of the New York 

City Council and the Senators 

and Assemblymen of New York 

State were invited to the third 

annual Legislator's Night on 

January 29. This educational and 

cultural event to acquaint the 

legislators and their colleagues 

with our resources and services 

has become an annual tradition. 

Many Federal agencies funded 

specific projects within the 

Museum. The National Science 

Foundation awarded almost 

$500,000 in collections management 

grants to Vertebrate Paleontology's 

fossil fish collection and 

Mammalogy's primate collections. 

The Institute of Museum Services 

provided $75,000 (the maximum 

possible award in this category) 

toward Museum operations and 

$21,721 for conservation of 

Mangbetu Objects in Anthropology. 

The National Endowment 

for the Humanities awarded 

$224,500 to support the Museum's 

exhibition, "Carthage: A Mosaic 

of Ancient llmisia." Funds from 

the National Endowment for the 

Arts helped to purchase conservation 

equipment for use in the 

Museum's Hall of South American 

Peoples, which is scheduled to 

open in 1988. The United States 

Department of Health, Education 

and Welfare granted $161,160 to 

Library Services for microfilming 

and cataloging of 200 historical 

and scientific documents. 

We are especially grateful to 

Trustee Donald C. Platten for his 

continuing leadership and effectiveness 

in stimulating corporate 

support. Contributions from more 

than 300 businesses again surpassed 

$1 million. We extend particular 

thanks to the Mobil Corporation 

which once again gave its 

support to the Friday and Saturday 

evening free admission 

program. 

Six new members were elected 

to the Board of Trustees. They 

were: Jerome Kohlberg, Jr., 

Founder of Kohlberg Kravis 

Roberts & Company; Marshall 

5

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Manley, President and Director of 

the Home Group, Inc; Frank A. 

Metz, Jr., Senior Vice President of 

International Business Machines 

Corp.; R. William Murray, Vice 

Chairman of Philip Morris Companies, 

Inc; Lawrence G. Rawl, 

President and Chairman of the 

Board of the Exxon Corporation, 

and Mrs. Ottavio Serena di Lapigio, 

former Chairman of the Museum's 

Junior Committee 

The Museum, more than most 

institutions, has its origins in the 

past, its influence on the present 

and its confidence in the future. 

The decision of the Trustees to 

have as Chief Executive Officer a 

full-time professional President 

establishes new opportunities for 

leadership that will build creatively 

on the greatly successful work 

of the past 118 years. A long and 

carefully conducted search led to 

the selection of George D. 

Langdon, Jr., for this vital position. 

I particularly want to thank 

Trustees Charles H. Mott, Carroll 

L. Wainwright, Jr., William T. 

Golden, Caryl P. Haskins, Frank 

Y. Larkin, William F. May, Donald 

C. Platten, Mrs. Constantine 

Sidamon-Eristoff, and Henry 

Walter, Jr., who served with me 

on the search committee Their 

thoughtful and devoted work led 

to this excellent choice 

Robert G. Goelet, 

Praeident 

Director's Message 

The objectives set by its 

founders for the American 

Museum of Natural History 

recognized both a clear responsibility 

to public education and a 

firm commitment to original 

scientific research. These dual 

goals derive from our mission to 

build and maintain a collection 

and a library in the natural 

sciences, and they anticipate that 

these resources be used for both 

public exhibition, education and 

recreation, and for scholarly 

research. Both are reflected in the 

activities that have been conducted 

here for more than a century, 

in the buildings we construct 

and operate, in the staff we 

recruit and employ, in the reputation 

we enjoy in the communities 

we serve. 

One of the responsibilities of a 

scholarly institution is to educate 

and train scientists; it is an essential 

characteristic of a mature 

contemporary scientific institution. 

The Museum carries out this 

responsibility in a number of 

ways. Its programs and the 

resources it commits to support 

the development of new scientists 

are growing continually. 

During 1986-1987, five postdoctoral 

research fellows or 

curatorial fellows were supported 

by the Museum in full-time 

salaried employment; six graduate 

student candidates for doctorates 

were enrolled in teaching-training 

programs the Museum supports 

in collaboration with local universities; 

four undergraduate 

students received awards to work 

with curators in research at the 

Museum and in the field; and 176 

graduate students and postdoctoral 

scientists received 

research assistance grants or collection 

study grants to assist in 

carrying out original scientific 

research associated with advancement 

in their careers. 

The level of activities we supported 

this year is larger than it 

has ever been. While many of 

these programs began decades 

ago, in recent years the Museum 

has formalized them and 

strengthened its financial commitment. 

As a consequence, they 

have grown substantially from 

modest beginnings and have 

achieved a stability which ensures 

their future 

We established the Grants and 

Fellowships Office just three years 

ago in recognition of the more 

substantial role science-training 

was to play in the Museum. At the 

same time we created a Grants 

and Fellowships Committee of 

trustees and curators to advise 

the Director's Office in 

establishing policy and giving 

sound scholarly direction to 

science-training activities. The 

Office, supervised by Deputy 

Director Jerome G. Rozen, Jr., 

and Grants and Fellowships 

Administrator Diane Menditto, 

centralized and coordinated 

management of grant programs, 

developed policies and practices to 

assist both the Museum and grant 

applicants in using the programs 

most effectively, established a new 

Museum-wide postdoctoral 

fellowship program, and undertook 

responsibility for promulgating 

grants and fellowship opportunities 

more broadly throughout 

the country. 

The new postdoctoral training 

program provides research opportunities 

of two kinds: fellowships 

of one- or two-year terms to recent 

doctoral graduates wishing 

to extend their research or begin 

new research directions, and 

curatorial fellowships awarded to 

promising new postdoctoral 

scholars for five-year terms to 

participate in the full range of 

curatorial responsibilities at the 

Museum, including collection 

management and their own 

original scientific research. The 

funds available in the general program 

may support up to eight 

postdoctoral scholars at any given 

time, although the number of ap-

Director Thomas D. Nicholson, standing 

in the Akeley Memorial Hall of 

African Mammals, presides over a vast 

institution. Contained within its 22 

buildings, in 39 exhibition halls and behind 

the scenes in the research collections, 

are about 36 million artifacts and 

specimens. The collections and the scientists 

who curate them are the heart of 

the Museum's educational missio Undergraduates, 

graduate students and 

postdoctoral researchers benefit from 

close association with Museum scholars 

and provide in return a constant 

stimulus that is essential to successful 

scientific research. Photo by Theo 

Westenberger/Sygma

8 

pointments made annually will depend 

on the number of scholars 

working in continuing terms. 

Similar opportunities in restricted 

areas of research can increase this 

number to 10 or more postdoctoral 

term appointments. The first appointments 

to the program were 

made in June, 1984; they included 

research fellowships in the departments 

of Anthropology, Entomology, 

Invertebrates, Ornithology, 

Mineral Sciences, and 

Vertebrate Paleontology, and a 

curatorial fellowship in 

Ichthyology. Seven more research 

fellows were appointed in 1985-1986, 

and five during 1986-1987. And in 

1987, a second curatorial fellowship 

was appointed in Entomology. 

During the past year, we also 

committed the first fellowship 

support from Museum funds to 

students training in programs we 

carry out collaboratively with 

local universities. Until 1986-1987, 

these programs relied primarily 

on the universities for the 

students' financial and tuition 

support, supplemented at times 

from research grants awarded to 

Museum curators. But we are convinced 

that the long-term 

strength of the Museum's role in 

graduate training will depend on 

our willingness to share in the 

sponsorship and funding of 

students as an equal partner with 

the universities. A special grant 

from the Exxon Educational 

Foundation provided fellowships 

to six graduate trainees this year, 

and the Museum is now committed 

to guarantee the tuition and 

fellowship requirements for up to 

six graduate students annually. 

The first two students in this program 

will come through Columbia 

University next year, and additional 

awards will be made during 

the year to students from the City 

University of New York. 

Museum support to undergraduate 

science majors has 

enabled them to participate in 

research with our curators and 

research associates. Six or more 

undergraduates are admitted each 

summer to our field research stations 

as volunteers with full support 

during their residency. They 

are allowed half time to pursue 

research of their choosing and 

must give half time to support the 

station's program. Summer support 

for undergraduate research 

(and some support for work at the 

Museum during school terms) was 

offered for many years with funds 

from the National Science Foundation 

Undergraduate Research 

Participation program. That program, 

after an interruption of 

several years, is being restored as 

the Research Experiences for 

Undergraduates Program. In the 

meantime, the Museum's commitment 

to such work has continued 

with private funds, even though at 

a somewhat reduced scale In 

1986-1987, four awards to 

undergraduate students were 

made from funds contributed by 

the Greenwall Foundation. The 

future of undergraduate research 

participation here, reflecting its 

successes from the past 30 years, 

now seems secured with private 

funds. The opportunity to expand 

it again may also be possible with 

a renewed commitment by the 

NSF to support this important 

area of science training. 

One hundred and seventy-six 

graduate students and recent 

postdoctoral scholars received 

financial support for their 

research this past year from the 

several small grant programs administered 

by the Museum. The 

Chapman Fund made 70 awards 

to support work in ornithology; 

the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial 

Fund approved grants to 49 

scholars for zoological studies 

related to the fauna of North 

America; and 36 scientists were 

awarded grants in marine biology 

from the Lerner-Gray Fund for 

Marine Research. In addition, the 

Museum awarded six grants, two 

of them renewal and four original, 

from the Lincoln Ellsworth Fund 

to scientists in areas of research 

and exploration reflecting the 

ideals represented by our late 

trustee Lincoln Ellsworth. Fifteen 

additional awards were also made 

this year from all of these sources 

as Collection Study Grants, made 

available on short notice in a 

simplified application procedure 

to enable developing scientists to 

visit the Museum and study its 

collections. The total amount 

awarded to science trainees in 

support of their research through 

these programs this year was 

$302,300. 

The emphasis on support for 

scientists in training and in 

developing scientists in the early 

years of their careers 

demonstrates a strong effort by 

the Museum not only to contribute 

significantly to our 

sciences but to influence the 

directions they will take in the 

future We have a very strong 

commitment in the kind of scientific 

research performed here, 

rooted to the material evidence 

we find in nature We gather and 

manage our collections out of conviction 

in their unique value for 

understanding the world, how it 

has evolved, and how it and its inhabitants 

function in relation to 

each other through time We have 

a vital interest in seeing that 

bright young people turn to these 

sciences for their life's work, that 

they are trained to work in them 

productively, and that they are encouraged 

to bring to them the 

methodologies and technologies 

from science that will help shape 

their future. 

The Museum's role in teaching 

and training affirms as well its 

right to be recognized as an 

academic institution. Not a 

university, as has been said before, 

but an institution dedicated to

academic traditions and functions. 

True, we do not grant degrees, 

nor do we want to. That is the 

function of our university partners, 

equipped to meet the many 

detailed requirements in a degree 

granting program. Were the 

Museum to take on those responsibilities 

as well, it could only be 

at the expense of the mission and 

goals it is uniquely equipped to 

carry out. Our university partners 

long ago recognized this principle, 

leaving to us the tasks of building 

and maintaining the resources 

and personnel required in the 

collection-based areas of science 

in which we are preeminent. We 

treasure this partnership with 

universities and the cooperation it 

engenders between very different 

kinds of institutions with common 

academic goals. 

Part of my personal commitment 

to science training at the 

Museum is based on my firm conviction 

regarding the value of the 

scholar to the student and the 

student to the scholar. In the exchange 

between them the student 

will always benefit most from 

contacts with teachers whose 

authority rests on personal 

accomplishment. In training scientists, 

there is simply no substitute 

for the scientist as the trainer. On 

the other hand, no one really 

knows something well and 

thoroughly until one has faced the 

test of teaching it to an inquisitive 

and alert young mind. Teachhlg is 

one of the most broadening activities 

that the scientist can engage in 

and one of the most useful. 

Our teaching-training activities 

with scientists bring to us young 

people who will challenge our 

ideas, test our beliefs and resolve, 

show us new avenues and new intellectual 

and technological tools 

that have not yet been tried, and 

demand the very best from us in 

preparing them to work in our 

vineyard. If our sciences are to 

grow, to survive the fads and 

challenges of the future, to earn 

the support from society that they 

deserve, we must interact in a 

never-ending process with every 

new generation of students. The 

resources we give to that task today 

do not really diminish those 

we apply to our work; they are 

essential to it if we are to maintain 

our stature in that work. 

The American Museum of 

Natural History devotes as great 

a portion of its resources to 

scholarly purposes as do the great 

research universities of our country. 

It proudly and willingly 

shares with these other academic 

institutions the responsibility for 

stimulating, nurturing, supporting 

and training the future generation 

of scientists who will work side by 

side with us for a time and then 

succeed us in carrying out the 

quest for scientific knowledge to 

which we are dedicated. 

AI 

Thomas D. Nicholson, 

Director 

9

Department of 

Anthropology 

Whiile maintaining its commitment 

to laboratory research, 

internationalfieldwork and 

management ofone of the most 

diverse anthropological collections 

in the world, the department 

was also extensively 

involved in exhibitions. It coordinated 

the special exhibition 

"Dark Caves, Bright Visions: 

L'ife in Ice Age Europe," the 

largest collection oforiginal 

Upper Paleolithic artifacts ever 

presented in the United States, 

and "The Chaco Phenomenon." 

The department is implementing 

fivefuture special exhibitions 

and is preparing the new permanent 

Hall ofSouth American 

Peoples. The collection management 

and conservation staffs 

progressed in moving the ethnographic 

collections into new, 

more efficient, enmronmentally 

controlled compact storage 

facilities. This was achieved by 

preparing a computerized 

inventory ofthe collections and 

assessing the condition of the 

artifacts. The Andrew W 

Mellon Foundation awards an 

important grant of$725,000for 

conservation. 

Peruvian Archeology Craig 

Morris, Chairman and Curator, 

who was heavily involved in 

curatorial work for the Hall of 

South American Peoples scheduled 

to open in 1988, did research in the 

Chincha and Pisco Valleys of Peru. 

The Inka site of Inkawai in the 

Pisco valley was surveyed and 

mapped in July and August, 1986. 

The site is on a small river and 

consists almost entirely of 

religious structures, storehouses 

and elite residential compounds. 

Common housing is essentially 

10 absent. Plans were made for a 

short excavation season at La 

Centenela, capital of the Chincha 

Kingdom, in late 1987. 

Amazonian Chiefdoms Robert L. 

Carneiro, Curator, advanced his 

research on the political evolution of 

Amazonia. Dr. Carniero presented 

the paper "Ecological Basis of 

Amazonian Chiefdoms," at a 

special meeting on cultural 

evolution in the tropics at the 

South and Southeast Asia Center 

of the University of Michigan, Ann 

Arbor, in August. As part of the 

same general line of research, 

Dr. Carneiro also presented a 

paper at an advanced seminar of 

the School of American Research 

in Santa Fe, in May. 

Indian Village Life Stanley A. 

Freed, Curator, in collaboration 

with Research Associate Ruth S. 

Freed, analyzed data collected in 

1958-59, 1977-78, 1983, and 1986 

concerning life in a village in 

northern India. They completed 

one monograph, published in June, 

in the Anthropological Papers. It 

describes village politics, government 

and the introduction of 

elections by universal adult 

suffrage and the secret ballot. TIwo 

papers on the Museum's famous 

Jesup North Pacific Expedition 

(1897-1902) were completed during 

the year, one of which will soon 

appear in Natural History. 

Two additional monographs on 

village life in India are in advanced 

stages of preparation. One monograph 

is based on Hindu ideology 

regarding the soul and the quality 

of actions which determine 

whether one's soul is reborn at 

death or becomes a wandering 

ghost. The other analyzes some 

questionable deaths in related 

families in terms of familial and 

personal relationships, land 

inheritance, and court cases. 

African Art Enid Schildkrout, 

Curator, conducted research in 

preparation for the planned 

exhibition "African Reflections: 

Art from Northeastern Zaire." 

The exhibition, based on the 

Museum's collections acquired 

during the Lang-Chapin Expedition 

(1909-1915), highlights the 

origins of anthropomorphic art in 

the context of the ethnography 

and history of northeastern Zaire 

Dr. Schildkrout received a Planning 

Grant from the National Endowment 

for the Humanities for the exhibition. 

The project also involves two 

publications coauthored and edited 

by Dr. Schildkrout (a catalog of the 

exhibition, and publication of the 

American Museum's Congo Expedition 

Fieldnotes) and conservation 

of Mangbetu objects supported in 

part by a grant from the Institute 

of Museum Services. 

Physical Anthropology During 

the first part of the year Ian 

Tattersall, Curator, worked on 

final arrangements for the major 

exhibition, "Dark Caves, Bright 

Visions: Life in Ice Age Europe." 

The exhibition, which ran from 

October to January, reflected the 

origins of modern human culture 

by bringing together some 300 

artifacts from museums and universities 

throughout Europe and 

North America, and from the American 

Museum's own holdings. It was 

presented only at the American 

Museum and attracted some 

320,000 visitors. Dr. Lattersall is 

also working on the early stages of 

the Hall of Human Biology and 

Evolution. The hall will present a 

comprehensive view of human 

form, function and evolution. 

Dr. 1Ettersall's research projects 

included the continuing analysis of 

field data on the macaques of 

Mauritius, with particular reference 

to glucose tolerance in the 

population. He initiated a new 

phase of research on reproductive 

mechanisms in the strepsirhine 

primates, focusing on the role of 

gonadotropins in the seasonal 

reproductive function of these 

mammals. Dr. Tattersall examined 

speciation concepts in relation to 

the abundance of species in the

Curatorial assistants Linda M. 

Garofalini, foreground, and Melanie 

LeMaistre ofthe Department ofAnthropology 

move the department's Siberian 

ethnology collection into the compact 

storage area. Fifty-three percent ofthe 

volume ofthe storeroom is occupied by 

the 104 mechanically driven storage 

units, and the system allows for an 

extremely efficient use ofspace. Several 

ethnographic collections, including the 

Siberian, are entirely within compact 

storage, and more will be added as old 

storage space is renovated.

human fossil record. He also Ogden Mills Research Fund and 

completed a major review of the James Ruel Smith Fund. 

systematics, anatomy and adaptations 

of the subfossil primates of Vernon T%ylor Foundation, 

A grant from the Ruth and 

Madagascar. Funding from the currently supports the analysis of 

Richard K. Lounsbery Foundation artifact distribution patterns on 

will enable Dr. Tattersall to reestablish 

his collaborative program with this remote area was inhabited 

Mt. Jefferson. Before 1300 A.D., 

Malagasy colleagues, initially by only by groups of all-male hunters 

curating and rehousing a collection pursuing Bighorn Sheep. After 

of lemur specimens belonging to 1300 A.D., entire families moved to 

the Direction de la Recherche the mountaintop to live throughout 

Scientifique et Technique, 

the summer. Dr. Thomas and his 

Antananarivo, Madagascar. 

research team are determining 

why this shift occurred. 

St. Catherines Island David 

Hurst Thomas, Curator, continued Korean Shamans Laurel Kendall, 

to direct intensive archeological Assistant Curator, completed "The 

excavations on St. Catherines Island, Life and Hard Times of a Korean 

Georgia, focusing on Mission Shaman: of Tales and the Telling of 

Santa Catalina de Guale. The 

Tales," an account of Korean life, 

Edward John Noble Foundation shamans and women. Dr. Kendall's 

continued its generous support of his research is a reflexive comment 

work (See Research Stations Section, upon the process of listening to, 

St. Catherines Island, page 49.) recording and writing about the 

Dr. Thomas analyzed archeological way people describe their lives. 

materials from Alta Tbquima, a 

Dr. Kendall is studying contemporary 

Korean weddings, con- 

high altitude prehistoric Shoshone 

village on Mt. Jefferson, Nevada, trasting the experiences of today's 

which he discovered in 1978. The site brides and grooms with the very 

is unique Few North American archeological 

sites are known above their parents were married. Her 

different circumstances in which 

12,000 feet, and even fewer have research focuses on the viewpoints 

nearly three dozen prehistoric pithouses 

with evidence of seasonally interviews, the reactions of her 

of those who responded to her 

permanent occupation. Dr. Thomas's marriage-age Korean research 

research team is attempting to assistants, and on the perspectives 

determine the nature of the local of the writers of government policy 

prehistoric environment and the directives, ritual handbooks, women's 

cultural adaptation to it. 

magazines and folklore compendiums. 

Dr. Kendall is pursuing 

The excavations at Alta lbquima 

Village are part of a larger research another project, sponsored by the 

effort in Monitor Valley, central Social Science Research Council, 

Nevada. Since 1970, Dr. Thomas which explores the relationships to 

and his research team have 

one another of religion, national 

directed a detailed exploration of identity and the state in countries 

the prehistoric archeological throughout Asia. 

record. Ien field seasons have been 

completed and the results are Beginnings of Physical 

being published by the American Anthropology Harry L. Shapiro, 

Museum as a series "The Archaeology 

of Monitor Valley." 

his biography of E.A. Hooton, a 

Curator Emeritus, is completing 

Fieldwork at Alta lbquima 

distinguished physical anthropologist. 

He has also completed 

Village was supported by the 

National Geographic Society, the the manuscript, "A Stroll Down 

Richard K. Lounsbery Foundation, 

12 and the American Museum's Memory Lane: the Beginnings of 

Physical Anthropology in the 

United States," to be published 

later this year. 

Scientific Publications: 

Carneiro, R.L. 

1986. Culturas indigenas de la cuenca del 

Amazonas. In Antonio Perez (ed.), 

Culturas Indigenas de la Amazonia. 

Comisi6n Quinto Centenario, 

Madrid, pp. 61-71. 

1986. On the relationship between size of 

population and complexity of social 

organization. In P.K. Bock (ed.), 

Approaches to culture and society, 

J. Anthrop. Res., 42(3): 355-364. 

Freed, S.A., and R.S. Freed 

1987. Uncertain revolution: Panchayati 

Raj and democratic elections in a 

north Indian village. Anthrop. Pap. 

Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 64(1): 1-78. 

Kendall, L., and G. Dix 

1987. Eds. and authors of introduction. 

Religion and ritual in Korean society, 

Univ. of Ca., Berkeley, East Asian 

Inst., Korea Res. Monogr, 12: 223. 

Kendall, L. 

1987. Let the Gods eat rice cake: women's 

rites in a Korean village. In L. 

Kendall, and G. Dix (eds.), Religion 

and ritual in Korean society, Univ. 

of Ca., Berkeley, East Asian Inst., 

Korea Res. Monogr, 12: 118-138. 

1986. Korean shamanism: women's rites 

and a Chinese comparison. In G. 

DeVos and T. Sofue (eds.), Religion 

and the family in East Asia. 

Berkeley: Univ. of Cal. Press, 

pp. 57-73. 

Larsen, C.S., and D.H. Thomas 

1986. The archaeology of St. Catherines 

Island: 5. The south end complex. 

Anthrop. Pap. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 

63(1): 1-46. 

Morris, C. 

1987. Retrospect and prospect on the 

archaeology of the Inka. In R. 

Keatinge (ed.), An overview of 

Peruvian prehistory. Cambridge 

Univ. Press, pp. 233-256. 

Schildkrout, E. 

1987. Hajia Husaina: notes on the life 

history of a Hausa woman. In P.W. 

Romero (ed.), Life histories of 

African women. Ashfield Press, pp. 

78-98. 

1987. Foreword and captions. In B. 

Callaway. Muslim Hausa women in 

Nigeria: tradition and change. 

Syracuse Univ. Press, pp. xi-xiv.

Sussman, R.W., and I. Tattersall 

1986. Distribution, abundance, and 

putative ecological strategy of 

Macacafaseicularis on the island of 

Mauritius, southwestern Indian 

ocean. Folia Primatol., 46(1): 28-43. 

Tattersall, I. 

1986. Notes on the distribution and 

taxonomic status of some subspecies 

of Propithecus in 

Madagascar. Folia Primatol., 

46(1): 51-63. 

1986. Species recognition in human 

paleontology. J. Hum. Evol., 

15: 165-175. 

1986. A conspectus of primate evolution. 

Review of major topics in primate 

and human evolution. B. Wood, L. 

Martin, and P. Andrews (eds.), J. 

Hum. Evol., 15: 313-321. 

1986. Systematics of the Malagasy 

strepsirhine primates. In D.R. 

Swindler and J. Erwin (eds.), 

Comparative primate biology. 

New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc., 

1:43-72. 

Thomas, D.H. 

1987. The archaeology of Mission Santa 

Catalina de Guale: 1. Search and 

discovery. Anthro. Pap. Am. Mus. 

Nat. Hist., 63(2): 47-161. 

Notes: 

1. In the bibliographies, the names of members of the staff and 

Fellows of the American Museum of Natural History appear 

in roman type 

2. In the bibliographies, an asterisk appears beside the names 

of graduate students whose work is being sponsored by 

members of the staff of the American Museum of Natural 

History. 

Astronomy and the 

American Museum- 

Hayden Planetarium 

In October of1935, the American 

Museum-Hayden Planetarium 

first opened its doors to the 

public. Since then more than 25 

million people have visited the 

Planetarium to learn about the 

stars and planets and tofollow 

the human quest to explore 

astronomy and space sctence. 

Through its many special 

programs targeted to different 

ages and audiences, the Planetarium 

provides valuable 

learning opportunities to its 

various publics. 

Sky Shows Early in the year, the 

Planetarium presented "Starborn: 

Earth's Odyssey Through Time 

and Space," narrated by Gregory 

Peck. During this same period, 

"Voyage to the Outer Planets" 

joined "Starborn" as a double 

feature While "Starborn" traced 

the five-billion-year history of our 

evolving planet, "Voyage" told the 

modern-day story of the highly 

successful flights of two Voyager 

spacecraft to Jupiter, Saturn 

and Uranus. 

In late November and throughout 

December, the Planetarium presented 

its annual holiday favorite, 

"The Star of Christmas!' The show 

transports the audience back 2000 

years in time, and considers possible 

scientific explanations for the 

"star" that guided the Wise Men 

to Bethlehem. 

In the second half of the fiscal 

year, the Planetarium premiered 

"The Seven Wonders of the 

Universe" With Burt Lancaster 

as narrator, the program led audiences 

through a review of the 

seven wonders of the ancient world 

and on to a search for the many 

wonders of creation, from enormous 

black holes to the rings of Saturn. 

For preschoolers the Planetarium 

presented its highly successful program 

"Wonderful Sky," featuring 

the Sesame Street Muppets.©* 

A logical next step to "Wonderful 

Sky" was a new monthly program, 

"The Secret of the Cardboard 

Rocket," for children six to nine. 

The adventure begins when two 

young children build a cardboard 

rocket in their backyard and blast 

off one night for a tour of the 

solar system. 

The popular summer program, 

"The Skies of Summer," returned. 

This Sky Show provides a guide to 

the many celestial objects of the 

season, from planets to constellations 

to meteor showers. 

Total attendance reached its 

highest level since 1977-1978. A 

total of 579,421 persons visited the 

Planetarium this year. Ofthis number, 

416,288 persons attended public and 

school Sky Show performances. 

Courses From October through 

June, a wide range of courses was 

again offered for children and 

adults. Subjects ranged from 

astronomy and space science to 

navigation and meteorology. A 

new course was added to the 

Planetarium's curriculum: 

"Intellectual Toys and Mechanical 

Jewels: An Informal History of 

Timekeeping Since the Renaissance," 

taught by Jonathan W. 

Snellenburg, head of the Clock, 

Watch and Scientific Instruments 

Department at Christie's auction 

house. During the three terms, a 

total of 888 persons were enrolled 

in 38 courses, a record high registration 

for the past 10 years. 

Live Concerts The Planetarium 

gave its increasingly popular 

"Live Concerts Under the Stars." 

In the fall, the Paul Winter Consort 

performed an extensive selection 

of oringnal jazz to two sold-out 

audiences. The third annual 

holiday concert featuring an 

evening of "Mozart and Bach by 

Moonlight" was performed by 

*'Children'slblevisionWorkshop; Muppets, Inc 1987. 13

Dazzling laser lights, 9000 twinkling 

stars, special effects and outer space 

vistas complemented the young models 

on stage in the American Museum- 

Hayden Planetarium Sky Theater. The 

fanfare was part of a fashion show to 

introduce Vanity Fair's Pepsi Apparel 

America line of sportswear for children 

and teens to fashion buyers and 

the media. Many companies took advantage 

of the variedfacilities offered 

at the American Museum for parties 

and introductions ofproducts. Gatherings 

of all sorts, from small cocktail 

parties to a sit-down dinner for 1000 

people in the Hall ofOcean Life, are an 

important source of revenue for the 

Museurm

Music for Occasions before four 

S.R.O. houses. 

Jonn Serrie and Mark Petersen, 

who have created musical scores 

for planetariums around the world, 

performed two concerts of classical 

and contemporary electronic music 

entitled "Celestial Rhythms!" 

Serrie and Petersen also presented 

the Planetarium's first children's 

concert, "Space Age Music," from 

which children learned how synthesists 

use modern electronics to 

create a wide variety of music and 

sound effects for planetariums, 

television and motion pictures. 

Corporate and Members' Events 

Special programs were created for 

Pepsi/Vanity Fair and for the 

Digital Equipment Corporation, 

utilizing the Planetarium's extensive 

audiovisual capabilities in its Sky 

and Guggenheim Space Theaters. 

Vanity Fair, in conjunction with 

the Pepsi Corporation, presented a 

spectacular fashion show for the 

press and buyers, complete with 

9000 stars, a dazzling laser show, 

lots of glitter and special effects. 

Digital introduced a high performance 

supercomputer to the 

media, industry consultants 

and financial analysts. 

The Perkin Library Through the 

continued generosity of the 

Richard S. Perkin family, the 

Library again serves the Planetarium 

staff and the public-at-large 

as one of the foremost repositories 

of astronomical literature in the 

region. Among those utilizing the 

-Library's resources were MGM, the 

Copernican Space Science Center, 

Atlantic Records, the Guggenheim 

Museum and Columbia University. 

The Planetarium was selected 

to host the annual business meeting 

of the Museums, Arts and 

Humanities Division of the Special 

Libraries Association, a national 

professional organization for nonpublic 

libraries. The April program 

consisted of a slide show about the 

history of the Library and the 

many services it provides, a special 

astronomy lecture and Sky Show. 

A grant of $25,000 was received 

from the Perkin Fund to place the 

Library's extensive holdings on 

computer files, which will enable 

the Planetarium to interface its 

20,000 volumes with collections 

around the world via the On-Line 

Computer Library Center. 

Abstracts and Popular 

Publications: 

Branley, F.M. 

1987. Mysteries of life: on earth and 

beyond, 38 pp. New York: E.P. 

Dutton. Illus. Sally Bensusen. 

1986. It's raining cats and dogs, 64 pp. 

Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Illus. 

True Kelley. 

1986. Rockets and satellites (Rev. Ed.), 38 pp. 

New York: T.Y. Crowell. Illus. Giulio 

Maestro. 

1986. Star guide, 56 pp. New York: T.Y. 

Crowell. Illus. Ellen Engle. 

Gutsch, W.A. 

1986/ "Sky Watch" a daily, syndicated 

87. column on astronomy, space, science 

and meteorology for the 

Westchester-Rockland Gannett 

Newspapers, White Plains, New 

York. 

Kitt, S. 

1986. Office politics: the games people 

play. OPL Newsletter, 3(3) 

Lesser, T. 

1986/ "Skywatch" a monthly astronomical 

87. article, St. Thomas This Week. St. 

Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands. 

1987. [Review of] Mysteries of the 

satellites, F.M. Branley. In Sci. 

Books and Films, 22(3). 

1986. [Review of] Chariots for Apollo: the 

making of the lunar module, C.R. 

Pelegrino and J. Stoff. In Recent 

Publications in Natural History, 

4(3). 

Department of 

Entomology 

With a total of16 million 

specimens, the Department of 

Entomology's collections 

accountfor about halfofall the 

specimens in the Museum's care. 

Furthermore, because insects 

make up at least three-quarters of 

the world's one million described 

animal species, the department's 

curators and staffhave broad 

taxonomic responsibilities. 

Their areas ofexpertise include 

fruitflies, rove beetles, spiders, 

moths, true bugs and bees. 

New Collections Substantial 

additions were made to the Museum's 

internationally recognized entomological 

collections. Notable was a 

collection of 20,500 true bugs, 

donated by Research Associate 

James A. Slater and distinguished 

by strong representation of species 

and specimens from Africa. The 

Museum also purchased the 

remainder of the Paul Grey 

collection of Speyeria butterflies, 

about 7100 specimens. 

David A. Grimaldi, recently 

appointed Assistant Curator, assembled 

a collection of 314 pieces of 

Dominican (lower Miocene) amber, 

as well as some from the Baltic 

(ower Oligocene-upper Eocene), and 

New Jersey (middle Cretaceous), 

that all contain insect fossils. The 

Dominican material was acquired 

largely through the generosity of 

Museum President Goelet. Many of 

the specimens are flies in the 

family Mycetophilidae. Because 

their detailed morphology is well 

preserved in amber, these flies 

offer a source of historical information 

few insect groups can rival. 

Also represented in the collection 

are staphylinid beetles. 

Bugs Curator Randall T. Schuh 

received three years of continuing 

support from the National Science 

Foundation for his work on the 15

phyline plant bug fauna of Mexico 

and western North America. He 

spent six weeks in mountainous 

areas of the western United 

States, accompanied by Research 

Associate Gary Stonedahl and 

Michael Schwartz, a graduate 

student from the City University 

of New York. 

They collected about 14,000 specimens 

and documented the host plants 

of many species. Dr. Stonedahl 

began work in October as an NSF 

postdoctoral investigator to 

organize information on, and 

prepare a revision of, the Atractotomus-Lepidopsallus 

group of 

genera, which contain about 40 

species whose taxonomy has heretofore 

been in a state of chaos. 

In cooperation with former 

Curatorial Assistant Bella Galil 

and Associate John T. Polhemus, 

Dr. Schuh published a "Catalogue and 

Bibliography of Leptopodomorpha." 

This work assembles information 

on the shore bugs and their relatives 

from about 800 references 

published between 1758 and 1986. 

This difficult-to-collect group of 

true bugs numbers 297 species, 

including 10 which are known only 

as fossils. 

Fruit Flies Dr. Grimaldi's dissertation, 

in press as a Bulletin of the 

American Museum of Natural 

History, dealt with the habits and 

classification of 64 species of drosophilid 

flies in the genus Zygothrica, 

48 which are described as new. In his 

continuing work on the remaining 80 

species of Zygothrica, Dr. Grimaldi 

will analyze the repeated distributional 

pattern seen between close 

relatives that are Andean or 

Central American on the one hand 

and from the Amazon Basin on the 

other. A paper on the evolution of 

broad-headed males, a trait that 

appears in Zygothrica and other 

Drosophilidae, is in preparation. 

In a recentNovitates, Dr. Grimaldi 

put into a phylogenetic scheme 

with living genera and subgenera 

some fruit flies fossilized in amber. 

16 The genus Drosophila is shown to 

be devoid of diagnostic characteristics 

and its subgenera fall out at 

several different levels among 

other genera. 

This is the first of Dr. Grimaldi's 

efforts toward a new classification 

for the Drosophilidae, which will be 

based on a cladogram (a branching 

diagram representing a hypothesis 

about relative relationships) of 

about 150 species representing 

most of the genera, subgenera and 

species-groups of the family. Such 

an approach will make the taxonomy 

of the Drosophilidae biologically 

more meaningful and 

predictive, and put the current 

classification of two subfamilies 

and the current definition of the 

genus Drosophila into disuse. 

Rove Beetles Lee H. Herman, 

Curator, continued work on his 

generic and subtribal revision of 

the large staphylinid subfamily, 

Paederinae His goals for this longterm 

investigation include revising 

the classification and determining 

the phylogenetic relationships 

among the 14 subtribes and 

215 genera 

Since last year, descriptions, 

illustrations and distributions have 

been completed for 20 genera. So 

far, five genera have been newly 

placed as junior synonyms and 

many species have been transferred 

to other genera. 

Spiders Norman I. Platnick, 

Curator, studied several groups of 

spiders that are restricted to the 

south temperate parts of the 

world, in an effort to understand 

the interrelationships of the 

geographically disparate but 

taxonomically allied faunas of 

Chile, New Zealand, Australia and 

South Africa. 

His research on families of 

Chilean spiders used specimens he 

collected during three trips to Chile 

since 1981. He collaborated with 

Pablo A. Goloboff of the Museo 

Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, 

Buenos Aires, on a revnew of the 

Chflean Migoideac which belong to the 

suborder Mygalomorphae (tarantulas 

and their allies). At least four genera 

of these little-studied trapdoor 

spiders are found in Chile, including 

a previously undescribed form 

that may well be the most primitive 

member of the family Migidae 

In the suborder Araneomorphae 

(true spiders), Dr. Platnick and 

Research Associate Raymond R. 

Forster of the Otago Museum, 

Dunedin, New Zealand, described a 

new genus found only in the forests 

of southern Chile. They suggested 

that its closest relatives are two 

genera from Australia and 

Tasmania that were recently 

placed in their own family, the 

Sternodidae The new Chilean 

genus provides evidence indicating 

that the sternodines, whose placement 

has been enigmatic for more 

than half a century, are most 

closely related to Australian and 

New Zealand taxa currently 

assigned to the family Malkaridae. 

Thanks in large part to funding 

from the National Science Foundation, 

Dr. Platnick was able to 

spend the first half of 1987 in 

New Zealand and Australia. In 

New Zealand, he collaborated with 

Dr. Forster on a study of the austral 

genera of the orb-weaving family 

Anapidae, which form an important 

part of the southern litter fauna 

Their studies indicate that in Chile 

and adjacent Argentina, where no 

anapids have previously been 

recorded, six genera, all endemic, 

contain at least 15 species. 

In Australia, Dr. Platnick collaborated 

with Research Associate 

Robert J. Raven, of the Queensland 

Museum, Brisbane, on studies of 

an undescribed Chilean genus of the 

mygalomorph family Nemesiidae; 

they also undertook collecting trips 

to Tasmania, Western Australia 

and New Caledonia, in search of 

additional comparative material 

for their ongoing studies. 

The department is fortunate to host 

Kalbfleisch Research Fellow Charles 

E. Griswold, recently with the 

Natal Museum, Pietermaritzburg, 

South Africa. Dr. Griswold is

studying the amaurobiid spider 

subfamily Phyxelidinae, which are 

conspicuous members of the South 

African forest biota, and which are 

of uncertain relationship to similar 

Chilean and Australasian taxa 

studied by Drs. Platnick and 

Forster. He also collaborated with 

Dr. Platnick on a paper describing 

the first known African representatives 

of the family Orsolobidae, 

an austral group otherwise known 

from southern South America, 

New Zealand and Australia. 

Moths Frederick H. Rindge, 

George Willett Curator, worked on 

the systematics of the geometrid 

moths of the New World. One 

genus in the group, Eupithecia, is 

worldwide in distribution and is 

probably the largest genus in the 

subfamily Larentiinae A vital part 

of this project involved studying 

existing type specimens of previously 

described species, including 

many loaned by the British Museum 

(Natural History) and the Museum 

National d'Histoire Naturelle, 

Paris. Dr. Rindge recognized 43 

species in a paper on the Chilean 

species of the genus, with the 

majority being described as 

new. Three of these occur on 

the Juan Fernandez Islands, 400 

miles off the coast of Chile; the 

remainder are from mainland 

Chile So far as is known, all are 

endemic to the region. 

Dr. Rindge's study of the Melanolophiini, 

a relatively small tribe of 

moths belonging to the very large 

subfamily Ennominae, was expanded 

to include all Ennominae genera in 

the New World. The members of 

this group occur from southern 

Canada to southern South America, 

including the Antilles but excluding 

Chile; the largest number of 

species occurs in Central and 

South America. 

From preliminary character 

analysis, it is already evident that 

some of the genera will have to be 

redefined in order to ensure that 

all groups are monophyletic, that 

is, composed of an ancestral 

species and all its descendents. 

This, in turn, will require that 

several new generic names be proposed. 

Many previously unknown 

species are present in the available 

material and will be described as 

part of the overall study 

Kurt Johnson, Research Associate, 

published three studies of rare 

swallowtails as part of his work on 

Neotropical butterflies. He also 

published the first of a series of 

This wood gnat is part of a collection of 

several hundred Dominican amber fossils 

purchased for the Museum by President 

Goelet. This specimen, which has 

not yet been formally described in a scienti,fic 

paper, represents a primitive 

new genus Vamily: Anisopdidae) and is 

roughly 25 million years old. It is just 

one of the Department of Entomology's 

important and growing collection of 

amber insects. F omd when an insect 

is trapped in tree resin, an amber fossil 

is usually extremely well preserved, 

providing additional information to 

entomologists who study the details of 

insect evolution. 

papers on butterflies of the littleknown 

area of the western Argentinean 

Andes and a review of 

"hairstreak" and "metalmark" 

butterflies that mimic the only 

butterfly known to feed on toxic 

lycopsid plants. 

Bees While carrying out investigations 

at the Southwestern Research 

Station, Curator Jerome G. Rozen, 

Jr., discovered the nest of AshrneadieUa 

holtii, a small solitary leaf 

cutter bee belonging to the family 

Megachilidae This is the first 

ground-nesting Ashrneadiella to 

have its nesting behavior 

described. 

A new species of the cleptoparasitic 

bee genus Stelis attacks the 

nest cells of A. holtii. Neither the 

Stelis female nor its first instar (developmental 

stage) kills the Ashrneadiella 

offspring, in contrast to 

most cleptoparatic bees. Rather, 

a later instar kills the immature 

host. Whereas the anatomy of the 

first Stelis instar is unremarkable, 

the last instar possesses massive, 

sharp-pointed mandibles and an 

enlarged, globose head, which are 

adaptations for attacking 

the host larva. 

Charles D. Michener, Research 

Associate, and Dr. Rozen cooperated 

on a study of the nesting 

biology and immature stages of the 

neotropical bee Paratetrapedia 

swainsonae, from Jamaica, West 

Indies. Uncertainty has existed as 

to the phylogenetic relationships of 

this genus and others considered 

to be primitive offshoots of the 

family Anthophoridae This 

investigation revealed no features 

indicating that the genus should be 

moved. The manuscript offers the 

first descriptions of pupae of the 

Exomalopsini. 

Bee systematics has been based 

traditionally on dried, pinned 

adults, and consequently internal 

anatomical structures have been 

overlooked. Dr. Rozen and Cornell 

University graduate student Byron 

Alexander collected, and preserved 

in fluid, specimens from Arizona 

and the Yucatan to pursue an 

investigation on the systematic 

and biological implications of the 

ovaries, ovarioles and oocytes of 

cleptoparasitic bees. The study 

verified the potential importance 

of internal anatomy for bee 

systematics, prompting Dr. Rozen 

to begin to build a collection of 

fluid-preserved adult bees. 

Staff lkansit ions Pedro W. 

Wygodzinsky, internationally

David A. Grimaldi, Assistant Curator 

in the Department ofEnto(mologyr, adds 

afinishing touch to his illustration of 

midge genitalia. Detailed drawings are 

essential to insect taxonomy; they allow 

entomologists to emphasize important 

characteristics when communicating 

their work to colleagues. Dr. Grimaldi, 

other curators in the department and 

some scientific assistants illustrate 

taxonomic articles. They often use a 

camera lucida, a device that projects 

an image of the specimen to be illustrated 

onto aflat surface so its outline 

can be traced.

enowned scientist and curator in 

the department since 1962, died on 

Jan. 27, 1987. He came to the 

Museum as curator of Diptera 

(true flies) after having already 

established an international reputation 

as an authority on several 

groups of unrelated insects, namely 

the bristletails, silverfish, assassin 

bugs, unique-headed bugs and 

black flies. 

Among his nearly 250 publications, 

his monograph on the assassin 

bug subfamily Emesinae was one 

of the largest ever to appear in the 

Museum's scientific series. Later, 

in cooperation with Herman Lent, 

he prepared a "Revision of the 

Triatominae,' an equally comprehensive 

monograph that summarizes 

knowledge of the group of 

assassin bugs that transmits 

Chagas' Disease in South America. 

Shortly after his arrival in New 

York, Dr. Wygodzinsky set out on 

an NSF-supported field program 

to acquire specimens of black flies 

from the Andean region of South 

America lTis work resulted in several 

papers that described a large but 

poorly known fauna whose members 

do not bite man and thus are 

seldom encountered by the nonspecialist. 

Dr. Wygodzinsky's final 

contribution on this group is a 

manuscript revising approximately 

75 species of the genus Gigantodax, 

nearly completed by coauthor 

Research Associate Sixto Coscaron 

of the Museo de La Plata, La 

Plata, Argentina. 

Dr. Rozen rejoined the Department 

as a full-time researcher and curator 

on Jan. 2, 1987, after serving as 

the Museum's Deputy Director for 

Research for 15 years. 

At the May 12 meeting of the 

trustees, Dr. Rindge was designated 

the first George Willett 

Curator. The curatorship is named 

for its benefactor, a member of the 

Museum and a frequent visitor, 

and will be held by a senior 

curator. Dr. Rindge joined the 

Museum in 1949 in the Department 

of Entomology, where he was 

placed in charge of Lepidoptera. 

Under his stewardship, the 

collection of moths and butterflies 

has more than tripled in size, to 

more than two million specimens. 

Last year, the Lepidopterists' 

Society honored him with its Karl 

Jordan medal for his distinguished 

contributions to the field. 


Alexander, B., and J.G. Rozen, Jr. 

1987. Ovaries, ovarioles, and oocytes in 

parasitic bees (Hymenoptera: 

Apoidea). Pan-Pacific Ent., 

63:155-164. 

Coyle, F.A. 

1986. Chilehexops, a new funnelwebmygalomorph 

spider genus from 

Chile (Araneae: Dipluridae). Am. 

Mus. Novitates, no. 2860, 10 pp. 

Deeleman-Reinhold, C.L., and N.I. 

Platnick 

1986. A new Panjange from northern 

Borneo (Araneae: Pholcidae). J. 

N.Y. Ent. Soc., 94: 559-561. 

Forster, R.R., N.I. Platnick, and M.R. Gray 

1987. A review of the spider superfamilies 

Hypochiloidea and Austrochiloidea 

(Araneae: Araneomorphae). Bull. 

Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 185: 1-116. 

Gertsch, W.J. 

1987. The spider genus Metagonia 

(Araneae: Pholcidae) in North 

America, Central America, and the 

West Indies. Texas Mem. Mus. 

Speleol. Monogr., 1: 39-62. 

Grimaldi, D.A. 

1986. The Chymomyza aldrichii speciesgroup: 

relationships, new 

neotropical species, and the 

evolution of some sexual traits. J. 

N.Y. Ent. Sod, 94: 324-371. 

1986. A new broad-headed species of 

Drosophila (Hirtodrosophila) from 

Malaysia. J. N.Y. Ent. Soc, 94: 

372-376. 

1987. Amber fossil Drosophilidae 

(Diptera) with particular reference 

to the fauna of Hispaniola. Am. 

Mus. Novitates, no. 2880,23 pp. 

Grimaldi, D.A., and B. A. Underwood 

1986. Megabraula, a new genus for two 

new species of Braulidae (Diptera), 

and comments on braulid evolution. 

Syst. Ent., 11: 427-438. 

Johnson, K. 

"1985" 

[1986].Specimens of Callophrys rubi L. 

(Lyeaenidae) from Fiji-transplanted 

colony or one-time 

occurrence? J. Lepidopterists' Soc., 

39: 335-337. 

1986. A new species of Tnmols 

(Lycaenidae) with notes on the 

Euptychia westwoodi (Satyridae) 

mimicry complex. Bull. Allyn Mus., 

no. 106, 11 pp. 

Johnson, K., and D. Matusik 

1986. First reported males, species status, 

and affinities of Epargyreus spanna 

Evans (Hesperiidae). J. 

Lepidopterists' Soc, 40: 59-63. 

Johnson, K., and R. Rozycki 

1986. A new species of the anchisiades 

group of Heraclides from Venezuela 

(Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). J. N.Y. 

Ent. Soc., 94: 383-393. 

Johnson, K., B. MacPherson, and J.I. 

Ingraham 

1986. A new genus and species of 

Eumaeini (Theclinae) from western 

Argentina (Lepidoptera: 

Lyeaenidae). Bull. Allyn Mus., no. 

102, 107 pp. 

Johnson, K., R. Rozycki, and D. Matusik 

1986. The female of Papilio xanthopleura 

Godman and Salvin (Papilionidae). 

J. Lepidopterists' Soc., 40: 65-66. 

1986. Rediscovery and species status of 

the Neotropical swallowtail 

butterfly Papilio illuminatus 

Neipelt (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). 

J. N.Y. Ent. Soc, 94: 516-525. 

Murphy, J.A., and N.I. Platnick 

1986. On Zelotes subterraneus (C. L. Koch) 

in Britain (Araneae: Gnap ^'sidae). 

Bull. Brit. Arachnol. Soe., 97-100. 

Platnick, N.I. 

1986. On the tibial and patellar glands, 

relationships, and American genera 

of the spider family Leptonetidae 

(Arachnidae: Araneae). Am. Mus. 

Novitates, no. 2855, 16 pp. 

1986. A review of the spider genus 

Cyrioctea (Araneae: Zodariidae). 

Am. Mus. Novitates, no.2858,9 pp. 

1986. On the spider genus Oltacloea 

(Araneae: Gnaphosidae). Rev. 

Arachnol., 7: 9-14. 

1986. "Evolutionary cladistics" or 

evolutionary systematics? 

Cladistics, 2: 288-296. 

1986. Taxonomic methods and 

"evolutionary cladistics." Cladistics, 

2: 375-377. 

19

20 

1986. On the male of Sphodros paisano 

(Araneae: Atypidae). J. Arachnol., 

14: 140-141. 

1987. An empirical comparison of microcomputer 

parsimony programs. 


Platnick, N.I., and R.R. Forster 

1986. On Teutoniella, an American genus 

of the spider family Micropholcommatidae 

(Araneae: Palpimanoidea). 

Am. Mus. Novitates, no. 2854,9 pp. 

Platnick, N.I., and J.A. Murphy 

1987. Studies on Malagasy spiders, 3. The 

zelotine Gnaphosidae (Arachnida: 

Araneae), with a review of the 

genus Camillina. Am. Mus. 


Platnick, N.I., and D.E. Rosen 

1987. Popper and evolutionary novelties. 

Hist. Philos. Life Sciences, 9: 5-16. 

Platnick, N.I., and DX. Song 

1986. A review of the zelotine spiders 

(Araneae: Gnaphosidae) of China. 


Rozen, J.G., Jr. 

1986. Survey of the number of ovarioles in 

various taxa of bees (Hymenoptera: 

Apoidea). Proc. Ent. Soc Wash., 88: 

707-710. 

1986. The natural history of the Old 

World nomadine parasitic bee 

Pasites maculatus (Anthophoridae: 

Nomadinae) and its host Pseudapis 

diversipes (Halictidae: Nomiinae). 

Am. Mus. Novitates, na 2861,8 pp. 

Rozen, J.G., Jr., and B.L. Rozen 

1986. Bionomics of crepuscular bees 

associated with the plant Psorothamnus 

scoparius (Hymenoptera: 

Apoidea). J. N.Y. Ent. Soc., 94: 

472-479. 

Rozen, J.G., Jr., and R.R. Snelling 

1986. Ethology of the bee Exomalopsis 

nitens and its cleptoparasite 

(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). J. 

N.Y. Ent. Soc., 94:480-488. 

Rozen, J.G., Jr., and R. Ayala 

1987. The nesting biology of the squash 

bee, Peponapis utahensis. J. N.Y. 

Ent. Soc., 95: 28-33. 

Schuh, R. T. 

1986. Schizopteromiris, a new genus and 

four new species of coleopteroid 

cylapine Miridae from the 

Australian Region (Heteroptera). 

Ann. Soc Entomol. France, n.s., 22: 

241-246. 

Schuh, R.T., and G.M. Stonedahl 

1987. Historical biogeography in the Indo- 

Pacific: a cladistic approach. 


Schuh, R.T., B. Galil, and J.T. Polhemus 

1987. Catalog and bibliography of 

Leptopodomorpha (Heteroptera). 

Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 185: 

243-406. 

Schwartz, M.D! (Sponsor: R.T. Schuh), 

and G.M. Stonedahl 

1987. Oaxacacoris, a new plant bug genus 

and three new species of Orthotylinae 

from Mexico (Heteroptera: 

Miridae). Proc Entomol. Soc. 

Wash., 89: 15-23. 

1986. Revision of the plant bug genus 

Noctuocoris Knight (Heteroptera: 

Miridae: Orthotylinae). Pan-Pac. 

Entomol., 62: 237-247. 

Sedgwick, W.C., and N.I. Platnick 

1986. On the male of Liphistius panching 

(Araneae: Mesothelae). Malayan 

Nature J., 39: 203-206. 

Snelling, R.R., and J.G. Rozen, Jr. 

1987. Contributions toward a revision of 

the New World nomadine bees, 2. 

The genus Melanomada 

(Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). 

Nat. Hist. Mus. of L.A. County, 

Contribs. in Sci, 384:1-12. 

Stonedahl, G.M., and R.T. Schuh 

1986. Squamocoris Knight and 

Ramrentomiris, new genus 

(Heteroptera: Miridae: Orthotylinae). 

A cladistic analysis and the 

description of seven new species 

from Mexico and the western 

United States. Am. Mus. Novitates, 

no. 2852,26 pp. 

Department of 

Herpetology 

This department is committed 

to advancing knowledge on the 

ccmparative biology ofamphibians 

and reptiles. The National 

Science Foundation has been a 

strong supporter ofthe department's 

collection, which is 

considered a national resource. 

Fieldwork by the staffhelps to 

enrich the collection and adds 

depth to a wide range ofdepartmental 

research. Tropicalfrogs 

and snakes, unisexual lizards 

and giant sea turtles are all 

subjects ofcurrent investigation. 

fropical Poison Frogs Certain 

gaudily colored diurnal frogs of the 

family Dendrobatidae are conspicuous 

elements of rain forests 

in the New World tropics. One 

might expect such animals to be 

well known, but many species in 

the family have such small geographic 

ranges and may be so 

secretive that the extent of their 

diversity is just beginning to be 

appreciated. Almost half of the 

nearly 50 species currently assigned 

to one genus, Dendrobates, have 

been named since 1970, in large 

part due to the work of Chairman 

and Curator Charles W. Myers and 

his colleagues. The description 

of an additional new Andean 

Dendrobates was completed in 

collaboration with Colombian 

biologist Patricia A. Burrowes, 

and Dr. Myers is working on 

the descriptions of an additional 

half-dozen species. 

This basic taxonomic work is 

part of a broader interdisciplinary 

study aimed at elucidating the skin 

biochemistry and evolution of toxic 

dendrobatids. Fieldwork in nine 

tropical countries by Dr. Myers and 

Research Associate John W. Daly, 

of the National Institutes of Health, 

has led to the discovery of more 

than 200 new skin alkaloids from 

dendrobatid frogs. A paper con-

Discriminating between these two frog 

species based on their appearance is 

next to impossible. Richard G. Zweifel, 

Curator in the Department ofHerpetology, 

demonstrated that the species can 

be distinguished by their "advertisement" 

calls, represented here by their 

audiospectrograrns Such calls are made 

by males to attractfemales or to alert 

other males that a territory is occupiecL 

Sphenophryne robusta (frog on 

the right, spectrogram above) and S. 

fryi (frog on the left, spectrogram below) 

are denizens of the tropical rainforest 

of northern Australia Audiospectrograms 

are an additional source ofdata 

for herpetologists and may be as important 

a part ofa species' description as 

its color or size.

22 

taining a classification of these 

alkaloids and a general survey of 

toxic/noxious substances in the 

Amphibia was accepted for publication 

in the journal Toxicon. 

Unisexual Lizards Curator Charles 

J. Cole spent the summer collecting 

in the Southwest and Mexico, 

assisted for several weeks by 

Senior Scientific Assistant Carol 

R. Thwnsend. Most of Dr. Cole's 

research this year concerned investigations 

in reproduction, genetics, 

hybridization, origins and systematics 

of whiptail lizards Cnernidophorus) 

and shiny lizards (Gyrnnophthalmus), 

including unisexual (all-female) 

and bisexual species. 

He also spent a month in the laboratories 

of colleagues at Louisiana 

State University. He worked on 

biochemical genetics of unisexual 

species of Cnemidophorus and 

Gymnophthalmus, with Research 

Associate Herbert C. Dessauer at 

the Department of Biochemistry and 

Molecular Biology, LSU Medical 

Center, New Orleans; and on 

reproductive tissue histology of the 

same lizards, documenting for 

additional species their reproduction 

in the absence of spermatozoa, 

with Dr. Laurence M. Hardy at the 

Department of Biological Sciences, 

LSU, Shreveport. 

Dr. Cole's continuing investigations 

of two tropical lizards indicate 

that unisexual populations of 

Cnemidophorws lemniscatus and 

Gymnophthalmus underwoodi in 

Surinam may have originated by 

the cloning of hybrids between 

closely related bisexual ancestral 

species. Thus, it appears that 

similar explanations may serve for 

the separate origins of certain allfemale 

populations in the temperate 

zones of North America and in 

tropical South America. 

The fifth and final year's support 

of a research grant from the 

National Science Foundation for 

Dr. Cole's investigations of unisexual 

lizards was completed. A 

major accomplishment this year 

was the first publication (in collaboration 

with Oscar G. Ward, a cytogeneticist 

at the University of 

Arizona) of a study concerning 

activity of ribosomal RNA genes in 

unisexual and bisexual lizards. The 

Museum's unique colonies of whiptail 

and shiny lizards continue to 

provide important data concerning 

the origin of clonal inheritance 

and polyploidy in vertebrates 

that reproduce by means of 

unfertilized eggs. 

In addition, Dr. Cole's chromosome 

studies of amphisbaenians, with 

Research Associate Carl Gans, 

contributed to a growing understanding 

of their evolutionary 

history. These poorly known 

tropical reptiles are specialized 

burrowers closely related to lizards 

and snakes. 

1fopical Microhylid Frogs 

Investigations in systematics and 

taxonomy can lead a researcher in 

many directions, sometimes almost 

simultaneously, it seems. This year, 

for example, Curator Richard G. 

Zweifel completed and saw 

published the first herpetological 

paper arising from the 1984-1985 

Expedition to Cerro de la Neblina 

in southern Venezuela. 

In the paper, he describes a new 

genus and species of the family 

Microhylidae and gives a preliminary 

assessment of relationships 

among the American genera of 

this cosmopolitan family. This led 

Dr. Zweifel to start the description 

of a new species of the microhylid 

genus Ctenophryne, collected by 

Dr. Myers in western Colombia. An 

outgrowth of that study was the 

discovery that an earlier named 

species of Ctenophryne, supposedly 

from South America, actually came 

from South Africa and belongs to 

a different genus. 

Dr. Zweifel also continued 

revisionary studies of Australasian 

microhylid frogs. He spent several 

days in the Museum of Comparative 

Zoology (Harvard) studying type 

and other material of New Guinean 

frogs with particular reference to 

his ongoing revision of the genus 

Sphenophryne. A grant from The 

Sabin Conservation Fund will 

allow Dr. Zweifel to conduct 

fieldwork in Papua New Guinea in 

the summer of 1987. 

Snake Studies All three curators 

conducted original research of 

some aspect of snake systematics. 

Dr. Myers published on the tribe 

Xenodontini, with the description 

*of a new species of snake from the 

Andes of Peru. He also prepared 

most of the manuscript of a 

revisionary study of the Central 

American genus Trimetopon, and 

drafted descriptions of new species 

of snakes from Panama. 

In collaboration with colleagues 

from the National Museum of Natural 

History, Dr. Cole published a study 

of the chromosomes of the diminutive 

Ramphotyphlops braminus, 

the world's only known unisexual 

species of snake Dr. Zweifel 

continued his long-term genetic 

studies of the ldngsnakeLampropeltis 

getulus, based on a breeding colony 

that has been maintained at the 

Museum for 26 years. 

Endangered Sea Tartles 

Associate Anne B. Meylan carried 

forward her research on the ecology 

and migrations of sea turtles. Investigation 

of the chemical ecology 

of sponge predation by the hawksbill 

turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) 

was facilitated by a grant 

from the Lerner Gray Fund for 

Marine Research. Chemical 

analyses of tissue samples and 

sponges collected in Panama are 

being carried out at Scripps 

Institute of Oceanography. A 

collaborative study of the population 

structure and evolution of 

marine turtles was begun with 

John Avise and Brian Bowen of 

the Department of Genetics at the 

University of Georgia. 

A new assay system, restriction 

fragment analysis of mitochondrial 

DNA, is being employed to examine 

genetic differences among populations 

of marine turtles, with particular 

emphasis on the green

turtle (Chelonia mydas). 

Dr. Meylan and her colleagues 

from the University of Georgia 

obtained material for the study 

from three of the major breeding 

colonies of this species in the 

Atlantic and Caribbean. Tissue 

samples collected from other 

species will allow the construction 

of a molecular phylogeny, based on 

this methodology. 

Dr. Meylan served'as Director of 

Field Research at the Green Tartle 

Station in lbrtuguero, Costa Rica, 

during August and September, 

1986. In June, 1987, she returned 

to Panama to continue studies of 

the marine turtle fauna of the 

Province of Bocas del Toro. She 

and Peter Meylan, research fellow 

in the Department of Vertebrate 

Paleontology, conducted a census 

of nesting by leatherback turtles at 

Playa Chiriqui, and reconnoitered 

nesting and foraging habitats of 

other marine turtles in remote 

areas of this Caribbean province 

Grants from the National Marine 

Fisheries Service and the 

Explorers' Club funded 

these studies. 

Collection Growth and 

Utilization The third and final 

year of the latest facilities grant 

from the National Science Foundation 

was completed. A total award 

of more than $500,000 supported 

renovation of new space for the 

department, purchase of new cases 

and steel tanks for specimens, new 

microscopes and other equipment 

for use by visiting scientists, and 

salaries of curatorial assistants. 

The growing collection, now containing 

nearly 280,000 specimens, 

is a vast permanent library of the 

world's amphibian and reptile 

faunas. About 47 percent of the 

2190 newly accessioned specimens 

resulted from fieldwork by staff 

members, including 904 specimens 

collected by Senior Scientific 

Assistant Michael W. Klemens 

in the northeastern U.S. and 

Yugoslavia. 

An especially significant gift of 

232 well-documented specimens of 

reptiles and frogs from Liberia 

substantially enhanced the Museum's 

holdings from western Africa; this 

material was collected by Peace 

Corps Volunteer Andrew Voros, 

who is still in Liberia and anticipates 

adding to his collections. 

Wade C. Sherbrooke, Director of the 

Museum's Southwestern Research 

Station, donated a superb series of 

344 lizards (Neusticurus) from 

Peru. Peter R. Warny gave 196 

specimens of amphibians and 

reptiles from New York and 

Massachusetts. An additional 39 

sea turtles from New York waters, 

including the rare Kemp's ridiey, 

were received from the Okeanos 

Ocean Research Foundation. A 

total of 2516 specimens were lent 

to or returned by 82 researchers at 

other institutions in this country 

and abroad. 


Cole, C.J., and C. Gans 

1987. Chromosomes of Bipes, Mesobaena, 

and other amphisbaenians 

(Reptilia), with comments on their 

evolution. Am. Mus. Novitates, no. 

2869, 9 pp. 

Myers, C.W. 

1986. An enigmatic new snake from the 

Peruvian Andes, with notes on the 

Xenodontini (Colubridae: Xenodontinae). 

Am. Mus. Novitates, 

no. 2853, 12 pp. 

Meylan, A.B., and S. Sadnve 

1986. Cold-stunning in Long Island 

Sound, New York. Mar. Thrtle 

Newsl., no. 37: 7-8. 

Ward, O.G., and C.J. Cole 

1986. Nucleolar dominance in diploid and 

triploid parthenogenetic lizards of 

hybrid origin. Cytogenet. Cell 

Genet., 42: 177-182. 

Wynn, A-l., C.J. Cole, and A.L. Gardner 

1987. Apparent triploidy in the unisexual 

Brahminy blind snake, Ramphotyphlops 

braminus. Am. Mus. 


Zweifel, R.G. 

1986. [Review ofl Biology of Australasian 

frogs and reptiles, G. Grigg, R. 

Shine, and H. Ehmann (eds.). 

Copeia, 1986,3: 838-841. 

1986. A new genus and species of 

microhylid frog from the Cerro de la 

Neblina region of Venezuela and a 

discussion of relationships among 

New World microhylid genera. Am. 



Publications: 

Meylan, A.B. 

1986. Riddle of the ridleys. Nat. Hist., 

95(11): 90,92-96. 

1987. Bocas del Ibro: a window on the 

migration of sea turtles. Orion 

Nature Quarterly, 6: 42-49. 

Department of 

Ichthyology 

The Department ofIchthyology 

is responsiblefor the curation 

and maintenance ofa research 

collection ofapproximately 1.25 

millionfishes. New research 

projects are being pursued in 

areas rangingfromfood preferences 

offish oftheNew York 

Bight to long-distance transport 

oflarvalfishes in the British 

West Indies. The storage areas 

have recently been renovated 

and expanded. Recent emphasis 

on development ofthe skeleton 

collection has resulted in its 

becoming one ofthe largest and 

most comprehensive in the 

world. The department lost its 

former Chairman and Curator, 

with the death ofDonn E. 

Rosen. Under his leadership 

it became a major international 

research center in systematic 

ichthyology. 

Collection Facilities Renovation 

of the collection facilities, begun 

five years ago with support of the 

National Science Foundation, was 

recently completed. The space 

housing the cataloged collection of 

specimens in alcohol was doubled. 23

During the past quarter century 

the collection expanded from 

approximately 20,000 lots to the 

present 100,000. There remain 

about 20,000 lots of uncataloged 

specimens which currently occupy 

a newly installed compact storage 

system. This area also provides, for 

the first time, office space for 

Scientific Assistants as well as 

rooms for radiography, the mixing 

of alcohol, and for skeletal 

preparation. 

Deep-Water Sharks of Mid- 

Atlantic Ridge An impressive 

collection of large and rare deepsea 

sharks and other fishes was 

acquired. They were taken by long 

line in water as deep as 3200 

meters along the northern mid- 

Atlantic ridge and in the vicinity of 

the Canary Islands. The collection 

was donated to the Museum by the 

Undersea Systems Laboratory of 

AT&T Bell Laboratories. The 

collecting cruise was organized 

by Guido Dingerkus, graduate 

student in the Joint Program of 

Graduate Education of the 

Museum and the City University of 

New York, with the participation 

of members of the Museum's 

department and representatives of 

several other scientific institutions. 

Electric Simnulation of Elephant- 

Fish Behavior Peter Moller, 

Research Associate, and Jacques 

Serrier, Associate, continued their 

studies of African elephant fishes 

(Mormyridae). In experiments 

with the LINEX device, a mechanical 

apparatus that moves tubes holding 

fishes together or apart in an 

aquarium, they have discovered 

how to simulate electrical behavior of 

one fish of a pair through computercontrolled 

discharges. This technical 

breakthrough enabled them 

to perform further experiments on 

learning and sensitivity thresholds. 

They have discovered that elephant 

fishes are more sensitive to electricity 

than had been thought. The 

elephant fishes seem to be as sensi- 

24 tive as sharks to weak electrical 

fields, with a lower threshold on 

the order of one microvolt per 

centimeter. 

Pupfishes and Livebearers from 

Mexico Michael L. Smith, Kalbfleisch 

Assistant Curator, in collaboration 

with Robert R. Miller, professor 

of zoology at the University 

of Michigan, determined the characteristics 

of a new species of the 

genus Allotoca, one of the livebearers 

(Goodeidae) of the 

Mexican plateau. Most of the 

members of this unusual family 

numbering more than 40 species 

are found exclusively in this 

region. Dr. Smith also clarified 

the relationships of a number of 

species previously arranged in two 

genera (Neoophorus and Allotoca), 

finding that they all belong to one 

genus (Allotoca). 

In a continuing study of killifishes 

(Cyprinodontidae), he found 

evidence of relationships among 

several small genera, related to 

Cyprinodon, including the goldspotted 

killifish (Floridichthys) 

and the flagfish (Jordanella). He 

determined that these small 

genera appear only distantly 

related to the many species 

grouped in Cyprinodon. 

Marine Ecology C. Lavett Smith, 

Curator, in collaboration with 

James C. T1yler, Research Associate, 

collected larval fishes in Carrie 

Bow Cay, Belize, and in the lUrks 

and Caicos Islands, British West 

Indies. Having completed a study 

of the relationship between larval 

specialization and long-distance 

transport, they are collaborating 

on an atlas of larval fishes of the 

Caribbean Sea and on a checklist 

of fishes known from that area. 

Joseph W. Rachlin, Research 

Associate, continued studies on 

resource partitioning and food preferences 

of the fish communities of 

the New York Bight. With Barbara 

E. Warkentine, graduate student 

at Lehman College, he demonstrated 

the usefulness of the department's 

collection for diet studies and as a 

means of providing an initial 

insight into the ecological history 

of a species. 

Dr. Rachlin, Ms. Warkentine and 

Dr. C.L. Smith conducted a computerassisted 

reevaluation of the chromosomal 

karyotype of the Atlantic 

silverside, Menidia menidia. They 

discovered that the onrginal chromosomal 

number for this species, as 

published in 1904, was in error. 

The corrected karyotype is 48; 

consisting of four metacentric, 14 

submetacentriq 12 subacrocentric 

and 18 acrocentric chromosomes. 

Dr. Rachlin and Ms. Warkentine, 

using both whole animal and skeletal 

material from the department's 

collection, have initiated a cladistic 

analysis of the seven species of 

hakes of the genus Urophycis. 

They are common to the east coast 

of Canada and to the U.S., from 

Nova Scotia to the Gulf of Mexico. 

Freshwater Ecology Dr. C.L. Smith 

and Barbara A. Brown, Scientific 

Assistant, continued their survey 

of the fishes of the Mary Flagler 

Cary Arboretum in Dutchess 

County, N.Y. They have focused on 

the population structure of the 

fishes of Wappinger's Creek, which 

flows through the Arboretum, in 

order to test the hypothesis of local 

differentiation in growth rate. 

Dr. Rachlin continued his studies 

on heavy metal uptake by freshwater 

algae. In collaboration with 

Ms. Warkentine, he developed an 

organizational framework for 

ordering algal toxicity responses. 

Problematical Anchovies 

Gareth Nelson, Chairman and 

Curator, continued systematic 

studies of living'anchovies 

(Engraulidae). He is studying 

tropical forms from the gulfs of 

Panama and California, where 

anchovy species are particularly 

diverse. Among them are certain 

species which were named but 

inadequately described earlier in 

this century.

Senior Scientific Assistant M. Norma 

Feinberg, ofthe Deparment ofIchthyology, 

unpacks a large drum ofdeep-water 

sharks collected on a cruise along the 

mid-Atlantic Ridge. The cruise was 

sponsored by AT&T, which enlisted the 

aid ofseveral scientific organizations 

to try to determine what was biting its 

submarine cables. Sharks were the culprits. 

The 345fish specimens collected 

by long lines - elaboratefishing lines 

lowered to depths up to 10,000feet - are 

now part ofthe department's collection 

ofnearly 1.5 millionfsh specimens.

Catalog of Anchovies ofthe World 

Peter J.R Whitehead, Research 

Associate, in collaboration with 

Dr. Nelson and Thosaporn 

Wongratana, professor of biology 

at Chulalongkorn University, 

Bangkok, completed a world 

catalog of anchovies for the Food 

and Agriculture Organization of 

the United Nations. There are more 

than 150 species of anchovies. 

Despite their small size, they are 

among the most important 

commercial fishes in the world. 

Minnows, Suckers, Loaches 

Darrell J. Siebert, graduate student 

in the American Museum/City 

University of New York Joint 

Program in Evolutionary Biology, 

completed his doctoral thesis on 

the interrelationships of the 

families of cypriniform fishes. He 

showed that the North American 

suckers (Catostomidae) are more 

closely related to the Eurasian 

loaches and hillstream fishes 

(Cobitidae and Homalopteridae), 

than to the minnows (Cyprinidae). 

Mr. Siebert's last year of research was 

supported under the Museum's 

doctoral training program which 

enabled him to pursue curatorial 

work and dissertation writing. 

This was one of several awarded 

during the first year of the 

fellowship program. 

Collection of Skeletons The 

skeleton collection has outgrown 

the space that had been allotted to 

it three years ago. It now occupies 

some of its former, but now renovated, 

storage cabinets. During the 

year, some 500 skeletal specimens 

were cataloged. They were obtained 

through the cooperation of Robert 

L. Shipp, Associate Director for 

Academic Affairs at the Dauphin 

Island Sea Lab in Mobile Bay, 

Alabama, and of the Alabama 

Deep-Sea Fishing Rodeo; Dannie 

Hensley, associate professor ofmarne 

sciences in the Department of Marine 

Sciences at the University of Puerto 

Rico, and Richard L. Lord of the 

Fulton Fish Market Information 

26 Service in New York City. 

These cleared and stained fish specimens 

are an important part ofthe Ichthyology 

Department's collections, which 

include specimens in alcohol and skeletons. 

After a week-long treatment in a 

special bath, afish'sflesh becomes trans 

parent (cleared). The bony structure 

thus revealed, with cartilage that is 

stained blue and bones stained red, is of 

great significance to scientists studying 

the systematics offishes. 

Donn E. Rosen 1929-1986 

Donn Eric Rosen, Curator and 

former Chairman of the department, 

died at age 57. During his 

career, he extensively improved 

the department's collection, 

facilities, research and graduate 

student programs. Dr. Rosen's 

leadership in these endeavors, 

which continued long beyond his 

service as Chairman, transformed 

the department's holdings into a 

major international collection. 

A "'child of the Museum," he was a 

volunteer at age eight in the School 

Nature League, a forerunner of 

the present Natural Science 

Center. At 14, he was a volunteer 

in the Fish Genetics Laboratory of 

the New York Zoological Society, 

then located on the sixth floor of 

the Whitney wing of the Museum. 

Dr. Rosen began his adult scientific 

work at the Museum in February, 

1961, as an Assistant Curator. He 

was Chairman from 1965 to 1975. 

In 1967, Dr. Rosen was awarded 

the Leidy Medal by the Academy of 

Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 

He served as Dean of the Museum's 

Council of the Scientific Staff in 

1970, President of the Society of 

Systematic Zoology in 1976 and 1977, 

and Secretary of the American 

Society of Ichthyologists and 

Herpetologists from 1979 to 1981. 

In 1986, Dr. Rosen was nominated 

for the International Prize in Biology 

by the Society of Systematic Zoology. 

He was also elected a Foreign 

Member of the Linnean Society of 

London, and a Distinguished Fellow 

of the American Society of 

Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 

Dr. Rosen maintained an active 

research program in fish systematics 

throughout his career, and his 

research played a vital role in the 

development of cladistic theory in 

systematics and vicariance theory 

in biogeography. His administrative 

initiatives were instrumental 

in forming the Systematics 

Discussion Group of the Museum 

and the joint program of graduate 

education in evolutionary biology 

of the Museum and the City 

University of New York. 


Ferraris, C.J., Jr* (Sponsor: G. Nelson), 

I. IsbrUcker, and H. Nijssen 

1986. Neblinichthys pilosus, a new genus 

and species of mailed catfish from 

the Rio Baria system, southern 

Venezuela (Pisces, Siluriformes, 

Loricariidae). Rev. fr. Aquariol., 

13: 69-72. 

Ferraris, C.J., Jr! (Sponsor: G. Nelson), 

and J. Fernandez 

1987. Trachelyopterichthys anduzei, a 

new species of auchenipterid catfish 

from the upper Rio Orinoco of Venezuela, 

with notes on T taeniatus 

(Kner). Proc. Biol. Soc. of Washington, 

100: 257-261. 

Jensen, TE., J.W. Rachlin, V Jani, and 

B.E. Warkentine 

1986. Heavy metal uptake in relation to 

phosphorus nutrition in Anabaena 

variabilis (Cyanophyceae). Environmental 

Pollution (Series R), 42: 

261-271. 

Nelson, G. 

1986. Identity of the anchovy Engraulis 

clarki with notes on the speciesgroups 

of Anchoa. Copeia, 1986: 

891-902.

1986. Models and prospects of historical 

biogeography. In A.C. Pierrot-Bults, 

S. van der Spod, B.J. Zahuranec, 

and R.K. Johnson (eds.), Pelagic 

biogeography. Unesco Technical 

Papers in Marine Science, 49: 

214-218. 

Nelson, G., and P Sonoda 

1987. Anchoa mundeola (Gilbert & 

Pierson): a valid species of 

Engraulidae from the Gulf of 

Panama. Copeia, 1987: 521-524. 

Rachlin, J.W., and B.E. Warkentine 

1987. The use of museum ichthyological 

holdings for initial diet studies. 

Copeia, 1987: 214-216. 

Rachlin, J.W., A. Pappantoniou, and 

B.E. Warkentine 

1987. A bias estimator of the environmental 

resource base in diet preference 

studies with fish. J. of 

Freshwater Ecol., 4: 23-31. 

Rankin, CH., and P. Moller 

1986. Social behavior of the African 

electric catfish Malapterurus 

electricus, during intra- and interspecific 

encounters. Ethology, 73: 

177-190. 

Smith, M.L 

1987. Osteology and systematics of the 

fossil catfishes (Ictalurus) of central 

Mexico. J. of Paleontol., 61: 380-387. 

Warkentine, B.E., and J.W. Rachlin 

1986. A test of a proposed organizational 

framework for the ordering of algal 

toxicity responses. Bull. 'lbrrey 

Botanical Club, 113: 12-15. 

Warkentine, B.E., C.L. Smith, and J.W. 

Rachlin 

1987. A Reevaluation of the karyotype of 

the Atlantic silverside, Menidia 

menidia. Copeia, 1987: 222-224. 


Publications: 

Atz, J.W. 

1986. C.M. Breder, Jr., 1897-1983. Copeia, 

1986:853-856. 

Nelson, G. 

1987. [Review of] Evolution and classification: 

The reformation of cladism, 

by M. Ridley. Cladistics, 3: 72. 

Nelson, G., J.W. Atz, K.D. Kallman, and 

C.L. Smith 

1987. Donn Eric Rosen, 1929-1986. 

Copeia, 1987: 541-547. 

Siebert, D.J* (Sponsor: G. Nelson) 

1987. [Review of] Ontogeny and Systematics 

of Fishes. Spec. Publ. na 1, 

Am. Soc Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. 


Smith, C.L. 

1987. [Review of] The zoogeography of 

north American freshwater fishes. 

Q Rev. Biol., June 1987. 

Smith, M.L. 

1987. [Review of] Morphometrics in evolutionary 

biology, by F. Bookstein, B. 

Chernoff, R. Elder, J. Humphries, 

G. Smith, and R. Strauss. Cladistics, 

3: 97-99. 

Szabo, T, and P. Moller 

1986. Comparative aspects of neuronal 

basis and behavior of electrosensing. 

lst Int. Congr. Neuroethol., 

lbkyo, Japan, p. 39. 

Department of 

Invertebrates 

The Department ofInvertebrates 

pursues a curatorial and research 

program encompassing a broad 

array ofinvertebrate organisms. 

As its central objective, the 

department seeks to document 

the history and the rich diversity 

ofpredominantly mranne invertebrate 

life. Complex invertebrates 

appeared 575 million years ago, 

and the department'sfossil collections 

encompass this vast 

temporal range. The department's 

holdings ofRecent invertebrates 

is global in scope, providing an 

invaluable resourcefor systematics 

ofliving invertebrates. 

Curatorial Progress In 60 

accessions, the department added 

some 24,600 new specimens to its 

holdings of Recent mollusks. 

expedite the process of cataloging 

the donated molluscan collections, 

a computer system with a laser 

printer has been purchased 

through funds donated to the 

department. Niles Eldredge, 

Chairman and Curator, added 

several lots of Paleozoic invertebrates, 

while bryozoans and fossil 

and Recent shelled cephalopods 

were added through the efforts of 

Judith E. Winston, Associate 

Curator, and Neil H. Landman, 

Assistant Curator. 

Macroevolution Dr. Eldredge 

carried forward studies of the interrelationships 

of systematics, paleontology 

and causal theories of the 

evolutionary process. His longterm 

goal remains the achievement 

of an evolutionary theory 

that takes into account patterns of 

evolutionary stasis and change as 

documented by systematists and 

paleontologists. The aim is to 

produce a theory that more 

precisely specifies the context 

and control of adaptive stasis and 

change in the evolutionary process, 

particularly incorporating speciation 

processes along with the 

classic statements on adaptive 

change He has begun work on a 

"Primer on Macroevolution," 

in which these and related issues 

are analyzed. 

Cuban Snail in Bahamian Waters 

William K. Emerson, Curator, and 

Walter E. Sage, Scientific Assistant, 

rediscovered a large volutid snail, 

Teramachia mirabilis (Clench 

and Aguayo, 1941). It had been 

known only by a single specimen, 

described in 1941, off the coast of 

Cuba. The disjunct modern distribution 

of the genus Teramachia 

with six species known to be living 

in the western Pacific, one in the 

western Atlantic, and other extinct 

species in the Neogene of Okinawa 

and Ecuador-presents various problems 

in zoogeographic interpretation. 

The presence of Teramachia 

mirabilis in the western Atlantic 

may be an example of a Pacific 

faunal element which survived 

after being carried into the 

Caribbean region on the East- 

Pacific geologic plate to its present 

position adjacent to Cuba. 

Ribbon Worms Ernst Kirsteuer, 

Curator, who retired in June, inves- 27

28 

tigated the systematics, anatomy 

and geographic distribution of 

nemertean ("ribbon") worms. 

Focusing primarily on minute 

species living between sand grains, 

he was able to clarify the known 

geographic distribution of the 

genus Ototyphlonemertes. 

Dr. Kirsteuer also explored the 

relationships between subterranean 

and marine nemerteans, 

publishing his results in a multiauthored 

book on stygofauna 

small, cryptic, interstitial 

forms of life 

Ancient and Modern Shelled 

Cephalopods As part of his 

research on shelled cephalopods, 

Dr. Landman completed a study of 

a group of ammonite species from 

Late Cretaceous strata of North 

America, describing their morphology, 

systematics and life 

history. He has also continued his 

study of the only extant shelled 

cephalopod, the pearly nautilus. 

He collected live specimens ofN. 

belauensis in Palau and is studying 

their embryology with John M. 

Arnold, Research Associate 

Interstitial Refuge Research 

by Dr. Winston and Eckart 

Hakansson, a paleontologist at the 

Institute of Historical Geology and 

Paleontology of the University of 

Copenhagen, resulted in the 

description of nine new species of 

bryozoans whose colonies encrust 

single grains of sand. Their minute, 

sexually precocious colonies show 

unique adaptations to life on a sand 

grain. However, a more important 

fact may be that reproductive 

colonies of24 other species, previously 

known from larger substrates, 

were also found on sand grains. 

This discovery explains how 

encrusting bryozoan species have 

become widely distributed across 

broad sandy areas of continental 

shelf, although their larvae are not 

long-distance swimmers. 

Permian Gastropods Roger L. 

Batten, who retired as Curator on 

June 30, 1986, continued his studies 

of the Permian gastropods from the 

vast silicified faunas in the southwestern 

United States. He concentrated 

on the worthenioids, a group 

that had exhibited little evolutionary 

change until they underwent an 

episode of radiation in the Permian 

and Tiassic Periods. With R.H. Dott, 

professor of geology at the University 

of Wisconsin, he completed 

the fourth edition of the textbook 

"The Evolution of the Earth." 

While diving in the Red Sea as part of 

hts research onforaminifera and other 

organisns living on sea grass, John J. 

Lee, Research Associate sn the Department 

of Invertebrates, discovered this 

unu~s'u,al organism. The tiny algdae, ust 

60 micrometers in diameter, ts unlike 

anything ever seen alive in modern 

oceans. It may be related to a group 

called the discoasters knoum onlyfrom 

fossils. Dr. Lee was able to make the 

discovery with the help ofthe Museum's 

electron microscope, which is available 

to all departments in the Interdepartmental 

Laboratory. 

The Unsettled Mystery 

Norman D. Newell, Curator 

Emeritus, concludes that mass 

extinction of marine organisms at 

the end of the Paleozoic was not 

abrupt, but occurred gradually 

over five or 10 million years. He 

believes it terminated at the end of 

the Griesbachian Stage (247 million 

years ago), instead of at the beginning 

of that interval, as is generally 

supposed. New evidence indicates 

that a surviving line of bivalvestrue 

oysters of the family 

Gryphaeidae-probably branched 

off from an aberrant Australian 

scallop during the time of mass 

extinctions. This scallop is being 

studied by Dr. Newell and Donald 

W. Boyd, Research Associate and 

professor of geology at the University 

of Wyoming in Laramie 

Paleozoic and Mesozoic 

Brachiopods Howard R. Feldman, 

Research Associate, pursued his 

interests in the biogeography and 

systematics of Mesozoic brachiopods 

of the Ethiopian Province In cooperation 

with Patrick Rachebouef, 

paleontologist in the Laboratory 

of Paleontology and Stratigraphy 

at the Universite de Bretagne 

Occidentale, Brest, France, he has 

also begun an investigation into 

the systematics of chonetid brachiopods 

of the Devonian Onondaga 

Limestone of New York State 

Symbiosis John J. Lee, Research 

Associate, has continued his study 

of endosymbiotic algae living in 

the tissues of larger foraminifera. 

His results demonstrated that a 

species of the foraminifera 

Elphidium, collected in Kenya 

and Israel, partially digests diatoms, 

and temporarily retains their 

chloroplasts and other features. 

He has also announced the discovery 

of a new microorganism 

from the Red Sea that appears to 

be a close relative of the discoasters, 

a prominent group of 

marine microfossils which have 

been thought, until now, to 

be extinct. 

Hormones of Green Crabs Linda 

H. Mantel, Research Associate, 

found in her continuing studies on 

green crabs that the animals show 

different responses to changing 

salinity as a function of season. 

When crabs are transferred to a 

dilute medium in winter, they are 

able to maintain their blood in a 

more concentrated form than they 

can in summer. Neurohormones

These thin slices ofammonites -fossil 

mollusks related to the chambered nautilus 

still alive today - help scientists 

understand the life history and evolution 

of one of the world's most diverse 

animal groups. The extinction of ammonites 

about 65 million years ago 

coincided with the extinction of the 

dinosaurs. The slices are along the median 

plane ofsymmetry and are glued 

to glass slides for viewing. They are 

part ofthe collection ofthe Department 

ofInvertebrates, whose 8.5 million specimens 

are particularly strong on macroscopic 

marine organisms, including 

38,500 type specimens and illustrations 

offossil invertebrates.

30 

that influence this regulatory 

process are more effective in 

summer than in winter. Enzymes 

related to uptake of salt are intrinsically 

more active in winter but 

are more responsive to hormones 

in summer. 

Geologic Maps and Computer 

Graphics Using desktop computer 

color graphics, Leslie F. Marcus, 

Research Associate, continues 

development of an expert system 

for displaying geologic maps and 

stratigraphy to identify potential 

mineral deposits. His work is 

supported by the United States 

Geologic Survey. 

Parasitology Horace W. Stunkard, 

Research Associate, who is in his 

98th year, continues to enliven the 

department with his regular presence 

Considered the dean of parasitologists, 

he recently completed the 

transfer of his collection of more 

than 64,000 reprints, including 

more than 300 monographs, to the 

Manter Laboratory at the University 

of Nebraska, Lincoln. 

Departmental Outreach The department 

made 61 loans to researc scientists 

at other institutions. There 

were 105 visitors to the collections. 

Departmental members continued 

to serve on the faculties of several 

universities, and to lecture to a 

variety of scientic, academic and 

lay audiences. Sidney S. Horenstein, 

Senior Scientific Assistant, participated 

in the development and 

narration of the new film "Earth's 

Wildfire," shown in the John 

Lindsley Hall of Earth History. 

Mr. Horenstein was also involved 

in the implementation of a new 

exhibit section dealing with life on 

the sea floor, in the Hall of the 

Biology of Invertebrates. He conceived, 

organized and wrote the 

copy for the successful temporary 

exhibition, "On `hp: New York's 

Water Supply," on the geology and 

history of the New York City water 

supply system. 


Batten, Roger L., and W.L. Stokes 

1986. Early Triassic gastropods from the 

Sinbad Member of the Moenkopi 

Formation, San Rafael Swell, Utah. 


Eldredge, N. 

1986. Information, economics and evolution. 

Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 17: 

351-369. 

1986. Large-scale biological entities and 

the evolutionary process. Philos. of 

Sci. Assoc. (PSA) 1984, 2: 551-566. 

1986. Progress in evolution? New 

Scientist, June 5, 1986: 54-57. 

Emerson, W.K. 

1986. A new species of Morzum from the 

Andaman Sea (Gastropoda: Volutacea). 

The Nautilus, 100(3): 96-98. 

Emerson, W.K., and W.E. Sage III 

1986. A new species of LIyria (Gastropoda: 

Volutidae) from the Arabian Sea. 

The Nautilus, 100(3): 101-104. 

1986. On the rediscovery of Teramachia 

mirabilis (Clench and Aguayo, 

1941), and its relationship to other 

calliotectine volutes. The Nautilus, 

100(4): 147-151. 

Feldman, H.R., and R.H. Lindemann 

1986. Fossils and facies of the Onondaga 

Limestone in central New York. 

New York State Geological Association 

Guidebook for Fieldtrips (58th 

Annual Meeting), pp. 145-166. 

Garcia, E.F., and W.K. Emerson 

1987. A new species of Scaphella 

(Gastropoda: Volutidae) from off 

Yucatan, Mexico. Apex, Infor. Sci. 

Soc Belge Malacol., 2(1): 1-5. 

Gould, S.J., and N. Eldredge 

1986. Punctuated equilibrium at the third 

stage. Syst. Zool., 35: 143-147. 

Hughes, RN., and W.K. Emerson 

1987. Anatomical and taxonomic 

characteristics ofHarpa and 

Morum (Neogastropoda: Harpaidae). 

The Veliger, 29(4): 349-358. 

Kirsteuer, E. 

1986. Nemertina. In L. Botosaneanu (ed.), 

Stygofauna Mundi, pp. 72-75. 

Leiden: Brill/Backhuys. 

Landman, N.H. 

1987. Ontogeny of Upper Cretaceous 

(Thronian-Santonian) scaphitid ammonites 

from the western interior 

of North America; systematics, 

developmental patterns, and life 

history. Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., 

185(2): 117-241. 

Lee, J.J., J. Erez, M.E. McEnery, 

A. Lagziel, and X. Xenophontos 

1986. Experiments on persistence of 

endosymbiotic diatoms in the larger 

foraminifera: Amphistegina lessoni. 

Symbiosis, 1: 211-226. 

Newell, N.D. 

1986. Paleobiology's golden age 

(Editorial). Palaios, 1(4): 345. 

Newell, N.D., and D.W. Boyd 

1987. Iteration of ligament structures 

in pteriomorphian bivalves. Am. 

Mus. Novitates, no. 2875, 11 pp. 

Stupakoff L* (Sponsor: W.K. Emerson) 

1986. Observations on the feeding behavior 

of the gastropod Pleuroploca 

princeps (Fasciolariidae) in the 

Galapagos Islands. The Nautilus, 

100(3): 92-95 

Thorpe, J.P., and J.E. Winston 

1986. On the identity ofAlcyonidium 

diaphanum. Lamouroux, 1813 

(Bryozoa: Ctenostomata). J. Nat. 

Hist., 20: 845-848. 

Winston, J.E. 

1986. An annotated checklist of coralassociated 

bryozoans. Am. Mus. 

Novitates, no. 2859,39 pp. 

Winston, J.E., and E. Hakansson 

1986. The Interstitial bryozoan fauna 

from Capron Shoal, Florida. Am. 



Publications: 

Eldredge, N. 

1986. [Review of] Evolution:A Theory in 

Crisis by M. Denton. Q, Rev. Biol., 

61: 541-542. 

1986. Claiming the animals. [Review of] 

The Eagle's Nest by Charlotte M. 

Porter. The New York Times Book 

Review, Oct. 19: 39. 

1987. Life pulse, 246 pp. New York: Facts 

on File.

Feldman, H.R. 

1986. (Abstract) Morphologic diversity of 

some Devonian brachiopods from 

southeastern New York. Geol. Soc. of 

Am., northeastern section meeting, 

Kiamesha Lake, New York, p. 16. 

1987. (Abstract) Brachiopod life 

strategies and ontogenetic development: 

examples from the Jurassic 

and Devonian. Geol. Soc of Am., 

northeastern section meeting, 

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, p. 13. 

1986. A page from earth's history: the 

Tischman building. The New York 

Chronicle, 1(1): 4-5. 

1986. Grand Central Terminal. The New 

York Chronicle, 1(2):. 4-5. 

1987. Photographs for Life pulse by Niles 

Eldredge. New York: Facts on File. 

1987. New York's Ice Age elephants. The 

New York Chronicle, 1(3): 10-11. 

Landman, N.H. 

1986. (Abstract) Developmental criteria 

for comparing ammonite ontogenies. 

Geol. Soc. Am. 18(6): 665. 

Mantel, L.H., M. Sommer, A. Ng, and 

L. Buck. 

1986. Function of neuroendocrine substance 

in osmoregulation of the 

green crab, Carcinus maenas, 

Abstr. of the 30th Congr. of Int. 

Union of Physiological Scientists. 

Mantel, L.H., M. Sommer, A. Ng, L. Buck, 

and B. Curran 

1986. Neuroendocrine effects on osmoregulation 

in thegreen crab, Carcinus 

maenas, Am. Zool., 26: 29A. 

Newell, N.D., and D.W. Boyd 

1986. Natural cast fossils as clues to 

carbonate diagenesis. Abstr. Int. 

Congr. of Assoc. Sedimentologists. 

Canberra, Australia. p. 1. 

Sage, W.E. III 

1986. News of new species. Hawaiian 

Shell News, 34(5): 10; 34(7): 8; 34(8): 

10; 34(9): 10; 34(10): 9; 34(11): 10; 

34(12): 11. 

1986. [Review of] The freshwater snails of 

Florida-A manual for identification 

by Fred G. Thompson. 

Hawaiian Shell News, 34(5): 6. 

1986. [Review of] The distribution of the 

native land mollusks of the Eastern 

United States by Leslie Hubricht. 

Hawaiian Shell News, 34(5): 6. 

1986. [Review of] Analysis of mussel 

(Mytilus californianus) communities 

in areas chronically exposed 

to natural oil seepage by Dale 

Straughan. N.Y. Shell Club Notes, 

299: 4. 

1986. [Review of] The Tibe Alasmidontini 

(Unionidae: Anodontinae), part II: 

Lasmigona and Simpsonaias by 

Arthur H. Clarke. N.Y. Shell Club 

Notes, 299: 4, 5. 

1986. [Review of] The Genus Clypeomorus 

Jousseaume (Cerithiidae: Prosobranchia) 

by Richard S. Houbrick. 

N.Y. Shell Club Notes, 299: 5. 

1986. Publication notices. Hawaiian Shell 

News, 34(6): 6. 

1986. [Review of] Seashell treasures of the 

Caribbean by Lesley Sutty. The 

Nautilus, 100(3): 113,114. 

1986. Am. Malacological Union-Western 

Soc. of Malacologists Annual Meeting. 

N.Y. Shell Club Notes, 300: 9. 

1986. Conchologists of Am. Annual Meeting. 

N.Y. Shell Club Notes, 300: 

9, 10. 

1986. [Review of] Moluscos de la Ria de 

Vigo I, Gasteropodos by Emilio 

Rolan Mosquera. N.Y. Shell Club 

Notes, 300: 17. 

1986. [Review of] The Marine mollusca of 

the Bay of Algeciras, Spain, with 

general notes on Mitrella, 

Marginellidae and 'hrridae by J.J. 

Van Aartsen, H.P.M.G. Menkhorst, 

and E. Gittenberger. N.Y. Shell Club 

Notes, 300: 18. 

1986. [Review of] Monograph of living 

chitons (Mollusca: Polyplacophora), 

Volume II: Suborder Ischnochitonina 

Ischnochitonidae: Schizoplacinae, 

Callochitoninae and Lepidochitoninae 

by Piet Kaas and 

Richard A. Van Belle. Hawaiian 

Shell News, 34(10): 10. 

1986. [Review of] Shells of the Philippines 

by F.J. Springsteen and F.M. 

Leobrera. Boston Malacological 

Club Newsl., Oct., p.9. 

1986. [Review of] It's EASY to say Crepidula 

(kreh PID' yu luh) a phonetic 

guide to pronunciation of the scientific 

names of seashells and glossary 

of terms frequently used in malacology 

by Jean M. Cate and Selma 

Raskin. The Littorina, 11(4): 3. 

1986. Some recent developments in 

malacology. The Whelk Wavelength, 

2(2): 3-9. 

1986. [Review of] Coquillages du Gabon- 

Seashells of Gabon by Pierre A. 

Bernard. N.Y. Shell Club Notes, 301: 

7,8. 

1987. News of new species. Hawaiian 

Shell News, 35(1): 11; 35(2): 11; 

35(3): 10; 35(4): 13. 

1987. [Review of] A history of shell 

collecting by S. Peter Dance. N.Y. 

Shell Club Notes, 302: 7, 8. 

1987. [Review of] Atlas of the living olive 

shells of the world by Edward J. 

Petuch and Dennis M. Sargent. N.Y. 

Shell Club Notes, 302: 8, 9. 

1987. [Review of] Crabs of Cape Cod by 

Stephen Berrick. N.Y. Shell Club 

Notes, 302: 11. 

1987. Notes on nomenclature and 

labeling. Conchologists of Am. Bull., 

15(1): 16. 

Winston, J.E. 

1987. Palmer Station Diary. Rotunda, 

12(1): 9-10. 

Department of 

Mammalogy 

The Department ofMammalogy 

devoted much attention this 

year to researching the evolutionary 

relationships ofmammals 

in the tropical parts ofSouth 

America, Africa and southeastern 

Asia. More than 1100 

mammals were collected as part 

ofthe department's survey ofthe 

animals ofBoliveia A data matrix 

ofmorphological, ecological anddistributional 

information on 

mammals ofthe Philippines 

was also being prepared. The 

National Science Foundation 

awarded a grant of$186,000for 

collection management. 

Mammals of Bolivia The department 

carried forward its survey of the 

mammals of Bolivia, supported by 

a grant from the National Science 

Foundation. The project was initiated 

by Curator Sydney Anderson, 

in collaboration with the Museum 

of Southeastern Biology at the 

University of New Mexico and 

the Museo Nacional de Historia 

Natural in La Paz, Bolivia. 

Members of the expedition were 31

in the field from July to October, 

working in Bolivia's northern lowlands 

and southwestern highlands. 

They collected more then 1100 mammals. 

In addition, Dr. Anderson's 

team received specimens from 

recent work done by the Centro 

Nacional de Enfermedadaes 

Tropicales of Santa Cruz and the 

Instituto Boliviano por Biologia 

Altura of La Paz. 

Goals for collaboration included 

involving Bolivian colleagues and 

students in the research and in 

preparing results for publication. 

Tissues, cell suspensions and 

parasite preparations were 

dispersed to appropriate 

specialists. 

Savanna Mammals of Northern 

South America Assistant Curator 

Robert S. Voss began a series of 

field expeditions to the savanna 

regions of northern South America 

to collect small mammals from 

grassland habitats and adjacent 

forests. The purpose of the 

expedition was to better understand 

the biogeography of the 

area's savannas. 

Many vertebrate taxa occur 

throughout the savannas scattered 

from Costa Rica to the Guianas, but 

do not occur in intervening forested 

regions. Such distributions suggest 

that grassland habitats may 

once have been continuous across 

the northern Neotropics. If so, the 

historical connections among contemporary 

savanna islands should 

be reflected in the phylogenetic 

relationships among isolated 

populations of their vertebrate 

inhabitants. 

One of the vertebrate taxa that 

are endemic to South America is 

the rodent genus Zygodontomys, 

which was the focus of this year's 

expedition to Venezuela. The 

expedition was undertaken in 

collaboration with the Museo de 

Historia Natural La Salle (MHNLS), 

a private research and educational 

organization in Caracas. Dr. Voss and 

Hernan Castellanos of MHNLS 

were the principal investigators for 

32 the expedition, which was mainly 

supported by the Smithsonian 

Institution and La Salle, with 

contributions of funds and equipment 

from the American Museum's 

Department of Mammalogy. 

Members of the expedition were 

in the field from June to August, 

and collected 517 specimens of 

mammals from three localities. 

The first location was in the Gran 

Sabana, near the Brazilian border 

in extreme southeastern Venezuela. 

The second was in the Maracaibo 

basin of northwestern Venezuela. 

The last locality investigated was 

in Estado Apure, in central Venezuela 

A very large series ofZygodontomys 

was collected in these three areas, 

and research is being conducted 

on their phylogenic relationships. 

It has already been discovered 

that the Zygodontomys populations 

of the Maracaibo basin appear to 

be closely related to Central 

American populations. 

Neotropical Ichthyomyine 

Rodents Dr. Voss is preparing a 

monograph on the systematics and 

ecology of ichthyomyine rodents. 

The manuscript will describe the 

patterns of morphological evolution 

within a small adaptive 

radiation of these semiaquatic, 

carnivorous Neotropical rodents. 

Ichthyomyines prey on aquatic 

insect larvae, crustaceans and 

other small animals in rain forest 

streams from Mexico to Peru. 

These rats and mice afford a good 

opportunity to analyze adaptive 

divergence in relation to the 

branching pattern in evolution. 

Dr. Voss has studied their specialized 

diets and habitats in the field. 

Studies have also been done on the 

department's collections of Old 

World insectivores and New 

Guinean rodents, which share 

convergent ecological adaptations 

with the South American ichthyomyines. 

Dr. Voss will use this 

information to test hypotheses 

about the ecological significance 

of phylogenetic character 

transformations. 

Central and South American 

Rodents Guy G. Musser, Chairman 

and Curator, in collaboration with 

Alfred Gardner of the United States 

Fish and Wildlife Service and 

Michael Carleton of the National 

Museum of Natural History, 

Smithsonian Institution, carried 

forward studies defining morphological 

limits and geographic 

distributions of small-bodied 

muroid rodents native to tropical 

forests of Central and South 

America. Manuscripts are being 

prepared for publication that will 

report results of their taxonomic 

studies of Oryzomys talamancae, 

0. bolivaris, and 0. yunganus, 

which occur in forests at middle 

to low elevations. Another paper will 

detail the nature ofMicroryzomys, a 

genus of two species of mice that 

are restricted to forests and grasslands 

of the South American Andes. 

Bats Curator Emeritus Karl 

Koopman's interest in the taxonomy, 

geographic distributions 

and phylogenetic relationships of 

bats was demonstrated this year 

by his report on the biogeography 

of West Indian bats and his study 

of the bat fauna of Liberia. He submitted 

his comprehensive treatise 

on "Systematics of Chiroptera" for 

the Handbuch der Zoologie series, 

to be published in Germany by 

Walter De Gruyter & Co. 

Primate Social Behavior Curator 

Ethel Tbach pursued the relationship 

between individual adjustment, 

social behavior and environmental 

characteristics as they affect 

foraging, feeding, comnmunication 

and self-awareness in primates. 

The orangutan has not been as 

extensively studied in these 

respects as the chimpanzee The 

Sedgwick County Zoo, Wichita, 

Kansas, has a group of orangutans 

in an ecologically, physiologically 

and behaviorally healthful setting. 

Dr. Ibbach, in collaboration with 

Gary Greenberg, Curator of 

Behanioral Research at the Zoo, 

and Kenneth Redman, the Zoo's

Marie A. Lawrence, Senior Scientific 

Assistant in the Department ofMammalogy, 

examines the holotype ofone of 

the lion species. The holotype specimen 

is the standard against which other suspected 

members of a species are comn 

parecL She is re'tn2ing the department's 

catalog of holotypes, which are so 

important to systematists that the department's 

collection ofthem, numbering 

roughly 1000, is stored apartfrom 

the rest of the collection.

Curator of Mammals, conducted a 

study in which they found that 

orangutans have a complex 

relationship with each other. 

Captivity, with enforced proximity, 

was not sufficient to explain the 

group's social organization. The 

activity of the group's infants also 

brought the adults of both sexes 

together in small groupings, which 

appeared to challenge the asocial 

reputation of orangutans. 

To investigate how new feeding 

patterns develop in an islandbound 

population of monkeys, 

Dr. 'Ibbach, in collaboration with 

Bernadette Marriott of the 

University of Puerto Rico and 

Alexander Skolnick, a candidate 

for the Master's degree in Biopsychology 

at Hunter College, has 

been studying rhesus macaques 

on Cayo Santiago, a facility of the 

University of Puerto Rico. These 

animals, which are typically 

herbivorous, have been seen in the 

water off the island, foraging and 

feeding on marine organisms. 

Social/Emotional Behavior 

A powerful species adaptation 

to the environment is the ability 

of individual organisms to discriminate 

nutritive and toxic substances 

by taste, a chemical sense. The significant 

role of genetic processes in 

this differential sensitivity is well 

known. For this reason, the function 

of chemical sensitivity in the 

differential selection of amino 

acids has continued to engage 

Dr. Tbbach and Scientific Assistant 

Tresa Hernandez. They are working 

with the Fawnhooded rat, an 

animal with a low level of serotonin in 

the pineal gland and blood platelets. 

In a series of experiments, they 

offered the rat the opportunity 

to drink sweet solutions made 

with non-nutritive saccharin 

and the amino acid D-tryptophan, 

or bitter solutions made with 

non-nutritive PTC and the amino 

acid L-tryptophan (a precursor of 

serotonin). The results showed 

that the Fawnhooded rat drank 

more L-tryptophan and less 

D-tryptophan than the normal rat 

(Wistar). The Fawnhooded rat also 

drank as much saccharin as the 

normal rat, but more of the bitter 

PTC than the normal rat. These 

results point to the possibility that 

Rattus norvegicus, as represented 

by these two laboratory stocks, 

may have specific sensory mechanisms 

for discriminating between 

the amino acids as well as bitterand 

sweet-tasting substances. 

Dr. 'Ibbach, with visiting scientist 

Marjorie Goldman, Mr. Skolnick, 

and high school student Frank Lopez 

(Middle College High School, New 

York City), studied jumping 

behavior in Acomys cahirinus. 

Although these desert spiny mice 

can discriminate distance when 

jumping vertically, they do not 

discriminate distance cues of depth 

or shallowness when they are 

presented horizontally. 

Sea Hares Conducting research 

on the inking behavior ofAplysia 

dactylomela (sea hares) in Puerto 

Rico, Dr. bbach, in collaboration 

with undergraduate Andrea Zafares 

(University of Michigan) and Luis 

Migenis-Lopez, a Master's degree 

candidate at the University of 

Puerto Rico, showed that the 

release of ink and opaline by immature 

sea hares did not prevent their 

being eaten by predators. This 

discovery supports Dr. Tobach's 

hypothesis that ink in Aplypsia 

is not a defense mechanism. 

Philippine Mammals The thousands 

of islands comprising the Philippine 

archipelago support an ecologically 

and morphologically diverse 

mammalian fauna of about 150 

endemic species. Approximately a 

third of the fauna consists of 

native species of rats and mice. 

Some species occur on most 

islands in the archipelago, and 

some are endemic to either the 

northern group of islands or to the 

southern cluster. Some of these 

native rats have been known to 

zoologists for many years, while 

others have been discovered 

only recently. 

For most species, very little is 

known of their actual insular distributions 

in the archipelago, and 

hardly any information is available 

about their phylogenetic relationships 

and evolutionary histories. 

Dr. Musser and Lawrence Heaney 

of the National Museum of Natural 

History, Smithsonian Institution, 

have been studying these native 

Philippine rodents. Dr. Musser's 

experience with morphological 

variation within and between 

species, combined with Dr. Heaney's 

field knowledge of habitats and 

distributions, is providing a data 

matrix of morphological, ecological 

and distributional information. 

The data will be used in preparing 

hypotheses of phylogenetic 

relationships among the species 

and between the Philippine 

fauna and rodent faunas from 

surrounding regions. 

The study is part of a more 

expansive endeavor committed to 

discovering biogeographic patterns 

that may yield insights into evolution 

of the rodent assemblages 

native to various archipelagos in 

the Indo-Australian region. 

Timor Rodents The rodents now 

living on Timor are commensal 

species, benefiting from their 

association with human environments. 

Although these species are 

not native to the Malay-Australian 

region, native rodents once occurred 

on the island and are represented 

by thousands of subfossil pieces 

collected from sediments ranging 

from 240 to 13,400 years old. The 

material comes from eastern 

Timor and was obtained by Ian 

Glover of the Institute of Archaeology 

at the University of London. 

Samples were sent to Dr. Musser, 

who sorted the material into what 

appeared to be different species. 

Four species of giant rats were 

present as well as two species of 

Melo1s, a genus of small-bodied rats 

that are native to the Moluccan 

Islands, New Guinea and Australia. 

Most of the species will have to be 

described and named, and samples 

of all the Timor species must be

compared with the living rodent 

fauna endemic to the eastern 

segment of the Indo-Australian 

region to obtain some estimate of 

phylogenetic relationships of these 

Timor endemics. 


Best, T.L., RM. Sullivan, JA. Cook, and 

T.L. Yates 

1986. Chromosomal, genie, and morphologic 

variation in the agile kangaroo 

rat, Dipodomys agilis (Rodentia: 

Heteromyidae). Syst. Zool., 35(3): 

311-324. 

Burton, D.W., J.W. Bickham, HZH. 

Genoways, and T.J. McCarthy 

1987. Karyotypic analysis of five rodents 

and a marsupial from Belize, 

Central America. Ann. Carnegie 

Mus. Nat. Hist., 56(4): 103-112. 

Daly, J.C., and J.L. Patton 

1986. Growth, reproduction, and sexual 

dimorphism in Thormomys bottae 

pocket gophers. J. Mamm., 67: 

256-265. 

Emmons, L.H. 

1987. Comparative feeding ecology of 

felids in a neotropical rain forest. 

Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 20: 271-283. 

Gautier-Hion, A., J.-M. Duplantier, L.H. 

Emmons, F Feer, P Hecketsweiler, A. 

Moungazi, R. Quris, and C. Sourd. 

1985. Coadaptation entre rhythms de 

fructification et frugivorie en 

forest tropicale humide du Gabon: 

mythe ou realite. Rev. Evol., 

40: 405-434. 

Gentz, E.J., and T.L. Yates 

1986. Genetic identification of a hybrid 

camelid. Zoo Biol., 5(4): 349-354. 

Gibson, D.I., and T.J. McCarthy 

1987. Bats as hosts of acanthocephalan 

parasites. Helminth. Abstr., Ser. A, 

56(5): 159-162. 

Gill, A.E., D.P Christian, J.N. Layne, J.S. 

Millar, and J.L. Patton 

1987. Roles of standing communities of 

the American Society of 

Mammalogists. J. Mammal. Suppl., 

68(1): 1-13. 

Hafner, M.S., J.C. Hafner, J.L. Patton, and 

M.F Smith 

1987. Macrogeographic patterns of 

genetic differentiation in pocket 

gophers, Thomomys umbrinus. 

Syst. Zool., 36(1): 18-34. 

Layne, J.N. 

1986. Observations on Cooper's hawk 

nesting in south-central Florida. Fl. 

Field Nat., 14: 85-95. 

1987. Leiocephalus carinatus (curly-tailed 

lizard). Herp. Rev., 18: 20. 

Layne, J.N., TJ. Walsh, and P Meylan 

1986. New records for the mole snake, 

Lampropeltis calligaster in 

peninsular Florida. Fl. Sci., 49: 

171-175. 

McCarthy, T.J. 

1986. The gentle giants of Belize. Part II: 

distribution of manatees. Belize 

Audubon Soc Bull., 18(1): 3-5. 

1987. Additional mammalian prey of the 

carnivorous bats, Chrotopterus 

auritus and Vampyrum spectrum. 

Bat Res. News, 28(1): 2-3. 

McCarthy, T.J., and M. Blake 

1987. Noteworthy bat records from the 

Maya Mountains Forest Reserve, 

Belize. Mammalia, 51(1): 109-112. 

Musser, G.G. 

1986. SundaicRattus: definitions of 

Rattus baluensis and Rattus 

korinchi. Am. Mus. Novitates, no. 

2862, 24 pp. 

1987. Mammals of Sulawesi. In T.C. 

Whitmore (ed.), Biogeographic 

evolution of the Malay Archipelago, 

pp. 73-93. London: Oxford Univ. 

Press. 

1987. The occurrence ofHadromys 

(Rodentia: Muridae) in early Pleistocene 

Siwalik strata in northern 

Pakistan and its bearing on biogeographic 

affinities between 

Indian and northeastern African 

murine faunas. Am. Mus. Novitates, 

no. 2883, 36 pp. 

Musser, G.G., and M. Dagosto 

1987. The identity of Tarsius pumilus, a 

pygmy species endemic to the 

montane mossy forests of central 

Sulawesi. Am. Mus. Novitates, no. 

2867, 53 pp. 

Olivera, J., J. Ramirez-Pulido, and S.L. 

Williams 

1986. Biologia de la reproduccion de 

Peromyscus alstoni (Mammalia: 

Muridae) en condiciones de 

laboratorio. Acta. Zool. Mex., n.s., 

16: 1-27. 

Ramirez-Pulido, J., M.C. Britton, A. 

Perdomo, and A. Castro 

1986. Guia de los mamiferos de Me'xico. 

Referencias hasta 1983. Univ. Autonoma 

Metropolitana Iztapalapa. 

Sage, R.D., J.R. Contreras, V.G. Roig, and 

J.L. Patton 

1986. Genetic variation in the South 

American burrowing rodents of the 

genus Ctenomys (Rodentia: 

Ctenomyidae). Z. fur Sauget., 51: 

158-172. 

Sarmiento, E.E. 

1987. The phylogenetic position of Oreopithecus 

and its significance in the 

origin of the Hominoidea. Am. Mus. 


Schaller, G.B., T Qitao, P Wenshi, Q. 

Zisheng, W. Xiaoming, H. Jinchu, and S. 

Heming 

1986. Feeding behavior of Sichuan takin 

(Budorcas taxicolor). Mammalia, 

50(3): 311-322. 

Smith, D.R., and J.N. Layne 

1986. Occurrence of a double brood in redheaded 

woodpeckers south central 

Florida. Fl. Field Nat., 14: 98-99. 

Sullivan, RM., D.J. Hafner, and T.L. Yates 

1986. Genetics of a contact zone between 

three chromosomal forms of the 

grasshopper mouse (Onychomys): a 

reassessment. J. Mammal., 67(4): 

640-659. 

Terborgh, J., L.H. Emmons, and C. Freese 

1986. La fauna silvestre de la Amazonia: 

el despilfarro de un recurso 

renovable. Bol. de Lina, 46: 77-85. 

Tbbach, E. 

1986. Evolutionary theories and the issue 

of nuclear war: implications for 

mental health. Int. J. of Mental 

Health, 15: 56-64. 

Ibbach, E., K Murofushi, J. Beatty, and J. 

Takahashi 

1987. Changes in social behavior of 

Macacafuscata yakui in relation to 

unfamiliar objects. Bull. 

Psychonomic SocW, 25(2): 106-108. 

Wolfe, J.L., and D.K Bradshaw 

1986. Homing behavior in the nutria. J. 

Mississippi Acad. Sci., 31: 1-4. 

Wolfe, J.L., D.K Bradshaw, and R.H. 

Chabreck 

1987. Alligator feeding habits: new data 

and a review. Northeast Gulf Sci., 

9(1): 1-8. 

Yates, T.L., W.R. Barber, and D.W 

Armstrong 

1987. Survey of North American 

collections of recent mammals. J. 

Mamm. Suppl., 68(1): 1-76. 

35


Publications: 

Anderson, S. 

1986. A survey of the literature of natural 

history. AB Bookman's Weekly, 

June, 2: 2533-2535, 2538. 

Emmons, L.H. 

1986. Jungle cruisers. Anim. Kingdom, 

90: 22-30. 

Griffiths, T.A. 

1987. Library education: the point of view 

of the scientist. In L. Colter (ed.), 

Leadership and the liberal arts, pp. 

1-28. Bloomington, IL: Illinois 

Wesleyan University Press. 

Koopman, K. F. 

1986. [Review of] Cladistic theory and 

methodology, Bioscience, 36: 

691-692. 

Layne, J.N. 

1986. (Abstract) Plumages and molts of 

the crested caracara (Polyborus 

plancus). In Program and abstracts, 

Raptor Res. Found. Annu. Meeting, 

Gainesville, FL., p. 27. 

Martin, P.L., and J.N. Layne 

1987. (Abstract) Relationship of gopher 

tortoise size to burrow size Fl. Sci., 

50 (Supplement 1): 36. 

Department of 

Mineral Sciences 

The Department ofMineral 

Sciences hasfour curators and 

support staff to carry out 

research programs in petrology, 

economic geology, mineralogy 

and meteoritics. It manages 

extensive collections in these 

fields and the complex equipment 

needed to carry out the 

research. Its goal is to understand 

processes operating in the 

Earth and in the solar system 

by studying samplesfrom the 

collections. Research this year 

focused on carbon in the Earth's 

mantle; on platinum, onjadeite 

and on olivine; on migration of 

gold in groundwater; on 

meteorites called polymict 

ureilites, on a basaltic asteroid, 

and on ore deposits under 

volcanoes. Significant equipment 

was acquired, including a 

petrographic microscope, new 

computers and an automation 

packagefor the powder X-ray 

diffractometer. The mineral 

and meteorite collections grew 

significantly by means of 

important donations, exchanges 

and purchases. 

Acquisitions and Loans This year, 

1350 minerals and gems were 

acquired, up from last year's total 

of 433. Of these, 1170 were donated, 

25 exchanged, 100 purchased and 

55 recovered from the collections. 

Some of the notable gifts include 

the Conrad Yandola collection of 

more than 1000 specimens; two 

gem-quality emeralds from the 

Swat district of Pakistan; nine 

synthetic berlinite crystals; and a 

small collection from the Brumado 

Mine, Bahia, Brazil. 

Some of the purchases include a 

67.35-carat sphalerite from Picos de 

Europa, Spain; a suite of minerals 

36 from Kuruman and Phalaborwa, 

South Africa; a fine, rare crystal of 

pollucite from Pakistan and a 

crystallized azurite from Arizona. 

Among the 175 minerals and gems 

loaned to various institutions were 

Siberian minerals to The Frick 

Collection for their exhibition on 

Jean-Baptiste Le Prince, a 

naturalist who visited Siberia in 

the 1760s. 

Eighteen meteorites were 

acquired last year as a result of 

donations and exchange These 

included Otinapa, a pallasite from 

Mexico, and a fine specimen of the 

Mundrabilla iron. Twenty-eight 

meteorite specimens were loaned 

to a wide range of institutions, 

including University of California 

at Los Angeles, University of 

Thnnessee, University of Arizona, 

University of Chicago, NASA- 

Johnson Space Center, and 

The Open University at Milton 

Keynes, England. 

New Instrumentation New 

equipment was acquired this year 

that improved the productivity and 

capabilities of the department, 

notably an automation package for 

the powder X-ray diffractometer. 

Previously, one could analyze only 

one mineral specimen at a time, 

measure the X-ray peaks, compare 

the values to those of known substances 

and interpret the results. 

Now, up to 35 specimens can be 

analyzed;automatically, one after 

another, culminating in a computer 

search for comparisons with 

known substances. The automation 

upgrade, which cost about 

$75,000, permits a broader 

research and identification 

program. 

A new Nikon petrographic 

microscope, which can use 

transmitted and reflected light, 

was also acquired. 

Education and Exhibition 

The main educational event was 

the development of the AMNH- 

Columbia doctoral training 

program, allowing graduate 

students to work for the Ph.D. in

the Department of Geological 

Sciences and Lamont-Doherty 

Geological Observatory of Columbia 

University, in collaboration with a 

curator in the Museum's Department 

of Mineral Sciences. Students apply 

to and are accepted by Columbia, 

which will pay their tuition for up 

to five years; the Museum will pay 

for their stipends and fringe 

benefits. Stipend funds can come 

from grants to the supervising 

curator or the Museum doctoral 

training program. The first Ph.D. 

candidate, Cheryl Peach, was 

scheduled to begin work with 

Assistant Curator Edmond A. 

Mathez in September, 1987. 

At the Museum, a course 

entitled "Metals, Mining and Man" 

was taught by Assistant Curator 

Demetrius C. Pohl, and another 

course, "Gems of the Earth," was 

taught by Associate Curator 

George E. Harlow, Dr. Pohl, Senior 

Scientific Assistant Joseph J. 

Peters, and Chairman and Curator 

Martin Prinz. All of the curators 

gave lectures on their research at 

national meetings, at universities, 

at mineral clubs and at mineral 

and gem shows. Scientific 

Assistant Michael K. Weisberg 

lectured on meteorites to gifted 

children. Dr. Harlow was interviewed 

several times on national 

television about so-called "crystal 

power" and its effect on health and 

stress. He maintained that there 

was no scientific basis for the 

effects cited, other than 

psychological. 

Small traveling exhibits of 

minerals and gems were presented 

in 'Mcson, Providence, Detroit and 

West Paterson, N.J. The Brunflo 

fossil meteorite, from Sweden, was 

on temporary display in the 

Arthur Ross Hall of Meteorites. 

The meteorite has been preserved 

for about 460 million years inside a 

limestone which has been metamorphosed 

to marble No other 

meteorite is known to have resided 

on Earth for more than about five 

million years. The exfhibit was 

opened to the public on the 

occasion of the 49th Annual Meeting 

of the Meteoritical Society, held at the 

Museum from Sept. 21-24, 1986, 

and attended by 320 scientists 

from all over the world. 

Geochemistry of Mantle Carbon 

Carbon is thought to constitute the 

major element in vapor and therefore 

plays a vital role in the deep 

Earth because vapor influences 

the bulk physical properties of the 

mantle and the nature of magma 

formed there The amount of 

carbon that can dissolve in the 

minerals of the mantle helps 

determine where vapor exists in 

the Earth. 

In order to determine carbon 

solubilities, Assistant Curator 

Edmond A. Mathez, in collaboration 

with Drs. Jim Blacic and Carl 

Maggiore of Los Alamos National 

Laboratory, developed ways of 

using high-energy beams of deuterium 

ions to analyze carbon in 

small spots in minerals. Their 

study showed that very little 

carbon can dissolve in mantle 

olivine, disproving some theories. 

Their technique can be used to 

study carbon solubilities in synthetic 

ultra-high pressure minerals 

thought to be similar to those 

present in the deep mantle 

Platinum Most of the world's 

supply of platinum and related 

elements comes from large layered 

mafic intrusions in South Africa 

(the Bushveld) and the Soviet 

Union (the Noril'sk). Platinum has 

also been discovered in the Stillwater 

intrusion in Montana, which 

represents a significant additional 

resource and should come into 

production soon. The growing 

demand for platinum in chemical 

processes encourages even more 

exploration and research into such 

unresolved questions as the roles 

and relative importance of hightemperature 

vapor and magmatic 

sulfides in concentrating platinum. 

Several studies by Dr. Mathez 

and coworkers are directed at 

resolving this issue In one, he and 

graduate student Cheryl Peach 

have analyzed the sulfide particles 

in submarine basalts. The equilibria 

between silicate magma and 

sulfide are preserved in these 

rocks, which therefore provide 

good models for the magmas of 

layered intrusions. The sulfide 

particles were found to be highly 

enriched in certain elements to 

which platinum is related. The 

data confirm that sulfides may be 

important in concentrating 

platinum in layered intrusions, but 

in a more complex process than 

previously thought. 

Dr. Mathez and colleagues 

Drs. I.S. McCallum and A.E. 

Boudreau of the University of 

Washington discovered unusually 

chlorine-rich apatite in the 

Stillwater and Bushveld rocks, 

which led them to propose that 

platinum was transported by hightemperature 

chlorine-rich fluids. 

The chemical properties of such 

fluids are now being deduced 

theoretically. 

Gold in Groundwater The 

discovery that gold and silver can 

be dissolved and transported in 

saline groundwater prompted an 

investigation by Dr. Pohl of the 

chemistry of groundwater from 

Sierra Gorda in Chile He found 

that the water had one of the 

highest bromine to chlorine ratios 

ever recorded, and that bromine 

was largely responsible for the 

large amount of gold dissolved in 

the groundwater. Bromine in 

groundwater may indicate gold 

enrichment in mineral deposits in 

arid environments. 

Dr. Pohl also visited the Guanaco 

district in Chile, which has geochemical 

similarities to the Sierra 

Gorda district. He became aware 

of the existence of this locality by 

finding specimens from the area in 

the Museum's collections. The 

Guanaco gold deposits show the 

same mode of gold enrichment 

imposed on a system of epithermal 

vein gold deposits. 

Study of the mineralogy of the 

37

La Compania mine at Sierra 

Gorda has revealed an unusual 

assemblage of lead, copper and 

silver chloride minerals typical of 

deposition from very saline groundwater. 

This assemblage contains a 

new mineral species that is being 

characterized by Drs. Pohl and 

Harlow, and Donald Whittemore of 

the Kansas Geological Survey. The 

small, brilliantly glassy crystals 

found growing in the ore are a new 

compound of lead, chlorine and 

iodine. Only two other similar 

compounds are known to 

occur naturally. 

Jadeitites Dr. Harlow continues 

his research on the jadeite-rich 

rocks from Guatemala that he 

collected in 1984, making progress 

in two areas: the breakdown 

reactions recorded in the jadeitites 

and the archeological implications. 

The jadeitites occur in the host 

serpentine rock as pods rimmed 

with albite rock (albite is a sodium 

feldspar that is compositionally 

jadeite and quartz). Studies show a 

complex set of reactions that break 

down the jadeite rock into feldspar 

rock (plus unusual minerals), 

indicating a dramatic change in 

the geochemical conditions around 

jadeitite near the Earth's surface. 

A proposed model of the reactions 

appears to solve some of the problems 

posed in the literature on 

jadeitite genesis (at least for 

Guatemalan occurrences). 

Dr. Harlow addressed an archeological 

problem: The Maya and 

Olmec were the first humans to 

work jadeite into artistic objects, 

but the source of the full range of 

Mesoamerican lapidary materials 

has been a nagging problem. 

Dr. Harlow has found that the 

assemblage of jadeite, albite and 

other assorted green rocks from 

the Motagua Valley in Guatemala 

appears to account for a larger 

proportion of the "jades" of Mesoamerica 

than previously thought. 

His studies show that emeraldgreen 

jade, composing many of the 

38 finest artifacts, can be found along 

with other Guatemalan jadeitites. 

He finds that the Motagua Valley 

was probably the primary, if not 

the only, source of true jadeite jades 

and many of the albitite jades. 

Olivine Olivine is a major mineral 

in the Earth's upper mantle and in 

basaltic rocks, and is nominally waterfree. 

Dr. Harlow collaborated with 

George Rossman and one of his 

students at the California Institute 

of lbchnology on the measurement of 

H20-OH in olivine. They discovered 

a wide range of abundances and 

modes of minor hydration in 

olivines. This work and its implications 

were presented in a recent 

paper. Further study of these same 

samples is underway in order to 

determine how the water is 

incorporated into the olivine, 

with respect to the geologic 

source of the olivine 

Polymict Ureilites In last year's 

report, note was made of studies 

by Dr. Prinz, Research Associate 

C.E. Nehru, Research Fellow Jeremy 

S. Delaney, and Mr. Weisberg on 

an unusual group of meteorites 

called ureilites. They contain mainly 

olivine, pigeonite, and carbon (including 

shock-produced diamonds) and 

form under unusual conditions 

that are not fully understood. They 

appear to have undergone melting, 

just as rocks from the Earth have, but 

only one rock type predominates. 

This year a new group of ureilites 

was recognized by Dr. Prinz and 

his research group. They are called 

polymict because they contain bits 

and pieces of a wide variety of rock 

types, some of which are similar 

to the ureilites already known. 

The polymict ureilite group 

consists of only three members, 

two discovered just recently. The 

small pieces of differing rock types 

are being characterized, and have 

so far revealed that the planet 

from which the ureilites are 

derived is quite different from 

what had been previously thought. 

Some of the fragments, as well as 

new data on oxygen isotopes, 

indicate that this planet is rather 

primitive in its origins, in spite of 

the rock types having experienced 

high-temperature melting. The 

polymict ureilites show that the 

included rock types are closely 

related to primitive carbonaceous 

chondrites, even though they 

appear to be non-chondritic. Years 

of future studies, by Dr. Prinz and 

his group, as well as other scientists, 

will be needed to sort out the significance 

of these non-primitiveappearing 

primitive materials. 

A Basaltic Asteroid Research 

Fellow Jeremy S. Delaney worked 

on the development of a comprehensive 

model that relates all the 

meteoritic basaltic achondrites to 

one another. Using several different 

approaches, he tried to find the 

least number of conditions that 

account for all the meteorites. He 

produced a model significantly 

more complex than earlier 

attempts, and suggests that the 

basaltic achondrites are from a 

fairly large asteroidal body with a 

diameter greater than roughly 500 

kilometers (300 miles). Only nearsurface 

samples are represented 

among the meteorites. 

The asteroid has followed an 

evolutionary path similar to that of 

the Earth and Moon, and these 

similarities indicate that the processes 

that shape the surface of the 

Earth are common to all rocky 

planets and are not a special case 

resulting from its large size and 

high energy content. 

Research on the continuing 

supply of new Antarctic meteorites 

was carried out with the help of 

graduate student Stephen Okulewicz. 

Volunteer William Zeek photographed 

dozens of rock fragments 

from these meteorites and is creating 

a computer-based catalog of 

the hundreds of fragments that 

represent the basaltic planetoid. 

Dr. Delaney also studied the 

partitioning of minor and trace 

elements between minerals in 

meteorites. This type of study 

is fundamental to elucidating the

Demetrius C. Pohl, Assistant Curator 

in the Department ofMineral Sciences, 

loads a sample into the department's 

X-ray diffractometer. He uses it to help 

him understand the conditions in 

which gold and silver deposits form. 

The newly computerized research tool 

is widely used in the department to 

help in identification and analysis of 

coexisting minerals.

physical conditions under which 

the meteorite assemblages formed, 

and involved three main groups of 

meteorites: irons, basaltic achondrites 

and ureilites. Sensitive 

instruments such as the ion microprobe 

and the synchrotron X-ray 

fluorescence microprobe have 

helped obtain significant results. 

Ion microprobe studies of 

basaltic achondrite feldspars, with 

Dr. R.L. Hervig at the Arizona State 

University, revealed that the partitioning 

of alkali elements constrain 

the magmatic and shock histories 

of basaltic achondrites. Work on iron 

meteorites proceeded in collaboration 

with Stephen Sutton of 

Brookhaven National Laboratory 

and Research Associate J.V. Smith of 

the University of Chicago. The 

research provided important new 

constraints on the partitioning of 

trace elements in iron meteorites. 

Trace element data, in turn, constrain 

the cosmological history 

of meteorites, so that the new 

insights will have far reaching 

influences on our understanding 

of past events. 

Ore Deposits Under Volcanoes 

Kalbfleisch Research Fellow 

Christopher J. Fridrich is studying 

the environment in which a large 

disseminated copper deposit 

formed in the Sierrita Mountains 

of southeastern Arizona. Recent 

fieldwork on this project revealed 

that the present-day horizontal 

bedrock surface of the Sierrita 

Mountains is a natural crosssection 

through the upper crust of 

the Earth as it was when copper 

mineralization occurred. The slablike 

fault block under study was 

once vertical but, under the forces 

of plate tectonics, the slab and its 

neighbors tflted over, much as a 

row of dominoes falls. In this crosssection, 

the ore deposit is located 

under a large, extinct caldera 

volcano, at the top of a massive 

body of granite that crystallized 

from the magma reservoir that fed 

the volcano from below. Ongoing 

40 analytical work is aimed at understanding 

the chemical and physical 

evolution of the magma reservoir 

and the associated ore-forming 

hydrothermal system from the 

earliest volcanic stage to the final 

mineralization stage 


Delaney, J.S., and M. Prinz 

1987. ALH 82106/130 and the fractionation 

of augite-bearing ureilites. 

Lunar Planet. Sci., 18: 802-803. 

Dowty, E. 

1987. Fully automated microcomputer 

calculation of vibrational spectra. 

Phys. Chem. Minerals, 14:67-79. 

1987. Vibrational interactions of tetrahedra 

in silicate glasses and crystals: I. 

Calculations on ideal silicate-aluminategermanate 

structural units. Phys. 

Chem. Minerals, 14:80-93. 

1987. Vibrational interactions of tetrahedra 

in silicate glasses and 

crystals: II. Calculations on melilites, 

pyroxenes, silica polymorphs 

and feldspars. Phys. Chem. 

Minerals, 14: 122-138. 

Fridrich, C.J., and GA. Mahood 

1987. Compositional layers in the zoned 

magma chamber of the Grizzly Peak 

Tuff. Geology, 15: 299-303. 

Harlow, G.E., and E.P Olds 

1987. Observations on terrestrial ureyite 

and ureyitic pyroxene. Am. Mineral., 

72: 126-136. 

Lindsley, R.L., and J.J. Peters 

1987. Garnets from Delaware County, 

Pennsylvania. Rocks and Minerals, 

62: 175-178. 

Liou, J.G., D.C. Pohl, JM. Potter, and R. 

Guillemette 

1986. Dickson-type hydrothermal 

apparatus for water-rock interaction 

experiment. Memoirs for 

Prof. Sang Man Lee's Sixtieth 

Birthday, pp. 17-33. 

Mathez, E.A., J.D. Blacic, J. Beery, C. 

Maggiore, and M. Hollander 

1987. Carbon in olivine: Results from 

nuclear reaction analysis. J. 

Geophys. Res., 92:3500-3506. 

Miller, GJ., GR. Rossman, and 

G.E. Harlow 

1987. The natural occurrence of hydroxide 

in olivine. Phys. Chem. Miner., 14: 

461-472. 

Okulewicz, S., and J.S. Delaney 

1987. Petrography of EET 83212, 7 and 

EET 83229,7: A comparison of 2 

new howardites. Lunar Planet. Sci., 

18: 748-749. 

O'Neill, C., Y Ikeda, and J.S. Delaney 

1987. The compositional zoning of feldspathic 

phases in Allan Hills 77005, 

2. Lunar Planet. Sci., 18: 750-751. 

Parks, GA., and D.C. Pohl 

1986. Hydrothermal solubility of uraninite. 

Dep. Energy/Earth Res. Fin. 

Rech. Rep., 12016-1, 42 pp. 

Pohl, D.C. 

1986. Supergene gold migration and 

enrichment, Sierra Gorda, Chile. 

Proceedings, Geocongress '86: 

575-578, Johannesburg, S.A. 

Pohl, D.C., F Llerena, and V Quirita 

1987. Mineral zoning related to fossil 

geothermal systems, Castrovirreyna 

Ag-Pb-Zn District, central 

Peru. In R.D. Hagni (ed.), Process 

Mineralogy VI: 239-252. The 

Metallurgical Society. 

Potter, JM., D.C. Pohl, and J.D. Rinstidt 

1987. Fluid flow systems for kinetic and 

solubility studies. In G.C. Ulmer and 

H.L. Barnes (eds.), Hydrothermal 

experimental techniques, pp. 240-260. 

New York: John Wiley and Sons. 

Prinz, M., M.K. Weisberg, C.E. Nehru, and 

J.S. Delaney 

1987. Bencubbin, Kakangari, Thcson and 

Renazzo: A speculative connection 

between some of their major components. 

Lunar Planet. Sci., 18: 

800-801. 

1987. EET 83309, a polymict ureilite: 

Recognition of a new group. Lunar 

Planet. Sci., 18:802-803. 

Sutton, S.R., J.S. Delaney, J.V. Smith, and 

M. Prinz 

1987. Trace element contents of eucritic 

plagioclase determined by synchrotron 

X-ray fluorescence. Lunar 

Planet. Sci., 18:980-982. 

Weisberg, M.K. 

1987. Barred olivine chondrules in 

ordinary chondrites. Proceedings 

Seventeenth Lunar and Planetary 

Science Conference, Part 2. J. 

Geophys. Res., 92 (B4): E663-E678. 


Publications: 

Delaney, J.S., M. Prinz, S. Sutton, and J.V. 

Smith 

1986. Chalcophile and siderophile 

behavior of Cu and its effect on the 

composition of iron meteorites. 

Meteoritics, 21: 351-352. 

Delaney, J.S. 

1986 A provincial model for the crust of a 

basaltic achondrite planetoid. 

Meteoritics, 21: 352-353.

Harlow, G.E. 

1986. (Abstracts) Metasomatic/retrograde 

reactions in Guatemalan jadeitite. 

Geological Society of America, 

18: 629. 

1986. Jadeitites and their fluid inclusions 

from Rio Motagua, Guatemala. International 

Mineralogical Association, 

14th General Meeting, Stanford 

University, p. 119. 

Hervig, R., J.S. Delaney, and C. O'Neill 

1986. Evidence for partial remelting of 

Stannern and comparison with a 

silica-bearing clast in Juvinas. 


Mathez, E.A., J.D. Blacic, J. Beery, C. 

Maggiore, andM. Hollander 

1986. Carbon in olivine by nuclear reaction 

analysis. Fourth International 

Kimberlite Conference (Perth), 

Geol. Sot Australia, 16:410. 

Mathez, E.A., V.J. Dietrich, 

J.R. Holloway, and EA. Boudreau 

1987 Chemical evolution of vapor during 

chrystallization of the stillwater 

complex. Geo-Platinum 87 

Symposium, The Open University, 

Milton Keynes, U.K. 

Mathez, E.A., F Pineau, and M. Javoy 

1987. The nature of carbonaceous matter 

in mantle xenoliths and its bearing on 

the isotopes. Terra Cognita, 7: 401. 

Parks, GA. and D.C. Pohl 

1986. Hydrothermal solubility of uraninite, 

U02. 69th Canadian Chemical 

Conference, Saskatoon, 

Saskatchewan, Paper na IN-A3-3, p. 

65. 

Peach, C.L., and E.A. Mathez 

1987. Gold and iridium in sulphides from 

submarine basalt glasses. Geo- 

Platinum 87 Symposium, The Open 

University, Milton Keynes, U.K. 

Pohl, D.C. 

1986. Supergene transport of gold in 

bromide groundwater. Geological 

Society of America, Program with 

abstracts, 18: 720. 

Prinz, M., M.K. Weisberg, C.E. Nehru, and 

J.S. Delaney 

1986. Layered chondrules in carbonaceous 

chondrites. Meteoritics, 21: 

485-486. 

Takeda, H., H. Tbyoda, J.S. Delaney, and 

M. Prinz 

1986. A Yamato polymict eucrite with 

some affinities to howardites. 


Weisberg, M.K. 

1986. Barred olivine chondrules in 

carbonaceous chondrites. 


Department of 

Ornithology 

The Department ofOrnithology's 

staff combines research on birds 

with a diverse program of 

public education, preservation 

efforts and cooperative ventures 

with ornithologists throughout 

the world. The curators and 

scientific assistants maintain a 

study skin collection ofabout 

one million specimens, the 

largest byfar in the western 

hemisphere. Ornithologists 

from around the world visited 

the department to consult the 

collection during July and 

August, after the 19th International 

Ornithological Congress 

in Ottawa. Investigations into 

the systematics, behavior, biogeography 

and ecology ofthis 

popular group ofanimals took 

department stafftofour continnts. 

Honeyguides Chairman and 

Curator Lester L. Short spent July 

to October and parts of December 

and January conducting research 

on honeyguides and other woodpeckerlike 

birds with Jennifer F.M. 

Horne, research associate of the 

National Museums of Kenya, on the 

Gallmann Memorial Foundation's 

01 Ari Nyiro Ranch in central 

Kenya. They color-marked 147 

honeyguides of four species and 

studied the birds' behavior and 

ecology. They have been invited to 

present their results at the 

German Ornithologists' Union 

Centennial Meeting in 1988. 

Cuban Ties The remarkable finding 

of the near-extinct Ivory-billed 

Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) 

in Cuba by Dr. Short, 

Ms. Horne and other Cuban and 

American ornithologists in 1986 

led to a return trip to Cuba in 

April, mainly for ministerial-level 

discussions of how best to preserve 

the woodpecker and enhance conservation 

in that country. The ornithologists 

attended meetings with 

Cuban biologists and officials at 

which policies for conservation 

were put forth and equipment 

and other needs were ascertained. 

There appears to be optimism 

for preservation of the woodpecker, 

one of the rarest birds in the world. 

Dr. Short and Ms. Horne were 

awarded medals for their conservation 

efforts by the Governor of 

Havana, and Dr. Short was named 

Special Consultant to the Cuban 

government on the Ivory-billed 

Woodpecker. 

Tyrant Flycatchers Wesley E. 

Lanyon, Lamont Curator of Birds, 

continued his investigation of 

higher-level relationships among 

the tyrant flycatchers (Tyrannidae), 

the largest family of birds in the 

New World. Approximately 85 percent 

of the 112 genera in the family 

have been placed in monophyletic. 

assemblages, groups consisting of 

species derived from a single ancestor. 

The foundation for this 

research is a unique comparative 

series of skeletons and of cleared 

and stained syringes (sound-producing 

organs). Dr. Lanyon has identified 

in the cranium and in the 

syrinx of flycatchers shared derived 

characters that are less variable 

evolutionarily than commonly used 

external characters, and that can 

be used to determine the limits of 

genera and to reconstruct 

phylogenies. 

Collaboration between 

Dr. Lanyon and colleagues at the 

Field Museum of Natural History 

led to a paper on the phylogeny of 

the tody-tyrants, the smallest of 

the New World flycatchers, and to 

a biochemical analysis of the relationships 

among the flycatchers 

independent of the relationships 

determined by morphology. 

Dr. Lanyon also worked with 

Richard Prum, a graduate student 

at the University of Michigan, on 

reconstructing a phylogeny of the 

manakins (Pipridae) using syringeal 

characters. Manakins had 

41

een considered just close relatives 

of tyrant flycatchers, but six 

genera of manakins probably 

should be reclassified as tyrant 

flycatchers because they share the 

uniquely derived syringeal character 

that defines them. 

Dr. Lanyon carried out a second 

season of fieldwork in the 

Adirondack Mountains on the 

evolutionary relationships and interactions 

of two species of chickadees, 

the Boreal Chickadee (Parus 

hudsonicus) and the Black-capped 

Chickadee (P atricapillus). The 

research will examine the extent to 

which the two species interact during 

the breeding season and the 

behavioral and ecological factors 

that influence that interaction. 

Quasi-Island Biogeography 

Curator Franqois Vuilleumier did 

fieldwork in southern Chile in 

February and March sponsored by 

the Leonard C. Sanford Fund. He 

studied patterns of speciation in 

five genera of birds distributed 

from the Andes to Patagonia 

(Attagis, Polyborus, Cinclodes, 

Geositta, and Phrygilus). As on 

islands, there appear to be cases of 

isolation and double invasion, 

possibly because of the repeated 

ebb and flow of glaciers. The result 

is complex patterns of replacement 

of related species, and hybridization 

between Phrygilus patagonicus 

and P gayi. Dr. Vuilleumier 

and his colleagues obtained peat 

cores for the sequences of fossil 

pollen and fossil beetles that may 

allow reconstruction of biogeographic 

events of the last 

12,000 years. 

Geographic Variation in Juncos 

George F. Barrowelough, Associate 

Curator, conducted fieldwork 

in the summer of 1986 at the Southwestern 

Research Station, collecting 

series of specimens of Junco 

phaeonotus, Junco hyemalis 

caniceps and J. h. dorsalis. The 

skin, skeleton and tissue samples 

are being used in investigations of 

J. phaeonotws and the transition 

between the two subspecies of 

J. hyemalis. 

Dr. Barrowelough began a 

study of the systematics of the 

Darwin's Finches (Geospizinae) of 

the Galapagos Islands with Robert 

M. Zink of the Louisiana State 

University Museum of Zoology. 

This varied research program 

makes extensive use of the 

department's skeletal collection, 

which Dr. Barrowelough oversees, 

and which is growing at 5 to 10 

percent per year. 

Birds of Prey Lamont Curator 

Emeritus Dean Amadon completed 

a reference list of the world's 

species of hawks, falcons and owls 

with Field Associate John Bull and 

Joe T. Marshall of the U.S. Fish 

and Wildlife Service. 

Senior Scientific Assistant Mary 

LeCroy studied display behavior of 

birds of paradise in the hills of the 

Huon Peninsula in Papua New 

Guinea. Research Associate Walter 

J. Bock assumed duties as the first 

Permanent Secretary of the International 

Ornithological Congress. 

Associate Parker Cane studied 

Liberian birds in the Museum's 

collection, documenting a significant 

range extension for an 

African sunbird. 

Research Associate Cheryl F. 

Harding completed research demonstrating 

that singing behavior in 

male Red-winged Blackbirds can 

only be activated by the combined 

action of male and female hormones. 

In fact, most of the calls in 

this species seems to be under 

similar hormonal control, highlighting 

the importance of female 

hormones in activating normal 

patterns of male behavior. 

Ornithologist in China Field 

Associate Ben F. King continued 

his Asian bird studies in the field 

and in the Museum. Following up 

last year's fieldwork in Sichuan, 

China, he provided conclusive evidence 

that the warbler Bradyp- 

terus thoracicus actually represents 

two distinct species, based upon 

vocal, plumage and ecological differences 

between two populations. 

He made field trips to Malaysia in 

July and August, and to Thailand 

and Burma in November, observing 

many little-known species, and 

tape-recording their voices. In 

December he was invited to visit 

an area of Jiangxi Province in 

southern China, where he studied 

the endangered Elliot's Pheasant 

(Syrmaticus ellioti). The first non- 

Chinese ornithologist to observe 

this species in the wild since prior 

to World War II, Mr. King proposed 

means to insure the bird's 

preservation. 

Research Associate Robert F. 

Rockwell studied the Lesser Snow 

Goose (Chen caerulescens caerulescens) 

near Churchill, Manitoba, 

in the summer of 1986 and late 

spring 1987, in collaboration with 

Fred Cooke of Queen's University, 

Canada. Their goal is to construct 

a life table for the species, which 

summarizes a wealth of information, 

including fecundity, growth 

rate and survivorship. Goose 

embryos that have failed to hatch 

are being examined for abnormalities, 

which could signal potentially 

toxic accumulation of substances 

by the adults on their migration. 

Awards The Frank M. Chapman 

Memorial Fund Committee awarded 

71 grants to researchers, mainly 

graduate students, around the 

world. Chapman Fellowships were 

also awarded, to Jonathan Becker 

of the Smithsonian Institution for 

studies of small arboreal birds of 

the Neogene of North America, 

and to Angelo Capparella of 

Louisiana State University for 

studying phylogeny and diversification 

of the woodcreepers (Dendrocolaptidae) 

using allozyme 

biochemistry. 

Significant acquisitions during 

the year included 384 specimens 

obtained by Dr. Barrowclough, 234 

from Robert W. Dickerman, and 59 

from Michael Carter. The New 

42 microgeographic variation in Me3dco Department of Game and

118th Annual Report 1986/87 


Financial Statements 

..M

Revenue 1986-87 42,743,258 

26% Natural History 

Magazine & Membership 

19% City of New York 

(Appropriated Funds 14%.) 

(Value of Energy 

Services & Contributions 

to Pension Costs 5%.) 

15% Endowment & Related 

Funds 

13% Auxiliary Activities 

1 9% Grants & Other 

Restricted Funds 

7% other Revenue 

6% Visitor Contributions 

4% Corporate & individual 

Contributions 

32% Scientific Research, 

Education & Exhibition 

26% Natural History 

Magazine & Membership 

21% Plant Operation & 

Maintenance 

12% Administrative & 

Generali 

9% Auxiliary Activities 

Expenses 1986-87 39,919,369

Treasurer's Report 

The reports on the following 

pages summarize the fmancial 

condition of the American Museum 

of Natural History. They consist of 

the Balance Sheet, Statement of 

Revenue and Expenses of Current 

Funds, and Statement of Changes 

in Fund Balances which have been 

audited by Coopers & Lybrand. 

The related notes appear on pages 

A-8 and A-9. 

In reviewing the Balance Sheet 

it should be noted that investments 

in marketable securities are 

recorded at cost and amount to 

$169,594,008 recorded on a trade 

date basis; they include General 

Fund of $9,719,622, Special Funds 

of $16,981,095 and Endowment 

Funds of $142,893,291. 

General Fund investments of 

$9,719,622 consist mainly of cash 

received from Museum members 

for benefits to be provided in 

future years and are generally 

offset by the liability for unearned 

membership which amounts to 

$7,507,354. Special Funds investments 

of $16,981,095 consist primarily 

of funds received for the 

completion of special programs 

and projects funded by government 

agencies, private foundations 

and individuals, as well as Museum 

funds set aside for specific programs 

to be completed in future 

years. Endowment Funds investments 

of $142,893,291 represent 

funds allocated for endowment 

purposes by donors or the Board 

of Trustees since the organization 

of the Museum in 1869. 

The revenue and expenses of the 

General Fund and Special Funds 

appear on page A-6 in the Statement 

of Revenue and Expenses of 

Current Funds. Ibtal revenues for 

the funds amounted to $42,743,258. 

'Ibtal expenses amounted to 

$39,919,369. -Revenues exceeded 

expenses by $2,823,889 before support 

grants of $660,000. It should 

be noted in reviewing this statement 

that, while the combined 

operations of both funds showed 

a total excess of revenue over 

expenses of $3,483,889, the General 

Fund, which provides the 

ongoing support for scientific, program 

and administrative activities, 

had an excess of expenses 

over revenue after support grants 

of $296,882. It should also be noted 

that Special Funds, which are 

restricted in use for special programs 

and projects and which may 

continue for several years, had an 

excess of revenue over expenses 

of $3,780,771. 

General Fund revenue in fiscal 

1986-1987 amounted to $31,966,966, 

an increase of $1,351,985 over 

the prior year. The major areas 

accounting for this increase were 

distributions from Endowment 

Funds, revenue from Natural History 

magazine and membership, 

and auxliary activities. The 

increase of $466,000 in distribution 

from Endowment Funds resulted 

from an increase in the market 

value of Endowment Funds and 

additions to Endowment Funds 

from bequests and grants. The 

increase in Natural History magazine 

and membership revenue 

resulted from the increase in membership 

dues which was put into 

effect on July 1, 1986. Revenue 

from auxiliary activities was 

increased by $917,293, as detailed 

in Note 9. 

The General Fund expenses for 

the year amounted to $32,923,848, 

compared to $31,504,163 in the 

prior year, an increase of 

$1,419,685. The increase in the 

General Fund expenses for scientific 

and educational activities, 

administrative and general, plant 

operation and maintenance, and 

Natural History magazine and 

membership, includes cost-of-living 

and merit adjustments to the salaries 

of employees, increased costs 

for services and supplies purchased 

from outside vendors, as 

well as expenditures to increase 

conservation and fund raising programs, 

and to carry out physical 

improvements to the Museum 

facilities. 

The administration is grateful to 

the Museum's contributors for the 

support it received during the 

past year. This support in conjunction 

with government and private 

grants has enabled the Museum to 

carry out and expand services to 

the general public and the scientific 

community. 

/l/. 

Charles H. Mott 

Treasurer 

A-3

Report of 

Independent Certified 

Public Accountants 

'Ib the Board of Trustees of the 

American Museum of Natural History: 

We have examined the balance sheets 

of the AMERICAN MUSEUM of 

NATURAL HISTORY as of June 30, 

1987 and 1986, and the related statements 

of revenue and.expenses of 

current funds and changes in fund 

balances for the years then ended. 

Our examinations were made in 

accordance with generally accepted 

auditing standards and, accordingly, 

included such tests of the accounting 

records and such other auditing 

procedures as we considered 

necessary in the circumstances. 

In our opinion, the financial 

statements referred to above present 

fairly the financial position of the 


as of June 30, 1987 and 1986, and the 

results of its operations and changes 

in its fund balances for the years 

then ended, in conformity with generally 

accepted accounting principles 

applied on a consistent basis. 


Balance Sheets, June 30, 1987 and 1986 

Assets: 

Cash 

Receivable for securities sold 

Accrued interest and dividends receivable 

Accounts receivable, less allowance for doubtful accounts 

of $312,000 in 1987 and $310,000 in 1986 

Investments (Note 2) 

Planetarium Authority bonds (Note 3) 

Inventories (Note 4) 

Prepaid expenses and other assets 

Liabilities and Funds: 

Accounts payable and accrued expenses 

Accrued employee benefit costs 

Payable for securities purchased 

Unearned membership income 

Funds: 

General Fund deficit 

Special Funds (Notes 5 and 6) 

Endowment Funds (Notes 7 and 8) 

New York, New York 

October 8, 1987. 

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these 

financial statements. 

A4

,, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~124 

1987 197181986 

Current Funds 

Current Funds 

General Special Endowment 

General Special Endowment 

Fund Funds Funds 

Total Fund Funds Funds 

$ 

$ 449,267 

1,137 

1,141,826 

Is; $ ~28,525 

978,478 

520 

306,868 

1,796,398 X ~~~225 246 

9,> t --;; 16,981,095 

169,594,008 Xj6t ' 13 2829837 

425,000 

425,000 

'425,000 

1,085,475 

861,246 

T ~~~3,000 

"&-t EM 

06 86 

a'' A >a .s$17,892,170 

1a Q o 

$176,331,698 

B' ,'.=' W 4509144 

150,144 

A* 1798929170 

$ 4,483,765 

2,217,235 

13,223,902 

7,507,354 

(296,882) 

17,442,026 

131,754,298 

$176,331,698 

$14,061,740 

Total 

$ 184,658 

2,489,364 

1,192,922 

2,008,781 

130,740,398 

425,000 

1,085,578 

775,195 

$138,901,896 

$ 2,583,985 

2,326,848 

2,713,063 

7,215,094 

(229,182) 

13,661,255 

110,630,833 

$138,901,896 

A-5

Statements of 

Revenue and Expenses of Current Funds 

for the years ended June 30, 1987 and 1986 

Revenue: 

1987 

The City of New York: 

Appropriated funds 

$ 6,188,506 

Value of energy services 

and contributions to 

pension costs 

(Notes 10 and 11) 

Gifts, bequests and grants 

Distribution from 

Endowment Funds 

(Note 8) 

Interest and dividends 

Visitors' contributions 

Natural History Magazine 

and membership 

Other revenue 

Auxiliary activities (Note 9) 

Tbtal revenue 

7 7 

Expenses: 

- - - 

_.Ah 

Scientific and educational 

activities 

Exhibition halls and exhibits 

Other special purpose 

programs and projects 

Administrative and general 

Plant operating and 

maintenance (Note 10) 

Natural History Magazine 

and membership 

Auxiliary 

v 

activities (Note 9) 

Total expenses 

I 

I 

Excess of revenue 

over expenses 

(expenses over 

revenue) before 

support grants 

Support grants (Note 13) 

Excess of revenue 

over expenses 

(expenses over 

revenue) ($ 296,882 

Special F 


$ 4,209,629 

1,370,142 

515,509 

2,641,531 

2,039,481 

10,776,292 

1,748,553 

4,622,673 

624,295 

6,995,521 

3,780,771 

$ 3,780,771 


$ 6,188,506 

1,982,663 

6,123,308 

4,882,142 

1,472,155 

2,641,531 

11,009,704 

2,778,920 

5,664,329 

42,743,258 

6,540,224 

1,748,553 

4,622,673 

4,958,843 

8,200,282 

10,257,161 

3,591,633 

39,919,369 

2,823,889 

660,000 

$ 3,483,889 



A-6

Statements of 

Changes in Fund Balances 


Balances, 

beginning of year 

Additions: 


Interest and dividend income 

(Note 8) 

Net gain on sale of 

investments 

Excess of revenue over 

expenses 

General Fund 


($229,182) > 

Total additions 

Deductions: 

Excess of expenses over 

revenue 296,882 

General and administrative 

expenses 

Contributions to prior 

service cost (Note 11) 

Total deductions 296,882 

Transfers between funds: 

Financing of: 

1986 and 1985 General Fund 

deficits 229,182 

Special Funds activities 

Total transfers 229,182 

Balances, end of year ($296,882) 

Current Funds 

Special Funds 


i 

$13,661,255 

3,780,771 

z 

3,780,771 

$17,442,026 

Endowment Funds 


$110,630,833 

1,974,603 

1,673,444 

18,511,090 

22,159,137 

562,632 

243,858 

806,490 

(229,182) 

(229,182) 

$131,754,298 



m

A-8 

Notes to Financial Statements 

1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies: The American Museum of Natural History ("Museum") maintains 

its accounts principally on the accrual basis. The Museum is a not-for-profit organization exempt from federal income 

tax under Section 501(cX3) of the Internal Revenue Code. 

The land and buildings utilized by the Museum are owned by the City of New York ("City") and are not reflected in 

the balance sheets. Fixed assets, exhibits, collections and library additions are expensed at time of purchase. 

Tb insure observance of limitations and restrictions placed on the use of the resources available to the Museum, the 

accounts of the Museum are maintained in accordance with the principles of fund accounting. This is the procedure by 

which resources for various purposes are classified for accounting and financial reporting purposes into funds that are 

in accordance with specified activities and objectives. Separate accounts are maintained for each fund; however, in the 

accompanying financial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into fund groups. 

Within current funds, fund balances restricted by outside sources or by the Board of Trustees ("Trustees") are so 

indicated as Special Funds and are segregated from the General Fund. These Special Funds may be utilized only in 

accordance with the purposes established for them as contrasted with the General Fund over which the Trustees 

retain full control to use for the general operation of the Museum. 

Endowment Funds include funds subject to restrictions established by the donor requiring that the original principal 

be invested in perpetuity, and funds established by donors or Trustees (funds functioning as endowments) where the 

principal may be expended with the approval of the donor or the Trustees. 

Interest and dividend income derived from investments of Endowment Funds is distributed to the current funds on a 

unit basis which reflects the ratio of the related funds invested in the pooled portfolio to total market value (see Note 8). 

Investments are stated at cost or, if acquired by gift, at fair value at date of acquisition. Nonmarketable securities 

are valued by the Finance Committee of the Museum and approved by the Trustees. Securities transactions are 

recorded on a trade date basis. Realized gains and losses on disposition of investments are calculated on the basis of 

average cost. 

Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out method) or market. 

Membership income is recognized ratably over the membership term. 

2. Investments: 

Cost and market values of 1987 1986 

investments at June 30 are as follows: Cost Market 

.-l 

General Fund $ 9,719,622 $ 10,621,618 

Special Funds 16,981,095 18,558,651 

Endowment Funds 142,893,291 162,402,360 

Investments on trade date basis 169,594,008 191,582,629 

Receivable for securities sold 1,141,826 1,141,826 

Payable for securities purchased (13,223,902) (13,223,902) 

Investments on settlement date basis $157,511,932 $179,500,553 

The Museum's investments consist of the following: 

Short-term obligations $ 50,197,900 $ 50,197,900 

Fixed income securities 58,351,222 60,409,463 

Common and preferred stocks 59,044,886 78,919,081 

Other investments 2,000,000 2,056,185 

$169,594,008 $191,582,629 

The Museum participates in a securities lending program with United States Trust Company of New York ("Custodian"), 

whereby certain investments are temporarily loaned to brokerage firms. The Museum receives in return cash 

or securities as collateral in an amount which approximates the value of securities loaned. Cash received is invested in 

short-term investments. The income derived from these investments is included in other revenue of the General Fund. 

The Museum retains all rights of ownership to the securities loaned and, accordingly, receives all related interest and 

dividend income. Periodically, the collateral received is adjusted to maintain approximately a 100 percent market value 

relationship to securities loaned. At June 30, 1987 and 1986, the market value of securities loaned amounted to approximately 

$9,312,000 and $14,091,000, respectively, and the market value of the related collateral amounted to approximately 

$9,315,000 and $14,766,000, respectively. Under the terms of the lending agreement, the Custodian has agreed 

to indemnify the Museum against any loss resulting from the borrower's failure to return securities or a deficiency in 

collateral. 

Net capital gains are included in other revenue. 

3. Planetarium Authority Bonds: The Museum and the American Museum of Natural History Planetarium Authority 

("Planetarium") are separate legal entities which share the same Board of Trustees and Officers. The Museum 

has an investment in bonds ($570,000 principal amount) of the Planetarium, which are past due. For the years ended 

June 30, 1987 and 1986, interest income on these bonds (at 41/2%) of $25,650 was paid and is included in the General 

Fund revenue.

4. Inventories: 

Natural History Magazine paper 

Museum Shops merchandise 

11 


$ 595,164 

490,311 

$1,085,475 

5. Special Funds: Included in Special Funds balances is approximately 

$6,856,000 and $5,480,000 at June 30, 1987 and 1986, respectively, restricted 

by the donor as to use. 

6. Overdrafts: Special Funds balances at June 30, 1987 and 1986 are net of 

overdrafts of approximately $2,503,000 and $1,821,000, respectively. These 

overdrafts represent expenditures in anticipation of transfers from Endowment 

Funds, other Special Funds, or receipt of gifts and grants from government 

or private donors. 

7. Endowment Funds: 

Endowment Funds consist of: June 30, 1987 June 30, 1981 

Endowment Funds, income available for: 

Restricted purposes $ 56,571,816 

Unrestricted purposes 18,093,000 

Funds functioning as endowment, 

principal and income available for: 

Restricted purposes 27,073,384 

Unrestricted purposes 30,016,098 

$131,754,298 

8. Distribution from Endowment Funds: Total interest and dividend income 

for the Endowment Funds for fiscal 1987 and 1986 was $6,555,586 and 

$7,344,544, respectively. In accordance with the policy adopted by the Board 

of Trustees, distributions to the General Fund and Special Funds were fixed 

at 5 percent of the average of the market value of the Endowment Funds for 

the three preceding years. The distributions were: 

1987 1986 

General Fund $3,512,000 

Special Funds 1,370,142 

$4,882,142 

The excess income was retained in the Endowment Funds. Of this amount, 

$243,858 and $212,470 in fiscal 1987 and 1986, respectively, were allocated for 

pension support to the Cultural Institutions Retirement System ("CIRS"), 

based on the 5 percent formula. 

9. Auxiliary Activities: Revenue and expenses for auxiliary activities in fiscal 

1987 and 1986 are: 1987 1986 

Revenue Expenses 

Museum Shops $2,668,054 $2,028,617 

Discovery Tours 1,125,066 713,975 

Naturemax 665,704 415,842 

Other 1,205,505 433,199 

$5,664,329 $3,591,633 

10. Plant Operating and Maintenance Expenses: Plant operating and maintenance 

expenses in fiscal 1987 and 1986 include the value of energy services 

supplied by the City of New York of $1,544,677 and $1,480,193, respectively. 

11. Pension Plan: The Museum participates 

in the Cultural Institutions 

Retirement System ("CIRS Plan"). It 

is a multiemployer plan, and its actuarial 

present value of vested and 

nonvested accumulated plan benefits 

and net assets available for plan benefits 

are not determinable on an individual 

institution basis. On July 1, 

1986, the CIRS Plan was changed 

from a defined benefit plan to a 

defined benefit/defined contribution 

401K plan. 

The Museum accrues and funds 

annually the normal cost for eligible 

employees participating in the CIRS 

pension plan. Tb be eligible under this 

plan, employees must be over 21 and 

employed for a minimum of one year. 

The unfunded prior-service cost, 

with interest, is being funded over 

30 years, ending in fiscal 2004. 

Ibtal pension costs for eligible 

employees, including Planetarium 

personnel, amounted to approximately 

$1,307,000 and $1,282,000 in 

fiscal 1987 and 1986, respectively. Of 

this amount, $437,986 and $421,811 

were paid by the City of New York 

directly to CIRS in fiscal 1987 and 

1986, respectively, and $243,858 and 

$212,470, respectively, were funded 

through Endowment Funds. 

The Planetarium reimburses the 

Museum for all employee benefit 

costs, including pension. The aggregate 

amounts charged in 1987 and 

1986 were $152,941 and $123,770, 

respectively. In 1987 the charge 

for all benefit costs was calculated 

as a percentage of payroll, while in 

1986 those benefits were individually 

calculated. 

12. Post-retirement Benefits: The 

Museum provides health insurance 

for all retired employees and life 

insurance for certain retired employees. 

These costs, charged to current 

operations, amounted to $234,951 

and $301,264 in fiscal 1987 and 1986, 

respectively. 

13. Support Grants: Support grants 

were received from the New York 

State Council on the Arts and the 

Institute of Museum Services in 

the amounts of $585,000 and $75,000, 

respectively, in both fiscal 1987 and 1986. 

14. Related Party Transactions: The 

Museum provides certain services to 

the Planetarium, such as insurance, 

accounting and maintenance, for 

which the Planetarium was charged 

an aggregate amount of $172,244 

and $187,862 in fiscal 1987 and 1986, 

respectively. The Planetarium also 

reimburses the Museum for actual 

payroll costs. For visitors who enter 

the Museum from the Planetarium, 

the Museum was compensated 

approximately $58,000 and $63,000 

in fiscal 1987 and 1986, respectively. 

15. Buildings: The buildings occupied 

by the Museum are owned by 

the City, which appropriates funds 

for their renovation, improvement 

and alteration. Funds committed by 

the City for these capital projects 

in fiscal 1987 and 1986 amounted to 

$1,443,000 and $1,652,000, respectively. 

A-9

Report of 

Independent Certified 

Public Accountants 

Tb the Board of Trustees of the 


History Planetarium Authority: 

We have examined the balance sheets 

of the AMERICAN MUSEUM of 

NATURAL HISTORY PLANETAR- 

IUM AUTHORITY as of June 30, 

1987 and 1986, and the related statements 

of revenue and expenses of 

current funds and changes in fund 

balances for the years then ended. 

Our examinations were made in 

accordance with generally accepted 

auditing standards and, accordingly, 

included such tests of the accounting 

records and such other auditing procedures 

as we considered necessary 

in the circumstances. 

In our opinion, the financial statements 

referred to above present 

fairly the financial position of the 


History Planetarium Authority at 

June 30, 1987 and 1986, and the 

results of its operations and changes 

in its fund balances for the years then 

ended, in conformity with generally 

accepted accounting principles 

applied on a consistent basis. 

New York, New York 

September 25, 1987. 

The accompanying notes are an integral part 

of these financial statements. 

American Museum of Natural History P1 

Assets: 

Cash 

Investments 

Receivables and other assets 

Planetarium shop inventory 

Building, at cost 

Building improvements and equipment: 

Building improvements, at cost 

Zeiss planetarium instrument, at cost 

Less, Accumulated depreciation 

Liabilities, Contributed Capital and Funds: 

Liabilities: 

Accounts payable and accrued expenses 

Accrued employee benefit costs 

41/2% Refunding Serial Revenue Bonds, past due 

Accrued interest, past due 

Contributed capital: 

Charles Hayden 

Charles Hayden Foundation 

The Perkin Fund 

Funds: 

General Fund 

Special Funds 

Statements of Revenue and Expenses of 

Revenue: 

Admission fees, net 

Planetarium shop sales 

Special lectures and courses 


Income from investments 

Other revenue 

Tbtal revenue 

Expenses: 

Preparation, presentation and promotion 

Operation and maintenance 

Administrative and general 

Planetarium shop expenses 

Special lectures and courses 

Special purpose programs and projects 

Laser program expenses 

Interest on past due 41/2% Refunding Serial Revenue Bonds 

Depreciation 

Tbtal expenses 

Excess (deficit) of revenue over expenses

~~~~~~~10,511 

anetarium Authority Balance Sheets, June 30, 1987 and 1986 



1_ 

General 

Special 

General 

Special 

Fund 

Funds 

Total 

Fund 

Funds 

$ 270,031 

80S,84? $1,046,153 

141,264 

25/106 280 

17,883 

63,325 

1,048,433 

492,503 

1,019,210 

662,290 

221,928 

884,218 

(598,776) 

285,442 

$1,048,433 

$1,797,155 

996,956 

' | | | l E 

$1,048,433 $1,797,155 $2,558,272 

Current Funds for the years ended June 30, 1987 and 1986 

General Fund Special Funds Total 

1987 1987 1987 

$1,080,174 $267955 ( $1,348J,29 

237,556 237,556 

59,180 59,180 

36,000 232,250 A268,250 

29,544 54,867 84,411118 

65,250 65,250 

Total 

$ 270,031 

900,000 

20,264 

63,325 

1,253,620 

1,019,210 

662,290 

221,928 

884,218 

(598,776) 

285,442 

$2,558,272 

g ~~~~~$ 10,511 X 36,570 m$ 357,967 

19018,353 

1689 156,869 

429,455 429,455 

400po ~~~~~~~400,000 

986,324 986,324 

D 

1,037,922 739,720 1. 

1,507,704 A~2..4 555,072 2,062,776 

I 

I 

664,659 

233,231 

129,317 

203,548 

41,268 

25,650 

56,717 

1,354,390 

$ 153,314 

7,100 

204,149 

211,249 

$343,823 

664,659 

233,231 

129,317 

203,548 

41,268 

7,100 

204,149 

25,650 

56,717 

1,565,639 

$ 497,137

Statements of 

Changes in Fund Balances 


Balances, beginning of year 

Excess (deficit) of revenue over expenses 

Transfers between funds 

45,621 

Balances, end of year $ 12,810 

General Fund 


($186,125) 

153,314 

Special Funds 


$ 739,720 

343,823 

(45,621) 

$1,037,922 



Notes to Financial Statements 

1. Summary of Significant 

Accounting Policies: The American 

Museum of Natural History Planetarium 

Authority's ("Planetarium") corporate 

charter terminates when all of 

its liabilities, including bonds, have 

been paid in full or otherwise discharged. 

At that time, its personal 

property passes to the American 

Museum of Natural History 

("Museum") and real property to the 

City of New York to be maintained 

and operated in the same manner as 

any other City property occupied by 

the Museum. The Museum and the 

Planetarium are separate legal entities 

which share the same Board of 

Trustees ("Trustees") and Officers. 

The land utilized by the Planetarium 

was donated by the City of New York. 

The Planetarium maintains its 

accounts principally on the accrual 

basis. 

The Planetarium is a not-for-profit 

organization exempt from federal 

income tax under Section 501 (c) (3) of 

the Internal Revenue Code. 

To insure observance of limitations 

and restrictions placed on the use of 

the resources available to the Planetarium, 

the accounts of the Planetarium 

are maintained in accordance 

with the principles of fund accounting. 

This is the procedure by which 

resources for various purposes are 

classified for accounting and financial 

reporting purposes into funds that 

are in accordance with specified 

activities and objectives. Separate 

accounts are maintained for each 

fund; however, in the accompanying 

financial statements, funds that have 

similar characteristics have been 

combined into fund groups. 

Within current funds, fund balances 

restricted by outside sources 

or by the Trustees are so indicated as 

Special Funds and are segregated 

from the General Fund. These Special 

Funds may be utilized only in 

accordance with the purposes established 

for them as contrasted with 

the General Fund over which the 

Trustees retain full control to use for 

the general operation of the 

Planetarium. 

Major building improvements are 

capitalized and depreciated using the 

straight-line method over their useful 

lives. Fully depreciated assets are 

carried at nominal value. Because of 

the nature of the ownership of the 

property, provision for depreciation 

of the buildings is considered 

unnecessary. 

Investments are stated at cost. 

Inventories are stated at the lower 

of cost (first-in, first-out method) or 

market. 

2. Depreciation: Depreciation on 

major plant additions and replacements 

which have been financed from 

cash generated by restricted funds is 

funded by transfers from restricted 

funds. 

3. Revenue Bonds: The Planetarium 

Authority bonds are owned by the 

Museum. The Charles Hayden Foundation 

contributed $200,000 to the 

Museum toward the purchase of 

such bonds. 

4. Special Funds: Included in Special 

Fund balances are approximately 

$258,000 and $57,000 at June 30, 1987 

and 1986, respectively, restricted by 

the donor as to use. 

5. Investments: Investments at June 

30, 1987, consist of short-term obligations 

in the amount of $1,150,000 and 

fixed income securities in the amount 

of $500,000. The aggregate market 

value was $1,634,000. 

6. Related Party Transactions: The 

Museum provides certain services, 

such as insurance, accounting and 

maintenance, to the Planetarium. The 

aggregate charges for these services 

in fiscal 1987 and 1986 were $172,244 

and $187,862, respectively. 

Admission fees paid to enter the 

Planetarium also include entrance 

fees to the Museum. For visitors who 

enter the Museum from the Planetarium, 

the Museum was compensated 

approximately $58,000 and $63,000 

in fiscal years 1987 and 1986, 

respectively. 

The Planetarium reimburses the 

Museum for actual payroll costs for 

its staff. In addition, the Planetarium 

reimburses the Museum for benefit 

costs, including pension. In 1987, 

these costs were calculated as a 

percentage of payroll, while in 1986, 

these benefits were individually 

calculated. The aggregate amounts 

charged to the Planetarium in 1987 

and 1986 were $152,941 and $123,770, 

respectively. 

A-12

When bird watchers hear "lbacher, 

teacher, teacher," they know an ovenbird 

is near, but distinguishing some 

species on the basis of their songs or 

calls is more difficult. Lester L. Short, 

Curator in the Department ofOrnithology, 

uses an audiospectrograph to transform 

recorded bird vocalizations into 

pictoral form, which then provides an 

objective means to differentiate between 

species or individuals. Scientists in the 

department studied the evolution, ecology 

and systematics of birds on four 

continents and in the laboratory.

44 

Fish contributed 21 specimens and 

the New York Zoological Park, 14; 

others came from Novaks Aviary, 

the San Diego Zoo, Bosque del 

Apache Wildlife Refuge, Malcolm 

Coulter, Dr. Vuilleumier and 

Dr. Short. Bea Wetmore contributed 

a Louis Agassiz Fuertes 

painting of an avocet at Bear River 

marshes, Utah, that the artist had 

given to the late ornithologist 

Alexander Wetmore 


Amadon, D. 

1987. Synthesis. In Proceedings, Hawk 

Mountain 50th anniversary symposium. 

Raptor Research Reports, 

5: 85-87. 

1987. Comments on eagles of the genus 

Hieraaetus. Gabar 2: 18-19. 

Bishop, KD., and B. King 

1986. The Sunda Serin Serinus estherae 

in Sulawesi. Kukila, 2: 90-92. 

Chapin, J.P., R.T. Chapin, L.L. Short, and 

JYM. Horne 

1987. Notes on the diet of the Least 

Honeyguide Indicator exilis in 

eastern Zaire. Bull. Brit. Orn. Club, 

107: 32-35. 

Dickerman, R.W. 

1986. A review of the Red Crossbill in 

New York State. Part 1. Historical 

and nomenclatural background. 

Kingbird, 36: 73-78. 

1986. A review of the Red Crossbill in 

New York State. Part 2. Identification 

of specimens from New York. 

Kingbird, 36: 127-134. 

1986. iWo hitherto unnamed populations 

of Aechmophorus (Aves: 

Podicipidae). Proc Biol. Soc 

Washington, 99: 435-436. 

1987. Two new subspecies of birds from 

Guatemala. Occas. Papers Western 

Foundation Vert. Zool., 3: 49-108. 

1987. Notes on the plumages of Diglossa 

duidae with the description of a 

new subspecies. Bull. Brit. Ornith. 

Club, 107: 42-44. 

1987. type localities of birds described 

from Guatemala. Proc Western 

Foundation Vert. Zool., 3: 49-108. 

Dorst, J., and F. Vuilleumier 

1986. Convergences in bird communities 

at high altitude in the tropics 

(especially the Andes and Africa) 

and at temperate latitudes (Tibet). 

In F. Vuilleumier and M. 

Monasterio (eds.), High altitude 

tropical biogeography, pp. 120-149. 

New York: Oxford Univ. Press and 


History 

Gnam, R.*(Sponsor: L.L. Short) 

1986. Breeding biology of the Bahama 

Parrot. American Fed. 

Aviculturists. Watchbird, 12:.58-61. 

Greenway, J.C. 

1987. 'type specimens of birds in the 


History, Part 4. Amer. Mus. 


Harding C.F. 

1986. The role of androgen metabolism 

in the activation of male behavior. 

In B.R. Komisaruk, H.I. Siegel, 

M.F. Cheng and H.H. Feder (eds.), 

Reproduction: A Behavioral and 

Neuroendocrine Perspective. Annals 

of the New York Academy of 

Sciences, 474: 371-378. 

1986. The importance of androgen 

metabolism in the regulation of 

reproductive behavior in the avian 

male. Poultry Science, 65: 

2344-2351. 

Keith, S., EX. Urban, and C]H. Fry (eds.) 

1986. The birds of Africa, Vol. II. London: 

Academic Press. 

King, B.F., and T J. Roberts 

1986. Vocalizations of the owls of the 

genus Otus in Pakistan. Ornis 

Scandinavica, 17: 299-305. 

Pitocchelli, J.* (Sponsor: W.E. Lanyon) 

1986. Checklist of the birds of Caumsett 

State Park, pp. 1-5. New York: 

Queens College Printers. 

Reynard, GB., L.L. Short, 011. Garrido, 

and G. Alayon G. 

1987. Nesting, voice, status, and relationships 

of the endemic Cuban 

Gundlach's Hawk (Accipiter 

gundlachi). Wilson Bull., 99: 73-77. 

Rockwell, R.F., and J.C. Davies 

1986. Polar bear deterrents: some current 

thoughts on an effective electrified 

fence. Wildlife Soc Bull., 14: 

406-409. 

Short, L.L., and J.FM. Horne 

1986. Roosting behaviour of Red-faced 

Crombec Scopus, 10: 49-51. 

Vuilleumier, F., 

1987. Colonisation des milieux insulaires. 

In Universalia 1987, pp. 209-214. 

Paris: Encyclopaedia Universalis. 

Vuilleumier, F., and E. Mayr 

1987. New species of birds described 

from 1976 to 1980. Journ. fur Ornithologie, 

127: 137-150. 

Vuilleumier, F., and M. Monasterio (eds.) 

1986. High altitude tropical 

biogeography, 649 pp. New York: 

Oxford Univ. Press and American 

Museum of Natural History. 

Vuilleumier F., and M. Monasterio 

1986. Introduction: High tropical mountain 

biota of the world. In F. 

Vuilleumier and M. Monasterio 

(eds.), High altitude tropical 

biogeography, pp. 3-7. New York: 

Oxford Univ. Press and American 

Museum of Natural History. 

1986. Origins of the tropical avifaunas of 

the high Andes. In F. Vuilleumier 

and M. Monasterio (eds.), High 

altitude tropical biogeography, pp. 

586-622. New York: Oxford Univ. 

Press and American Museum of 

Natural History. 


Publications: 

Amadon, D. 

1987. Recollections of Miss Farida Wiley. 

Wake-Robin (Newsletter of John 

Burroughs Association), February, 

1987: 2-3. 

1987. Foreword to reprint of "John 

James Audubon" by John Burroughs, 

pp. vi-vii. Woodstock, 

N.Y.: Overlook Press. 

King, B.F. 

1986. Report on pheasants at Jiuzhaigou 

and Baihe Panda Reserves in NW 

Sichuan, China. World Pheasant 

Assn. News, 11: 20-22. 

1987. [Review of] A guide to the birds of 

Nepal. Auk, 104: 148-149. 

Oliva-Purdy, J.* (Sponsor: C.F. 

Harding), and C.F.Harding 

1986. Monogamy as defined by the Zebra 

Finch. American Zoologist, 26: 

97A. 

Short, L.L. 

1986. Aftermath of seeing an Ivory-bill. 

Linnaean Newsletter, 40: 1-2. 

1987. The birdwatcher's book of lists - 

Eastern region, 128 pp. New York: 

A.A. Knopf. 

1987. The birdwatcher's book of lists - 

Western region, 128 pp. 

New York: A.A. Knopf. 

1987. In the field: seeking the 

honeyguides. Rotunda (Amer. Mus. 

Nat. Hist.), 12: 6-7;

Short, L.L., and J.F.M. Horne 

1986. The Ivory-bill still lives. Natural 

History, 95: 26-28. 

1987. I saw it (account of Ivory-billed 

Woodpecker search). Internat. 

Wildlife, 17: 22-23. 

Vuilleumier, F. 

1987. [Review of] Guide des passereaux 

granivores emberizines. Wilson 

Bull., 99: 142-143. 

Walters, M.I.* (Sponsor: C.F. Harding), 

and C.F. Harding 

1986. (Abstract) Cytosol and nuclear 

estrogen receptors in the male 

Zebra Finch brain. Neuroscience 

Abstr., 12: 835. 

Department of 

Vertebrate 

Paleontology 

The wide-ranging activities 

ofthe Department of Vertebrate 

Paleontology reflect its diverse 

commitments tofield exploration, 

collections maintenance 

and improvement, and systematic 

research. Expeditions 

to South America, Switzerland 

and China document the global 

scope ofthe department's field 

programs. On the systematic 

front, work on higher vertebrate 

phylogeny by departmental 

curators, postdoctoralfellows 

and students continues to have 

major impact on the international 

community. 

Programs Supported Success of 

departmental programs relies 

heavily on support from various 

sources. The Childs Frick 

Laboratory Endowment continues 

to fund a spectrum of activities 

that center on the vast Frick collections 

of fossil vertebrates. This 

generous endowment was supplemented 

by contributions from the 

Frick family that allowed the 

purchase of capital equipment, 

such as field vehicles, which are 

difficult items to procure through 

outside granting agencies. 

The James Carter Memorial Fund 

supported a variety of research by 

the department's curators, postdoctoral 

fellows and students. The 


awarded funding for field research 

in China and improvement of the 

storage facility for the fossil fish 

collection. The collection had 

dramatically increased with the 

acquisition of 12,000 Cretaceous 

fishes from Brazil donated by 

Herbert Axelrod during the 

1984-1985 fiscal year. 

Contributions from Dr. Axelrod 

continue to support Axelrod 

Fellow Stanley Blum's research on 

the Brazilian collection. Contributions 

from Museum President 

Goelet helped support the fieldwork 

of Argentinian colleagues 

who have strong research ties with 

this institution. The Eppley Foundation 

for Research has provided a 

generous two-year grant for paleontological 

exploration of the 

Andes of southern Chile 

Vertebrate Phylogeny Higher 

vertebrate paleontology touches 

on many aspects of biology, 

including molecular research. In 

the last few years this area has 

been the subject of growing 

interest and knowledge, and the 

department remains a leading 

center for research in this field. 

Associate Curator John G. 

Maisey published a comprehensive 

review of chordate phylogeny in 

Cladistics, drawing very broadly 

from information on anatomy, 

embryology, physiology and biochemistry 

of the major chordate 

lineages. On the same subject is 

Curator Emeritus Bobb Schaeffer's 

recently published analysis of developmental 

patterns and chordate 

relationships. Dr. Maisey also 

investigated chondrichthyan 

systematics, continuing a project 

supported by the National Science 

Foundation. On another front, 

Dr. Maisey conducted studies with 

Mr. Blum on the Cretaceous fish 

collection from Brazil. 

Dr. Schaeffer joined Brian 

Gardiner from the British Museum 

(Natural History) in a phylogenetic 

analysis of the lower actinopterygian 

fishes. 

Tbtrapods Curator Eugene S. 

Gaffney and Carter Research Fellow 

Peter Meylan collaborated in an 

unprecedented cladistic analysis of 

turtle relationships down to genus 

level. This work was presented at a 

symposium on tetrapod phylogeny 

in London in March, sponsored by 

the Linnean Society. 

It is noteworthy that all the 

departmental curators specializing 

in tetrapods were selected to participate 

in the Linnean symposium. 

Curator Richard H. Thdford collaborated 

with Research Associate 

John J. Flynn and Nancy A. Neff 

(University of Connecticut) in a 

review of higher carnivoran relationships. 

Chairman and Associate 

Curator Michael J. Novacek joined 

forces with Frick Curator Malcolm 

C McKenna and Columbia University 

graduate student Andre R. Wyss 

in a review of higher mammalian 

phylogeny. This contribution 

encompassed data reflecting separate 

contributions by Dr. McKenna 

and Mr. Wyss, the senior author of 

a more recent paper published in 

Molecular Biology and Evolution 

Dr. Novacek and Mr. Wyss also 

published a morphological analysis 

of mammalian relationships in 

Cladistics. Dr. McKenna continues 

forging a mammalian classification 

down to the genus level. 

Mammals on Mountaintops 

An expedition led by Dr. Novacek 

returned to the southern Andes of 

Patagonian Chile His intentions 

were to follow up last year's 

discovery of an isolated fossil 

assemblage by Mr. Wyss and Mark 

Norell, a graduate student from 

Yale University. The project also 

involved the stratigraphic expertise 

of Dr. Flynn and the participation 

of Daniel Frassinetti, an invertebrate 

paleontologist from the 

Museo Nacional de Historia 45

Natural in Santiago. The logistic 

difficulties were greatly alleviated 

through the help of local businessman 

and amateur paleontologist 

Carlos de Smet de Olbeck 

de Halleux. 

Expectations of finding an important 

collection were surpassed. 

Fossils were common throughout a 

1000-foot escarpment representing 

the sequence of terrestrial change. 

The hundreds of mammal specimens 

collected represent animals 

that inhabited a 20-million-year-old 

coastal region, which was subsequently 

thrust up to high elevations 

with the rapid rise of the 

Andes. The discovery opens a new 

phase of paleontological exploration 

in South America and provides 

insights into the geotectonic 

history of this fascinating region 

of the continent. 

Tartle Haven One of the most 

important localities in the world 

for fossil turtles is the late Jurassic 

of Solothurn, Switzerland. As a result 

of a proposal made to the 

authorities in Solothurn, 

Dr. Gaffney and Dr. Meylan were 

able to do fieldwork there. For the 

first time in more than 100 years a 

major quarry excavation was developed 

for the collection of fossils. 

As a result of the first season of 

work, three skulls and five shells 

were removed and partially prepared. 

The skulls are at the 

American Museum being prepared 

for study. It is hoped that excavations 

can be continued at 

Solothurn for at least five more 

years. All of the funding for the 

excavation is from the Canton of 

Solothurn and reflects the extent 

of popular interest in fossils in 

Switzerland. 

Roads to China Over the years, 

the department has cultivated a 

collaborative research program 

with scientists from the People's 

Republic of China. Momentum for 

these activities increased dramatically 

this year. Dr. Tedford's two- 

46 year NSF grant for joint field 

studies of the later Cenozoic in 

northwestern China is a project 

that will also involve scientists at 

the Institute of Paleontology and 

Paleoanthropology in Beijing. 

Focusing on an earlier phase of the 

geologic record, Dr. McKenna explored 

Mesozoic and earlier 

Cenozoic rocks in the TlYrfan 

Basin, China. He also completed, 

with Chinese colleagues, papers on 

early perissodactyls and erinaceid 

insectivorans. In connection with 

these reearch activities, Dr. Gaffney 

is coordinating plans for a traveling 

exhibit from Beijing on fossil reptiles 

from China. The department is 

also sponsoring, in cooperation 

with Columbia University, the 

graduate training of Meng Jin, a 

student from China. 

Diverse Activities Research 

Associate Eric Delson's ideas on 

the early evolution of hominids 

have attratd widespread attention. 

He continued his studies on relationships 

of Old World monkeys. 

Curator Emeritus Edwin H. 

Colbert completed studies of the 

important Tiassic dinosaur 

Coelophysis. The NSF awarded 

a grant of $256,000 for collection 

management of the fossil fish collection. 

Other efforts by departmental 

affiliates included studies 

of rodent phylogeny, horse evolution, 

origin of birds, early 

lbrtiary vertebrate faunas and 

Mesozoic reptiles. 


Baird, D. 

1986. Halisaurus and Prognathodon, two 

uncommon mosasaurs from the 

upper Cretaceous of New Jersey. 

The Mosasaur, 3: 37-45. 

1986. A skull fragment of the Cretaceous 

cheloniid turtle Osteopygis from 

Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey. 

The Mosasaur, 3: 47-52. 

1986. Upper Cretaceous reptiles from the 

Severn Formation of Maryland. The 

Mosasaur, 3: 63-85. 

1986. Some upper Tiassic reptiles, 

footprints, and an amphibian from 

New Jersey. The Mosasaur, 3: 

125-153. 

Colbert, E.H. 

1986. Mesozoic tetrapod extinctions: a 

review. In D.K. Elliott (ed.), 

Dynamics of extinction, pp. 49-62. 

New York: John Wiley & Sons. 

1986. Therapsids in Pangaea and their 

contemporaries and competitors. In 

N. Hotton, RD. MacLean, J.J. Roth, 

E.C. Roth (eds.), The ecology and 

biology of mammal-like reptiles, pp. 

133-145. Washington, D.C.: 

Smithson. Inst. Press. 

1986. Historical aspects of the Triassic- 

Jurassic boundary problem. In K. 

Padian (ed.), The beginnings of the 

age of dinosaurs, pp. 9-18. NY: 

Cambridge Univ. Press. 

1987. The Tiassic reptile Prolacerta in 

Antarctica. Am. Mus. Novitates, na 

2882, 19 pp. 

Delson, E. 

1986. Human phylogeny revised again. 

Nature, 322: 496-497. 

1987. Fossil Man. In McGraw-Hill 

encyclopedia of science and 

technology, 6th ed., vol. 7, pp. 

373-381. 

1987. Monkey. In McGraw-Hill 

encyclopedia of science and 

technology, 6th ed., vol. 11, pp. 

359-364. 

1987. Evolution and palaeobiology of 

robust Australopithecus. Nature, 

327: 654-655. 

Delson, E., and I. Thttersall 

1987. Primates. In McGraw Hill encyclopedia 

of science and technology, 6th 

ed., vol. 14, pp. 259-365. 

Domning, DP., CE. Ray, and M.C. McKenna 

1986. Two Oligocene desmostylians and a 

discussion of tethytherian 

systematics. Smithson. Contrib. 

Paleobiol., na 59: 1-56. 

Emry, R.J., and C.E. Gawne 

1986. A primitive early Oligocene species 

of Palaeolcgus (Mammalia: 

Lagomorpha) from the Flagstaff 

Rim area of Wyoming. J. Vert. 

Paleontol., 6: 271-280. 

Flynn, J.J. 

1986. Correlation and geochronology of 

middle Eocene strata from the 

western United States. 

Palaeogeogr., Palaeoecol., 

Palaeoclimatol., 55:335-406.

This fossil skull of Neoreomys, an extinct 

rodent roughly 18 million years 

old, was collected in Southern Chile on 

an expedition led by Michael Nyvacek, 

Curator and Chairman ofthe Department 

of Vertebrate Paleontology. Sponsored 

by the Eppley Foundation, the expeditionfound 

a rich Miocenefauna in 

the high Andes. The discovery will proiie 

needed information onSoutrhAmerican 

fossil mammals and on the processes 

ofplate tectonics in the regwn.

1986. Faunal provinces and the Simpson 

coefficient. In K. Flanagan and J.L. 

Lillegraven (eds.), Vertebrates, 

phylogeny, and philosophy. G.G. 

Simpson Memorial Volume, Univ. 

Wyoming Contr. Geol., spec. paper 

3: 317-338. 

Gaffney, E.S. 

1986. Triassic and early Jurassic turtles. 

In K. Padian (ed.), The beginnings 

of the age of dinosaurs, pp. 183-187. 

NY: Cambridge Univ. Press. 

Hecht, M.K., B. Wallace, and 

G.T. Prance (eds.) 

1986. Evolutionary biology, vol. 20. New 

York: Plenum Press. 

1987. Evolutionary biology, vol. 21. 

New York: Plenum Press. 

Hecht, M.K., and, A. Hoffinan 

1986. Why not Neodarwinism? A critique 

of the paleobiological challenges. In 

Oxford surveys in evolutionary 

biology, vol.3, pp. 1-46. London: 

Oxford Univ. Press. 

Hecht, M.K. 

1987. The snakes and crocodilians of the 

Sahabi Formation. In N.T. Boas, A. 

El-arnouti, A.W. Gaziry, and J. de 

Heinzlein (eds.), Neogene 

paleontology and geology of the 

Sahabi, pp. 101-106. New York: 

Alan R. Liss, Inc 

Leakey, M., and E. Delson 

1987. Fossil Cercopithecidae from the 

Laetolil Beds, Thnzania. In M.D. 

Leakey and J.M. Harris (eds.), The 

Pliocene site of Laetoli, northern 

'Tanzania, pp. 91-107. London: 

Oxford Univ. Press. 

MacFadden, B.J. 

1986. Fossil horses from "Eohippus" 

(Hyracotherium) to Equus: scaling, 

Cope's Law, and the evolution of 

body size. Paleobiol., 12: 355-369. 

1987. Systematics, phylogeny and 

evolution of fossil horses: a rational 

alternative to Eisenmann et al. 

1987. Jour. Vert. Paleontol., vol. 7: 

224-229. 

Maisey, J.G. 

1986. Anatomical revision of the fossil 

shark Hybodusfraasi 

(Chondrichthyes: Elasmobranchii). 

Am. Mus. Novitates, no. 2857, 16 pp. 

1986. Coelacanths from the lower 

Cretaceous of Brazil. Am. Mus. 


1986. Heads and tails: a chordate 

phylogeny. Cladistics, 2: 201-256. 

1987. Notes on structure and phylogeny 

of vertebrate otoliths. Copeia, 1987, 

no. 2: 495-499. 

48 

McCune, A.R., and B. Schaeffer 

1986. Triassic and Jurassic fishes: 

patterns of diversity. In K. Padian 

(ed.), The beginnings of the age of 

dinosaurs, pp. 171-181. NY: 


Meylan, P.A. 

1987. Fossil snakes of Laetoli. In M.D. 

Leakey and J.M. Harris (eds.), 

Laetoli: a Pliocene site in 'Tnzania, 

pp. 78-82. London: Oxford Univ. 

Press. 

1987. The phylogenetic relationships of 

soft-shelled turtles (Tionychidae) 

Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. 

186, pp. 1-101. 

Meylan, P.A., JlN. Layne, and TJ. Walsh 

1986. New records for the mole snake, 

Lampropeltis calligaster, in 

peninsular Florida. Fl. Sci., 49: 

171-175. 

Meylan, P.A., and W Auffenberg 

1987. The chelonians from the Laetoli 

Beds. In M.D. Leakey and J.M. 

Harris (eds.), Laetoli: a Pliocene site 

in 9Tnzania, pp. 62-78. Oxford: 

Clarendon Press. 

Novacek, M.J. 

1987. Characters and cladograms: 

Examples from zoological 

systematics. In H.M. Hoenigswald 

and L.F. Wiener (eds.), Biological 

metaphor and cladistic 

classification, pp. 181-192. 

Philadelphia: Univ. Pennsylvania 

Press. 

1987. Auditory features and affinities of 

the Eocene bats Icaronyeteris and 

Palaeochiropteryx (Microchiroptera, 

incertae sedis). Am. Mus. Novitates, 

no. 2877, 18 pp. 

Novacek, M.J., and A.R. Wyss* (Sponsor: 

M.C. McKenna) 

1986. Origin and transformation of the 

mammalian stapes. In K. Flanagan 

and J.L. Lillegraven (eds.), 

Vertebrates, phylogeny, and 

philosophy. G.G. Simpson Memorial 

Volume, Univ. Wy. Contr. Geol., 

spec paper 3: 35-53. 

1986. Higher relationships of the recent 

eutherian orders: Morphological 

evidence. Cladistics, 2: 257-287. 

1987. Selected features of the 

desmostylian skeleton and their 

phylogenetic implications. Am. 


Novacek, M.J., J.J. Flynn, I. Forrusquia- 

Villafranca, and R. M. Cipolletti 

1987. An early Eocene (Wasatchian) 

mammal fauna from the Baja 

California Peninsula (Mexico). Natl. 

Geogr. Soc. Res. J., vol.3: 376-388. 

Olsen, RE., and D. Baird 

1986. The ichnogenus Atreipus and its 

significance for Triassic 

biostratigraphy. In K. Padian (ed.), 

The beginnings of the age of 

dinosaurs, pp. 61-87. NY: 


Ostrom, J.H. 

1986. Social and unsocial behavior of 

dinosaurs. In M. Nitecki and J. 

Kitchell (eds.), Evolution of animal 

behavior, pp. 41-61. London: Oxford 

Univ. Press. 

1986. The Jurassic "bird" Laopteryx 

priscus re-examined. In K. 

Flanagan and J.L. Lillegraven 

(eds.), Vertebrates, phylogeny, and 

philosophy. G.G. Simpson Memorial 

Volume, Univ. Wy. Contr. Geol., 

spee. paper 3: 11-19. 

1986. The cursorial origin of avian flight. 

In K. Padian (ed.), The origin of 

birds and the evolution of flight. Ca. 

Acad. Sci., Memoir 8: 73-81. 

Ostrom, J.H., and P Wellnhofer 

1986. The Munich specimen of 

T2riceratops, with a revision of the 

genus Zitteliana. Abh. Bayer. 

Staatssammlung Palaontol. u. Hist. 

Geol., 14: 111-158. 

Schaeffer, B. 

1987. Deuterostome monophyly and 

phylogeny. In M. K. Hecht, B. 

Wallace, and G. T. Prance (eds.), 

Evolutionary biology, vol. 21, pp. 

179-235. New York: Plenum Press. 

Tedford, R.H., R.T. Wells, and 

D.L.G. Williams 

1986. Late Cainozoic sediments and fossil 

vertebrates. In R.T. Wells and R.A. 

Callen (eds.), The Lake Eyre Basin- 

Cainozoic sediments, fossil vertebrates 

and plants, landforms, silcretes and 

climatic implication. Australasian 

Sedimentologists Group Field 

Studies, Series No. 4, pp. 42-72. 

Geol. Soc Australia. 

Wahlert, J. 

1986. The Sciuridae, a rodent family with 

research potential. Ann. N.Y. Acad. 

Sci., 463: 238-240. 

Wyss, A.R.* (Sponsor: M.C. McKenna), 

M.J. Novacek, and M.C. McKenna 

1987. Amino acid sequence versus 

morphological data and the interordinal 

relationships of mammals. 

Mol. Biol. Evol., 4: 99-116.

Abstracts, Reviews and Popular 

Publications: 

Baird, D. 

1986. (Abstract) Middle Triassic terrestrial 

herpetofauna in Nova Scotia. 

Friends of the Newark Newsl., 

no. 5: 10. 

Dean, D.* (Sponsor: E. Delson) 

1987. [Review of] Evolving hierarchical 

systems, by S. N. Salthe. Am. J. 

Phys. Anthrop., 72: 414-415. 

Delson, E. 

1986. (Abstract) Dating the fossil record 

of southern African Cercopithecidae. 

Primate Rec., 14: 48-49. 

1986. (Abstract) Dating the fossil record 

of southern European Cercopithecidae 

Primate Rec., 14: 49-50. 

Emry, R.J. 

1987. Mammalian fossil record incompletely 

drawn. [Review of] Mammal 

evolution: an illustrated guide, by 

R.J.G. Savage and M.R. Long. 

Naturalist Rev., winter 1987: 3. 

1987. The course of evolutionary history. 

[Review of] Life pulse: episodes 

from the story of the fossil record, 

by N. Eldredge The Scientist, 1: 22. 

McKenna, M. C. 

1986. Edentates. [Review of] The 

evolution and ecology of armadillos, 

sloths, and vermilinguas, G.G. 

Montgomery (ed.). Science, 233: 

1102-1103. 

1986. Putting flesh onto the bones. 

[Review ofl Mammal evolution: an 

illustrated guide, R.J.G. Savage and 

M.R. Long (eds.). Nature, 324: 186. 

1986. (Abstract) Mammalian phylogeny. 

Twentieth international numerical 

taxonomical conference, State Univ. 

NY: Stony Brook, 1 p. 

1986. (Abstract) A new lineage of 

primate-like mammals from the 

Eocene of Wyoming. Symposium: 

dawn of the age of mammals in the 

northern Rocky Mountain Region 

II, Geol. Soc Am., Rocky Mountain 

Div., Abstr. with programs, 19: 

320-321. 

Ostrom, J. H. 

1986. Commentary on "The beginning of 

birds." Proceedings of the international 

Archaeopteryx conference 

Anima, 9: 11-17. 

1986. The Peale mastodon - guide to the 

Hessisches Landesmuseum. 

Darmstadt, West Germany, 2 pp. 

1987. Romancing the dinosaurs. [Review 

of] The dinosaur heresies, by R.T. 

Bakker. The Sciences, May-June: 

Strasser, E.* (Sponsor: E. Delson) 

1986. [Review of] Functional morphology 

of the Miocene hominoid foot, by 

J.H. Langdon. J. Hum. Evol., 15: 

229-231. 

1987. (Abstract) Pedal evidence for the 

origin and diversification of cercopithecid 

clades. Am. J. Phys. 

Anthrop., 72: 258-259. 

Research Stations 

Complementing the Museum's 

urban location is a set of 

research stations that provide 

curators, graduate students 

and visiting scientists with 

diverse field research opportunities. 

By attracting researchers 

to a single location, 

each station helps create a 

critical mass of established and 

beginning scientists who engage 

in a stimulating give-and-take. 

Southwestern Research Station 

For the 32nd year, the 

Southwestern Research Station 

provided research facilities, a 

living laboratory and year-round 

living accommodations for scientists 

from the Museum, universities, 

and other museums 

throughout the United States and 

around the world. 

Located 5400 feet up the 

Chiricahua Mountains, the station 

provides access to a variety of 

habitats and a diverse assemblage 

of plants and animals, permitting 

scientists to study various ecological, 

behavioral and taxonomic problems. 

The elevational changes encountered 

within a few miles of 

the station are responsible for the 

occurrence of five life-zones 

(ecological groupings of plants 

and animals) compressed into a 

relatively short distance. 

The biogeographical location of 

the Chiricahuas in a region of 

overlap between northern and 

southern biota contributes to the 

species diversity of the area, as 

does the area's location in the 

east-west Cochise-Hidalgo 

Corridor, a region in which 

Chihuahuan Desert and Sonoran 

Desert species are intermixed. 

More than 1000 people stayed 

at the station during the year, 

including 99 researchers, seven 

university and college classes 

and two U.S. Forest Service 

workshops. Many of the 

naturalists who visited the station 

during the year were attracted in 

large part by the diverse bird life 

of Cave Creek Canyon, where the 

station is located. 

Life at the station is well suited 

to rich intellectual exchange. 

Researchers, graduate students 

and volunteers (many of whom 

are biology students contemplating 

careers in science) 

interact regularly in the dining 

hall and dormitories. A seminar 

series allows scientists to share 

their ideas with the station community. 

Curators from the 

American Museum and scientists 

and graduate students from many 

universities publish scientific 

papers based on research at the 

station. Wade Sherbrooke, the 

station's resident director, also 

found time to pursue his own 

research, dealing especially with 

desert lizards. He presented an 

invited paper at the annual 

meeting of the Animal Behavior 

Society on social communication 

in horned lizards and the 

behavioral consequences of diurnal 

foraging on exposed desert 

terrain. 

St. Catherines Island This 

relatively undeveloped and 

unspoiled barrier island off the 

Georgia coast is available, thanks 

to the Edward John Noble Foundation, 

for scientists and advanced 

students to do field research in 

archeology, ecology, evolutionary 

biology and other aspects of the 

island's natural history. 

The island was the site of archeological 

excavations by Dr. 

56-63. 49

Thomas, curator in the Department 

of Anthropology, and his 

research team. Dr. Thomas's 

research, which has been supported 

by the Edward John Noble 

and St. Catherines Island Foundations 

since 1974, focused on the 

16th/17th century Mission Santa 

Catalina de Guale. 

After spending several years 

excavating the church ruins and 

cemetery at Santa Catalina, Dr. 

Thomas recently redirected the 

project toward the monastery. 

Behind the monastery, nearly 

four dozen bronze bell fragments 

were found. Several pieces show 

punch and axe marks, indicating 

that the bells were deliberately 

destroyed. It seems that the bell 

fragments were broken by the 

rebellious Guale, probably during 

the uprising of 1597. 

Under the auspices of the St. 

Catherines Island Research Program, 

administered by the Office 

of Grants and Fellowships, 

several scientists from around the 

country studied the island's 

zoology, geology and botany. 

Great Gull Island After 18 years 

of continuous research at Great 

Gull Island in Long Island 

Sound, the colony of terns there 

contains the greatest concentration 

of individually marked birds 

in the world. More than 90 percent 

of the 8000 adults caught 

during 1986 had been banded 

previously, and 9000 young terns 

(a record) were newly banded. 

The data being collected should 

prove biologically significant and 

useful for future tern management. 

Already, banding has 

documented immigration of terns 

from other areas, resulting in two 

large concentrations of 10,000 

terns each, one on Great Gull 

Island and the other at Cedar 

Beach, in Nassau County. The 

success of the terns at these sites, 

coupled with their immigration 

from sites plagued by development 

and predation by rats, gulls 

50 or herons, highlights the need for 

management of certain bird 

species along the coast if they are 

to be preserved in the region. 

Archbold Biological Station 

Scientists at the Archbold 

Biological Station, located in 

south-central Florida, conduct a 

broad research program that emphasizes 

ecology, evolutionary 

biology and animal behavior. Station 

staff, research associates and 

39 visiting investigators (from 23 

colleges and universities and 

three government agencies) conducted 

55 projects during the 

year. Staff and visiting scientists 

published 49 papers during the 

year based on research at the 

station. 

The station, a national research 

resource, received a National 

Science Foundation grant for a 

building addition. The new structure 

provides needed space for 

reference collections, offices, 

laboratories and seminars. 

Some 1400 visitors to the station 

during the year included 

college and university classes, 

school groups, conservation 

organizations and scientists from 

other institutions and government 

agencies. 

Characteristics of the acorns 

produced by oak species at the 

station were investigated by 

James N. Layne, Senior Research 

Biologist and Museum Research 

Associate, Wayne C. Packer, lecturer 

in zoology at the University 

of Western Australia and 

graduate student David Fleck of 

the University of South Florida in 

their study of how several mammal 

and bird species use acorns. 

Executive Director James L. 

Wolfe conducted research on 

fishes inhabiting the littoral zone 

of the station's Lake Annie. This 

project is designed to provide information 

on the community 

structure of fishes in shallow 

waters of the lake and seasonal 

use of the zone by juvenile fishes. 

Department of 

Education 

The Museum's educational 

mission is all-encompassing. It 

involves everythingfrom a sophisticated 

scientific symposium to 

responding to a youngster's 

letter askingfor assistance with 

a class paper. The department is 

perhaps best knounfor its 

morning programsfor 

elementary andjunior high 

school pupils. Yet more than half 

ofits resources are devoted to 

other areas, including adult 

education, teacher training and 

the operation ofthree 

interpretive facilities: the 

AlexanderM. White Natural 

Science Center, the Frederick H. 

Leonhardt People Center and 

the Discovery Room. 

Programs for Adults Public 

programming for adults takes a 

number of forms. There are 

ticketed afternoon and evening 

lecture series, symposiums, local 

field trips and special events such 

as the Margaret Mead Film 

Festival. There is an equally varied 

selection of free public programs, 

which range from lecture and film 

to live performance. Close to 100,000 

adults participate annually in these 

and other programs presented under 

the auspices of the department. 

Afternoon and evening lecture 

series drew more than 5000 registrants. 

Forty lecture series and 

workshops were offered, covering 

topics that ranged across the spectrum 

of the Museum's disciplines 

from anthropology and paleontology 

to mammalogy and entomology. 

There was a limited enrollment 

class sketching animals in 

exhibition halls under supervision 

of an artist from the Department 

of Exhibition and Graphics, and 

500 people in an auditorium 

listening to a series of lectures by 

distinguished anthropologist

Nathaniel Johnson, Jr., foreground, 

Coordinator of Special Programs for 

the Department of Education, and 

Jonathan Stack, Coprogrammer of the 

MargaretMead Film Festival, review a 

filmfor possible inclusion in the annual 

gala ofanthropologicalfilms. With the 

chai,rman of the event, Malcolm Arth, 

Chairman ofthe Department ofEducation, 

they reviewed more than 400films 

before selecting 51 for thefestivaL As the 

programming arm of the museum, the 

Department ofEducation offers events, 

lectures and classes for all ages. Programs 

range from a boat tour ofNew 

York City geology to a class on animal 

drawing and a performance by the Alvin 

Ailey Repertory Ensemble.

Ashley Montague Some lecture 

series are designed to complement 

special exhibitions, such as one this 

year on "The Chaco Phenomenon." 

Nearly 250 teachers registered 

for the department's program of 

College Courses for Tachers. 

Thirteen of these semester-long 

courses in the natural sciences and 

anthropology were presented by 

the department staff, and the 

participants received college credit 

from the College of the City of 

New York. 

The Margaret Mead Film 

Festival celebrated its tenth anniversary 

and continues to be the 

largest single public education 

event for the adult audience, drawing 

more than 7000 people during 

its five evenings. Filmmakers and 

anthropologists from a dozen 

nations presented documentary 

films to capacity crowds in the 

Museum's four theaters. To mark 

its tenth anniversary, the Festival 

presented a retrospective of 16 

films from previous years along 

with 47 new films. The Mead 

Festival is made possible in part by 

a grant from the New York State 

Council on the Arts. 

Community Programming 

Many of the activities of the 

department are intended to draw 

new audiences, particularly to 

make members of the African- 

American, Latin-American and 

Caribbean communities more 

aware of the Museum as an 

educational resource Films, 

lectures, performances of music 

and dance, and workshops for 

adults and young people are 

supported by gifts from private 

foundations and corporations. 

Principal among these supporters 

are the William Randolph Hearst 

Foundation, the Henry Nias 

Foundation, and the Samuel and 

May Rudin Foundation. Others 

included the Sydney, Milton and 

Leoma Simon Foundation, the 

Evelyn Sharp Foundation, the 

Grumman Corporation and the 

52 Avon Products Foundation. 

Most of the community activities 

are free to visitors, but a few are 

ticketed at a modest price There 

were 149 days of community 

programming which attracted a 

total of more than 43,000 people 

Those held on Saturday and Sunday 

afternoons are often aimed at family 

audiences, while those scheduled 

in the evening are intended mainly 

for adults. Among the outstanding 

programs this year were "A Salute 

to the Harlem Opera House," a 

performance by the Alvin Ailey 

Repertory Ensemble, and a series 

of lectures exploring the relationship 

of culture to violent behavior. 

Programs for Young People 

More than 18,000 youngsters in 

elementary and junior high school 

classes participated in programs 

selected by their teachers and 

taught by members of the 

Education Department. The 

experience includes instruction in 

the exhibition halls and a 

classroom period in which the 

youngsters may work with 

materials from the department's 

teaching collection - including 

artifacts and animal and mineral 

specimens - in hands-on learning 

situations. Thachers select one 

from among a dozen subjects in 

natural science or anthropology, 

and new topics are offered 

periodically. For example, this year 

a program on the Hudson River 

was added to the traditional fare of 

dinosaurs, endangered wildlife, 

geology, and peoples of Asia, 

Africa and the New World. 

The Louis Calder Laboratory 

Classroom is the site of several 

science teaching programs. It is 

the setting for a program offered 

to junior high school classes during 

the week and workshops for young 

people on weekends. Nearly 1000 

youngsters a year receive scientific 

learning experiences in this special 

place While most of the activities 

held there are for young people, it 

is also used at times for adult 

workshops and teacher training. 

The facility is supported by grants 

from the Louis Calder Foundation. 

During the celebration of Black 

History Month,in February, nearly 

11,000 youngsters in school classes 

came for a special series of programs, 

which included live drama, 

dance, music, lecture and film. This 

program was made possible in part 

by a grant from the New York State 

Council on the Arts. For this and 

other community oriented activities, 

some 200 lecturers and 

performers are contracted annually 

to assist regular staff members. 

Special mention should be made 

of two other programs for young 

people which are likewise made 

possible by special funding. The 

Vidda Foundation supports the 

salary for a teacher for the disabled. 

This year some 1800 people 

with special needs were taught by 

this specialist. A gift from the 

Christodora Foundation, combined 

with income from a gift from 

Mrs. Harold Boeschenstein, 

enabled the department to renew 

the Junior High School Natural 

Science Program for motivated 

youngsters from the inner city. 

Twenty students representing 

seven schools in upper Manhattan 

were selected for the program, in 

which they studied an intensive 

science curriculum at the Museum 

two afternoons a week. The program 

allows these boys and girls, 

at a critical stage in their schooling, 

to be exposed to science and 

scientists in a special way. The goal 

is to stimulate them to consider 

pursung careers in science 

Interpretive Facilities After 14 

years, The Frederick H. Leonhardt 

People Center is as much a part of 

the institution as any permanent 

exhibition. Unlike permanent exhibitions, 

however, it changes its focus 

every month from October through 

June. The People Center is a space 

for live performance demonstrations 

featuring a different cultural 

tradition each month. Regional 

themes this year ranged from 

Africa, China and Japan to 

African-American, Caribbean and

Native American cultures. 

Demonstrations of music, dance, 

crafts and the telling of legends 

from around the world helped to 

enlighten and entertain some 

30,000 visitors. The Alexander M. 

White Natural Science Center 

which is especially designed for 

children focuses on nature in an 

urban environment. Lbgether with 

the Leonhardt People Center and 

the Discovery Room,these three 

public facilities combined served 

more than 54,000 people during 

the year. The Discovery Room and 

the Natural Science Center cater 

mainly to family groups; the 

People Center, while numbering 

many family groups among its 

weekend visitors, has a larger 

proportion of adult visitors. All 

three facilities have hands-on 

materials which enable visitors to 

have learning experiences not 

available in most of the exhibition 

halls. These three facilities are 

utilized in other ways on school 

days when they become settings 

for programs for schools taught by 

staff. 

The department is assisted by 

many dedicated volunteers. Under 

staff supervision, the volunteers 

assist weekend visitors in the 

Alexander M. White Natural 

Science Center, the Discovery 

Room and the People Center. The 

largest corps of volunteers, 

however, is the group that works 

with school classes on weekdays. 

Some 75 teaching volunteers are 

stationed in selected exhibition 

areas where they assist school 

groups visiting independently with 

their teachers. 

Department of 

Exhibition and 

Graphics 

The role of the Department of 

Exhibition and Graphics is to 

present exhibitions involving 

specimens, artifacts and concepts 

that illustrate the 

cultural, biological and 

geological history of the Earth. 

In an exhibition program that 

is one of the largest in the country, 

special exhibitions are 

scheduled and permanent halls 

planned to challenge the inquiring 

mind and provoke the 

imagination. 

Special Exhibitions The major 

special exhibition of the year, 

"Dark Caves, Bright Visions: Life 

in Ice Age Europe," opened in 

Gallery 3 in October. This exhibition 

took more than a year to 

plan and execute, with Dr. TIttersall 

doing a great deal of the 

organizational work here and in 

Europe "Dark Caves" reflected 

the origins of modern human 

culture through some 300 artifacts 

from museums in Europe 

and North America, including 

material from the American 

Museum's collections of paleolithic 

artifacts. The exhibition, which 

ran through January, featured a 

full-sized reproduction of a 

prehistoric shelter made of mammoth 

bones. 

"Dark Caves" was followed in 

Gallery 3 by an exhibition organized 

by the Maxwell Museum in Albuquerque 

entitled, "The Chaco 

Phenomenon." It opened in March 

and was scheduled to close in 

August. The exhibition explored 

the prehistoric Anasazi culture of 

the Pueblo peoples living in the 

Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. It 

incorporated more than 200 

artifacts, including turquoisecovered 

basketry, jewelry and 

ceramic pottery as well as 

fiberglas replicas of masonry 

walls used in Anasazi architecture 

"On Thp: New York's Water 

Supply," which ran from 

December 1986 through August 

1987 in Gallery 1, was created 

and built by the American 

Museum with the cooperation of 

the New York City Department of 

Environmental Protection. The 

exhibition was designed to illustrate 

the many sources from 

which New York's water is drawn 

and how it reaches the tap. Maps, 

drawings, lithographs, artifacts, 

photographs and four specially 

created video loops contributed to 

the success of this effort. The 

DEP worked with the New York 

City Board of Education to 

schedule numerous classroom 

visits to "On 'Tp." 

Exhibitions in the Arthur Ross 

Exhibit-of-the-Month program 

included: "Benares, City of Light" 

in the Akeley Gallery, a photographic 

exhibit of the patterns of 

life and death in Benares, India; 

an exhibit in the Roosevelt 

Memorial Hall on the proposed 

high altitude round-the-world 

balloon flight by the Australian, 

Julian Nott; a reprise of the 

"Brazilian Princess" topaz, the 

world's largest cut gemstone; 

"Rooted in Ceremony," a display 

of unusual origami pieces; the 

annual "Origami Holiday Thee" in 

Roosevelt Memorial Hall, and a 

temporary exhibit of the Giant 

Panda. Using two mounted Panda 

specimens formerly on view 

elsewhere in the Museum, the Exhibition 

Department created a 

free-standing, natural setting in 

the Roosevelt Memorial Hall. It 

was designed as the basis for a 

possible future Panda diorama in 

the Hall of South Asiatic 

Mammals. 

Permanent Halls The Hall of 

South American Peoples approached 

completion with its 

opening planned for the Spring of 

1988. Hundreds of artifacts from 

the Museum's collections have 53

The special exhibition "Dark Caves, 

Bright Visions,"featuring the art ofIce 

Age Europe, atrated uidespread media 

attention and many visitors during its 

Oct. 23 to Jan. 19 run. Newsweek's 

Nov. 10 cover story by science writer 

Sharon Begley spurred increased interest 

in the exhibition, in Ice Age life 

and in the Museumrr Such media coverage 

increases the reach and impact of 

Museum exhibitions and programs.

een individually conserved and 

mounted for this permanent installation. 

An area in which 

continuous-run video loops will be 

presented was on the drawing 

board. 

Research and planning for 

redesign of the Osborn Hall of 

Late Mammals continued and involved 

on-site inspection of three 

European museums by the 

designer and several curators to 

evaluate fossil exhibition halls. 

A new Hall of Human Biology 

and Evolution is in the planning 

stage, with many innovative 

exhibition techniques being 

considered for inclusion. 

Maintenance Program An 

Exhibit Maintenance Task Force 

was set up in the department with 

responsibility for the continued 

and routine repair and 

maintenance of exhibits 

throughout the Museum. Included 

in this program is the continuous 

refurbishment of dioramas. During 

the year the White Sheep, 

Jack Rabbit, Spotted Skunk, 

Striped Skunk, and Cottontail 

groups, all in the Hall of North 

American Mammals, were cleaned 

and rejuvenated. 

The Replica Studio, which 

creates copies of American 

Museum dinosaurs from the 

Museum's molds, made full-size 

replicas for sale to the Denver 

Museum of Natural History, the 

University of Saskatchewan and 

the l1kikawa City Museum in 

Japan. 

Department of 

Library Services 

The extensive collection of the 

Museum's natural history 

library one ofthe largest in 

the world is a major resource 

for the Museum staffand the 

international scientific and 

scholarly community. The 

Library's reach and scope are 

exceptionally wide because ofits 

continued participation in 

cooperative programs and 

because its holdings are entered 

into an international database. 

Special care is given to its rare 

book, film, photographic and 

archival collections. In many 

cases, generous grants support 

the curation ofthese collections. 

Cooperative Ventures Cooperation 

among libraries is a longestablished 

tradition that opens a 

wide range of collections to 

scholars and scientists. It helps 

libraries select, catalog and conserve 

their collections. As libraries 

became automated, communication 

became instantaneous. Regional, 

national and international networks 

were formed, providing 

researchers with online access to 

published literature and to the 

nation's library collections. 

The Museum library has actively 

participated in formal cooperative 

programs since 1968, when it 

became a natural history resource 

for the New York State Interlibrary 

Loan network, making its collections 

available to researchers throughout 

the state In 1980, the Library 

joined OCLC, an automated 

national network of some 6000 

libraries. The Library has entered 

all post-1960 holdings into the national 

database and continues to enter all 

new acquisitions. 

Under a grant-supported project 

sponsored by the U.S. Department of 

Education LSCA program, administered 

by METRO (an organization 

of New York City libraries), 

the Library has added 9347 of its 

serial titles to the OCLC database 

since 1985. An additional 4000 

titles that are uniquely held by 

the Library remain to be entered. 

In 1986, through the same grant 

source, the Library began entering 

an additional 4000 monographic 

titles not previously entered 

into OCLC. 

This bronze baby giraffe, doated to the 

Museum by Hope L. Bowen, is one of 

many gifts-in-kind received during the 

past year, including a 33-part Japanese 

bride's costume, 9500 scorpions and 350 

deep-water sharks and otherfish. The 

giraffe is an addition to the Museum's 

collection ofartwork and architectural 

drawings curated by the Department of 

Library Services. 

Grants In addition to the 

METRO-LSCA grants, the Library 

received a two-year grant from the 

U.S Department of Education 

Title II-C program to microfilm for 

preservation and to catalog the 

important manuscript collections 

held by the Library and the 

Museum's scientific departments. 

The field diaries, notebooks and 

catalogs of American Museum 

scientists are important documentation 

for curation and research on 

the specimen collections. A grant 

to restore a second album of 805 

prints from the Jesup North 

Pacific Expedition, 1897-1903, was 

received from New York State. The 

restoration and cataloging of the 55

This volume of the Transactions of the 

Zoological Society of London is among 

the important scientific works that have 

been protected as part of the Museum 

Library's ongoing book and journal 

preservation efforts. The Transactions 

and other old scientific publications 

contain the first descriptions ofmany 

species and present stunning examples 

of the scientific illustrator's art.

are film collection was successfully 

completed under a USDE 

Title II-C grant, and a catalog was 

published by Garland Publishing in 

New York. 

Conservation Preservation of 

collections remains a major 

concern of the Library, since a 

large portion is pre-20th century 

imprints on acidic, deteriorating 

paper. Several important scientific 

titles in such poor condition that 

they could not be used by the scientific 

staff have been photocopied 

onto acid-free archival paper. By 

this method, the original can be 

preserved and the user has a clean, 

readable copy. Also, 11 architectural 

plans of the original 19th 

century Museum buildings, which 

are constantly used by the Plant 

Manager's Office, were conserved. 

Exhibits and Loans Two exhibits 

were mounted. "Ladies in the 

Field: The Museum's Unsung 

Explorers," which was shown in 

the Library Gallery, chronicled 

through the display of photographs, 

diaries and mementos the contributions 

made by the women who 

participated in American Museum 

expeditions. "Friends from the 

Field" was mounted in the Library 

entrance hall. It was a collection of 

photographs depicting American 

Museum scientists with the 

animals they adopted in the field 

on various expeditions. 

Sixty-three rare books and prints 

were loaned to The Charleston 

Museum in South Carolina for an 

exhibit, "Scientific fllustration, 

1500-1900." (Nina J. Root, chairwoman 

of the Department of 

Library Services, was invited there to 

lecture on natural history illustration.) 

Nine books and paintings by Titian 

R. Peale were loaned to the 

Smithsonian Institution for its 

exhibition, "Magnificent Voyagers." 

Statistics The Library served 8000 

users, answered 12,000 reference 

questions, circulated 27,200 items 

to the scientific staff, photocopied 

18,309 pages for the public, 

received 1838 interlibrary loan 

requests from other libraries and 

borrowed 499 items from other 

libraries. It processed 4613 

photographic orders, realizing an 

income of $48,601, and granted 

gratis permissions worth $13,410. 

It filled 27 orders for film footage, 

realizing an income of $3966; and 

sold 538 Museum slide packets. 

The Library added 1528 volumes, 

16,528 journal issues, 133 new serial 

titles, filed 13,611 cards into the 

public catalog, corrected 220 

records in the OCLC database, 

distributed 24,111 scientific publications 

and 13,761 issues of Recent 

Publications in Natural History. 

In June, the Library extended its 

hours to 8:30 p.m. on Wednesday 

evenings. 

Publications: 

AMNH Department of Library Services 

1986. Recent Publications in Natural 

History, 4(2) (3) (4). 

1987. Catalog of the American Museum 

of Natural History Film Archives, 

xxiv, 410 pp. New York: Garland 

Publishing. 

Bodry-Sanders, P., and B. R. Johnson 

1987. Carl Akeley: the man who put 

Africa on display. Sports Afield, 

197: 78-81, 133-135. 

Genett, M. E. 

1987. Conservation of research library 

materials at the American Museum 

of Natural History. Sci. & Tech. 

Libraries, 7(3): 15-28. 

Root, N. J., and B. R. Johnson 

1987. Transactions of the Zoological 

Society of London: an index to the 

artists, 1835-1936, xix, 444 pp. 

New York: Garland Publishing. 

Collections 

Management 

Collections management has been 

facilitated by the computerization 

of many of the departments' 

collections, making the Museum's 

36 million artifacts and specimens 

more readily available for 

research, exhibition and conservation 

purposes. New storage 

facilities preserve specimens better 

than those used previously 

and provide increased storage 

space for large collections. 

The Department of Anthropology's 

installation of 

ethnographic collections into its 

new two-level compact storage 

facility on the fourth floor proceeded 

steadily. All Tibetan 

materials were carefully transferred 

into the climate-controlled 

area, which provides excellent 

preservation and security 

features. An adjoining research 

area is available to scholars for 

examination of the Tibetan and 

other ethnographic collections. 

The entire Siberian collection was 

inventoried and installed into the 

storage facility, and the transfer 

of African collections continued. 

Fragile Abelam bark paintings 

from New Guinea were inventoried, 

photographed and placed 

in storage. 

The new textile storage units, 

all-metal cabinets with screen 

supports, have proved extremely 

successful. Additional units will 

soon be available to complete the 

storing of South American archeological 

textiles. Funds from 

the Museum's Junior Committee 

will support the acquisition of a 

large storage unit that will house 

the department's important collection 

of blankets from Mexico 

and the American Southwest. Additional 

trays for the compact 

storage were purchased with 

funding from the Natural 

Heritage Trust. 

Humidity control systems for 

the fourth floor storage area were 57

etrofitted, significantly refining 

and improving the protective environment. 

The Anthropology 

Department's conservation staff 

collaborated with the exhibition 

staff of the Department of Exhibition 

and Graphics, and 

engineers from the Department 

of Plant Operations, to plan and 

monitor the environmental control 

system for the new Hall of 

South Amencan Peoples. 

The Anthropology collection 

management staff devoted much 

attention to the preparation of artifacts 

for exhibit. More than 600 

archeological and ethnographic 

objects have been prepared for 

the new Hall of South American 

Peoples. Conservation work was 

also done on approximately 80 

Hidatsa Indian objects, which 

served as the major portion of an 

exhibition sponsored by the 

Minnesota Historical Society. 

About 600 African objects of the 

Mangbetu are currently being 

selected and conserved for installation 

in a special exhibition, 

"African Reflections: Art for 

Northeastern Zaire," to be 

curated by the American 

Museum. Collections of Northwest 

Coast Indian artifacts have been 

reviewed and prepared for a 

museum publication and for continuation 

of the special exhibition, 

"Objects of Bright Pride," created 

by the American Museum. 

A collaborative exhibition, 

"Crossroads of Continents," is 

being planned by the Smithsonian 

Institution in conjunction with the 

Field Museum of Natural History, 

the Ottawa National Museum of 

Man, and the Moscow Institute of 

Ethnography. Extensive review of 

the American Museum's Siberian 

and Northwest Coast collections 

was carried out. More than 125 

specimens from the American 

Museum's Jesup Expeditions will 

be included in this important 

exhibition. 

The Department of Vertebrate 

Paleontology began a comprehen- 

58 sive improvement of the storage 

facility for its fossil fish collection. 

Tracks are being installed for a 

compact storage unit, which will 

allow for 60 percent more storage 

space The work is supported by a 

grant from the National Science 

Foundation to Dr. Maisey. The 

storage facility will house the current 

collection of 35,000 fossil fish 

specimens, including the recently 

acquired 12,000 Cretaceous fishes 

from Brazil donated by Herbert 

Axelrod. Plans to computerize the 

collection will allow for easy access 

to specimen location, taxonomy 

and loans. 

The Department of Herpetology 

completed incorporating part of 

its collections into new storage 

space, which was recently 

renovated and modernized with 

funding from the National 

Science Foundation. The space is 

essential to housing the department's 

burgeoning collection, 

which now totals about 280,000 

specimens. During the renovation 

project, clay crocks that had held 

oversized specimens were replaced 

with new stainless steel tanks, 

improving specimen preservation. 

The Department of Ichthyology 

completed the transfer of collections 

into its new 4500-square-foot 

storage facility on the first floor. 

The cataloged collection of 

specimens in alcohol now occupies 

double the space that was 

previously available. Uncataloged 

specimens were placed in a newly 

installed compact storage system. 

The new space also will be used 

for radiography, mixing of alcohol, 

skeletal preparation and offices. 

Interdepartmental 

Facilities 

The Interdepartmental Facilities 

are available to all Museum 

departments. They include the 

central computer system, a scanning 

electron microscope 

laboratory and a darkroom. 

The computer memory was 

doubled to four megabytes of 

main memory and the total device 

capacity was increased by 16 to a 

total of 64. The memory was upgraded 

in anticipation of increased 

demands on system resources by 

the addition of an inhouse fundraising 

database which will be 

used by the Office of Development. 

The increased device capacity was 

needed to handle the 11 workstations/PCs 

and three printers 

added to the system over the year. 

Departments receiving the 

devices included Development, 

Guest Services, Public Affairs, 

Volunteers, Mammalogy and 

Ornithology. New database 

applications for the Office of 

Public Affairs, the American 

Museum-Hayden Planetarium and 

the Museum Computer Network, 

and a budget maintenance program 

used by the Department of 

Entomology, Interdepartmental 

Facilities, the Department of 

Mammalogy and Micropaleontology 

Press were developed and put into 

operation. 

The scanning electron 

microscope (SEM) laboratory is 

available to outside researchers as 

well as to Museum staff members. 

Much of the systematic and 

taxonomic work done by curators 

in the Departments of 

Invertebrates, Entomology, 

Mammalogy, and Ichthyology 

requires use of the SEM. It is 

used, too, by the Departments of 

Anthropology and Mineral Sciences. 

In addition to its value as a 

research tool, the SEM has 

educational value. Local school 

classes and their teachers visit 

the laboratory and are instructed

in the microscope's use and applications. 

The educational benefits 

to younger students will be 

further explored. 

Grants and 

Fellowships 

The Office ofGrants and 

Fellowships administers the 

Museum's programs offellowships 

and research grants available 

to the scholarly community. 

The Doctoral Training Program, 

newly administered by this 

office, is a joint educational 

venture with universities with 

which the Museum has aformal 

relationship and it is dedicated 

to the training ofPhD. candidates 

in the scientific disciplines represented 

in the Museum. This 

year agreements werefinalized 

with two universities: Columbia, 

enabling students to study in 

vertebrate paleontology and 

mineral sciences, and Cornell, 

in entomology. Other joint programs 

are the Evolutionary 

Biology Program with the City 

University ofNew York, and the 

AnimalBehavior-Biopsychology 

Program also with CUNY The 

Doctoral TrainingProgram, an 

important complement to the postdoctoral 

Fellowship Program, 

reinforces the Museum's 

commitment to the education 

and training ofscientists. 

The Grants Program supported 

176 predoctoral candidates and 

postdoctoral investigators. The 

program awarded 70 Frank M. 

Chapman Memorial Grants 

(Ornithology); 36 Lerner-Gray 

Grants for Marine Research; 49 


Grants (North American zoology 

and paleozoology); and 6 Lincoln 

Ellsworth Grants for research in 

the near arctic. 

Collection Study Grants, which 

enable graduate students and recent 

postdoctoral investigators to visit 

the Museum to study the scientific 

collections, supported 15 researchers 

visiting the departments of 

Entomology, Herpetology, Ichthyology, 

Mammalogy, Ornithology, 

Vertebrate Paleontology and 

Anthropology. 

The Research and Museum 

Fellowship Program provides 

support to recent postdoctoral 

investigators, established scientists 

and other scholars, so they may 

carry out specific projects within a 

limited period of time at the 

Museum or its field stations. This 

year, four Research Fellows were 

in residence Jill Neitzel was appointed 

the Boeschenstein Research 

Fellow in Anthropology and investigated 

the organization of a prehistoric 

urban center in Chaco 

Canyon, New Mexico, based on a 

reanalysis of the previous Museum 

excavations at Pueblo Bonito. 

Charles Griswold, a Kalbfleisch 

Research Fellow in Entomology, 

devoted his time to the revisions of 

the spiders of the Subfamily 

Phyxelidinae (Araneae; 

Amaurobiidae). Peter Meylan 

accepted a second year fellowship, 

the Thorne Research Fellowship, in 

Vertebrate Paleontology to continue 

the revision of the fossil Trionychidae 

(family of soft-shelled turtles) of 

North America. Christopher 

Fridrich, a Kalbfleisch Research 

Fellow in Mineral Sciences, conducted 

research on the evolution of the 

Sierrita caldera and the underlying 

cogenetic Ruby Star batholith 

in southeastern Arizona. An oblique 

section through a mineralized silicic 

magmatic system from surface to 

mid-crustal levels exposes the 

caldera and batholith. 

The Curatorial Fellowship 

Program brings to the Museum 

people holding doctoral degrees or 

equivalents to assume all the duties 

and responsibilities of members of 

the curatorial staff for a limited 

term appointment not to exceed 

five years. 

Michael Smith completed his 

second year as Kalbfleisch 

Assistant Curator (Fellow) in the 

Department of Ichthyology. As part 

of an ongoing National Science 

Foundation-sponsored project, he 

inferred relationships of goodeid 

fishes based on osteological and 

female reproductive characters. 

He also estimated relationships 

among six genera related to 

Cyprinodon (pupfishes). 

This year, the Museum began 

recruiting for a second curatorial 

fellow whose appointment would 

begin in the 1987-88 academic year. 

The programs for Grants and 

Fellowships are made possible 

through the generosity of many 

donors to the following funds: 

Boeschenstein Fund, Frank M. 

Chapman Memorial Fund, 

Greenwall Fund, Franklin H. 

Kalbfleisch Endowment Fund, 

Lerner-Gray Fund for Marine 

Research, Lincoln Ellsworth Fund, 

Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund, 

Thorne Fund, and Weatherhead 

Fund for Asian Studies. 

At mid-year, the Office of Grants 

and Fellowships was transferred to 

the Department of Development 

and Public Affairs, as an adjunct 

to the Development Office 

59

Publications, 

Membership and 

Marketing 

Natural History "The First 

Americans;" a series of articles in 

which archeologists, linguists, 

paleontologists and geneticists 

present evidence of when, where 

and how humans may have 

entered the New World, was inaugurated 

by Natural History. 

The magazine also revived 

"Postscripts," a short news section 

of updates on subjects that 

previously received treatment as 

feature articles. 

The subject matter of the 

magazine's articles was, as usual, 

international in scope; yet many 

of the articles were written by 

scientists doing fieldwork in their 

(and our) own backyards. In a 

detailed study of the common 

Blue Jay's habit of transporting 

and burying acorns, botanist W. 

Carter Johnson and zoologist 

Curtis Adkisson shed light on how 

the hardwood forests made their 

comeback after the last Ice Age. 

And Jerry Wolffs study of two of 

the most common types of woodland 

mice challenged a timehonored 

theory of interspecies 

competition. 

In many cases Natural History 

authors came up with interesting 

pieces that fit into current environmental 

puzzles. By analyzing 

the proportions of key elements 

and compounds in air samples, atmospheric 

chemists Kenneth A. 

Rahn and Douglas Lowenthal 

discovered how many of the 

pollutants linked to acid rain 

travel in pulses from midwestern 

industrial centers to the East 

Coast. 

Robert Alvo, a Canadian 

graduate student in ornithology, 

told the acid-rain story from 

another perspective; he correlated 

the reproductive success of one of 

North America's best known 

water birds, the Loon, with the 

60 

acidity of Ontario's lakes. Similarly, 

ichthyologist Branley Allen 

Branson's studies of mountain 

creeks showed that 14 years after 

surface mining had stopped, the 

animal life in affected Appalachian 

streams remains 

drastically altered. 

In "What Are Friends For?" 

primatologist Barbara Smuts 

reported new insights into the 

evolution of primate social 

behavior. She showed that some 

opposite-sex associations among 

baboons are nonsexual, lasting 

alliances. Ornithologist Kathy 

Martin and zoologist Daniel 

Townsend explored apparent 

exceptions to evolutionary rules: 

paternal care of young birds and 

frogs, respectively. 

The economic underpinnings of 

human ecology and culture were 

elucidated by anthropologist 

Caroline Brettell, who wrote of 

the lives of contemporary Portuguese 

women whose menfolk are 

still emigrating to the New World, 

and by Mervyn Goldstein, who explained 

why Tibetan brothers may 

marry the same woman. In "Foul 

Shots and Rifle Fire," R. Lincoln 

Keiser compared male competition 

in Pakistan and Connecticut. 

The October issue presented 

"Mappers of the Deep," a memoir 

in which Marie Tharp told the 

story of the discovery of the Mid- 

Atlantic Ridge, perhaps the most 

significant oceanographic find of 

the century. She had an important 

role in the discovery. 

The April issue highlighted the 

Canadian arctic and subarctic. 

The issue also included a special 

supplement, "Life, the Great 

Chemistry Experiment;" in which 

researcher Sandra Postel detailed 

the human-induced chemical 

changes that may be reshaping 

the conditions of life on Earth. 

As in past years, Museum scientists 

were important contributors. 

A narrative of the rediscovery of 

the supposedly extinct Ivory-billed 

Woodpecker was coauthored by 

Dr. Short. Dr. Topoff authored a 

feature on army ants, and Ms. 

Feinberg identified ichthyological 

oddities at New York's Fulton 

Fish Market, chronicling them in 

"The Living Museum;" a column 

that follows Museum-related 

scientific activity. 

The last few months of fiscal 

1987 saw a new focus on newsstand 

sales. The newsstand cover 

now regularly displays five prominent 

coverlines aimed at attracting 

a new group of first-time 

readers. First indications are that 

newsstand sales are running well 

above those for the same months 

in recent years. 

Total revenue from Natural 

History Magazine operations and 

Associate Membership exceeded 

$10 million for the fiscal year. 

Natural History's advertising 

revenues in 1986-87 were $4.9 

million, as measured by The 

Publishers Information Bureau. 

Average paid circulation remained 

nearly 503,000, as measured by 

the Audit Bureau of Circulations. 

The magazine continues to serve 

as the primary advertising 

medium for Discovery Tours, The 

Members Book Program, and 

other Museum activities. As such, 

it plays an important role in communicating 

with Museum 

members. 

Discovery Tours For the first 

time, Discovery Tours took participants 

to all seven continents. 

The Antarctica cruise at the 

height of the austral summer was 

a tremendous success, with the 

weather so kind that the 

notorious Drake Passage was 

renamed the "Drake Pond!" 

The Museum's first cruise along 

the eastern seaboard of Canada 

and the United States was also 

well received. On the safari to 

Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana, 

travelers viewed big game from 

open vehicles and during exciting 

walking excursions. Discovery 

Tours also launched its first 

cruises of the Islands of Japan, 

taking participants from Korea 

through the Inland Sea of Japan

Natural Historyfills the billfor nearly 

a half-million Museum members, who 

receive the magazine monthly. The 

Natural Momentfeature displays outstanding 

nature photography, such as 

this shot by Wayne Wegner of a puffin 

with a mouthful offish. The magazine 

is a showcasefor color photography and 

for readable essays by scholars and 

scientists.

and on to Japan's northern island 

of Hokkaido. 

Discovery Tours returned to 

many exciting destinations such 

as China, Norway, Britain, Kenya, 

Mexico, Easter Island, Peru, 

Tahiti, the Amazon, Indonesia, 

the Great Barrier Reef, France 

(including the original cave of 

Lascaux) and the Galapagos 

Islands. 

Discovery Tlurs itineraries 

reflect specific "study themes" 

related to the Museum. The 

department selects lecture teams 

and lecture series to enhance 

travel experiences. The staff 

creates and produces comprehensive 

educational materials for 

each participant, including guide 

information, glossaries, 

chronologies, checklists of wildlife 

and reading lists. Discovery Tours' 

representatives accompany and 

monitor the operation of each program 

to assure the satisfaction of 

participants. 

The travel program of the 

American Museum provided more 

than 940 participants with special 

study tours to more than 40 countries. 

Fifty-nine Museum and 

guest lecturers served as tour 

leaders, providing formal slideillustrated 

lectures and informal 

discussions during each trip. A 

ratio of one lecturer to 16 

travelers was maintained. 

Membership The Membership 

Office drew on the institution's 

vast resources to inform members 

about the natural world and the 

research that is conducted at the 

Museum. Highlights included 

talks by Anthropology Department 

Research Associate Helen 

Fisher on the Evolution of 

Human Sexuality and Dr. Topoff 

on slave-making ants; behind-thescenes 

tours of the Departments 

of Exhibition and Mammalogy; 

and a historical look at the 

Museum's great expeditions with 

Doug Preston, author of 

"Dinosaurs in the Attic." Guides 

62 from the Volunteer Office led 

more than 2400 members on 

tours of the Museum's halls and 

special exhibitions. 

Collaborative programs with the 

American Museum-Hayden 

Planetarium were extremely successful. 

Dr. Gutsch's lecture on recent 

discoveries about Uranus, the 

annual holiday concerts, and a 

concert by Paul Winter attracted 

capacity audiences. Members' 

children made cardboard rockets 

at a special Members' preview of 

"The Secret of the Cardboard 

Rocket.' 

The "Rotunda" newsletter, in 

addition to informing members of 

Museum events and exhibitions, 

also told them about research activities. 

In "Palmer Station Diary,' 

Dr. Winston discussed her 

research on bryozoans in the 

Antarctic; Dr. Short wrote a 

Letter from the Field on his work 

with African Honeyguides. The 

December issue featured Museum 

fieldwork in North America. 

The Membership Office also 

presented programs with outstanding 

speakers from outside 

the Museum, including Jane 

Goodall, who lectured to 2000 

members on her recent research 

on the chimpanzees of Gombe 

The office also coordinated the 

Mack Lipkin Man and Nature 

Lectures, in which fall and winter 

series were given by Stephen Jay 

Gould and Garrett Hardin. 

Family programs continued to 

be very popular. "The Ice Age and 

Its Mammoth Hunters," presented 

in conjunction with the "Dark 

Caves, Bright Visions" exhibition; 

the Annual Origami Holiday 

Workshop taught by the Friends 

of the Origami Center of 

America, and the "All New 

Dinosaur Revue" were among the 

year's highlights. The first full 

year of the Members' Birthday 

Program was an outstanding success. 

Members, 5 to 10 years old, 

could choose either a "Dinosaur," 

"Safari" or "Star" party. By the 

end of the year, the Membership 

Office had given 150 parties attended 

by more than 2500 

children. The Members' Birthday 

Program quickly became a new 

source of revenue. 

The Participating and Donor 

Membership program had its best 

year. The program reached a new 

high of 24,000 members. For the 

first time total revenue from these 

classes of membership exceeded 

$1 million. Attendance at the 

members' events also reached 

record numbers. Over the last five 

years, Participating and Donor 

Membership income has more 

than doubled while net income 

has almost tripled. 

Special Publications Members' 

Book Program offerings were well 

received. Fine quality books, 

calendars and audio tapes are offered 

to the Museum's members 

and friends through an annual 

catalog, direct mail and advertisements 

in Natural History. 

Especially popular are scienceoriented 

children's books, Museum 

products such as calendars and 

notecards, and the publications of 

the Museum's staff members. 

The 1987 Museum calendar, 

"John Gould's Exotic Birds of 

Asia;" has proved so popular that 

more of his bird images will appear 

in the 1988 calendar, "John 

Gould's Exotic Birds." The 1988 

calendar, produced with Universe 

Books Inc., will feature a variety 

of bird images taken from 

volumes in the Museum Library's 

Rare Book Room. 

New and exciting projects were 

launched by Special Publications. 

One of the most successful 

endeavors was the production of a 

catalog to accompany the exhibition, 

"Dark Caves, Bright Visions: 

Life in Ice Age Europe." The entire 

print run of the catalog, a 

large-format, four-color book with 

more than 100 photographs of 

prehistoric sites and artifacts, was 

sold during the exhibition period. 

An agreement was reached with 

the University of Washington 

Press to copublish a book on the

Dinosaurs can be a girl's bestfriend ... 

and a boy's bestfriend, too. The Museum 

Shop has everyone's favorite animals 

on T-shirts, jewelry and ties, as puzzles, 

or as cuddly stuffed toys. In addition to 

dinosaur paraphernalia, the shop has 

a well-stocked natural history bookshop 

and a variety ofgifts relded to the themes 

of the Museum's exhibition halls.

Museum's Northwest Coast Indian 

collections. Author of the book is 

Aldona Jonaitis, a Research 

Associate in the Department of 

Anthropology. Beautiful color 

photographs, newly created for 

the project, will be used to illustrate 

outstanding artifacts 

from the collection. The text will 

describe their history. Funding for 

the publication was received from 

the National Endowment for the 

Humanities. 

Sales of Audubon portfolios, the 

new edition of six prints from 

Auduboni's "Birds of America" 

continue to be very strong. 

Royalties from this project will endow 

a research fund in the name 

of John James Audubon and will 

help the Museum carry on 

research in the areas of natural 

history with which Audubon was 

so deeply concerned. 

Curator The four 1986-87 issues 

of Curator covered a wide range 

of topics. One issue, devoted entirely 

to the use of computers in 

and by museums, carried a collection 

of papers presented at the 

Museum Computer Network Conference 

in Mexico City in 1985. 

Topics covered in the special issue 

were the development of a stolen 

art archive that enables nonprofessionals 

to identify, and 

hopefully return, priceless objects 

to museums; development of a 

film catalog on a personal computer 

at the Museum of Modern 

Art, and the computerization of 

both small and large collectionsfrom 

the Clement Frye Collection 

at the Yale Medical Library to the 

vast holdings of the National Park 

Service in more than 300 locations 

throughout the United 

States. The issue also listed 

Curator's previous articles in this 

field, an impressive collection 

dating back to the journal's first 

year of publication. 

Three other issues published 

during the year included a survey 

of halls of fame (a rapidly expand- 

64 ing museum area), studies on exhibition 

evaluation during and 

after development, and technical 

articles with detailed instructions 

and drawings to help exhibitors 

handle such specific problems as 

mounting delicate garments. A 

cumulative index of 30 years of 

Curator was in preparation. 

Curator is increasingly becoming 

an international journal, 

sending subscriptions to, and 

receiving manuscripts from other 

continents. There are about 1000 

subscribers worldwide Its authors 

have come from Germany, 

Canada, India and Great Britain, 

as well as most of the states of 

this country. Curator is clearly 

seen as a prestigious publication 

by the museum world; it is the 

journal to which professionals 

submit their work first. 

Micropaleontology Press 

Academic and professional 

paleontologists are served by 

Micropaleontology Press in their 

studies of microscopic fossils from 

ancient seafloors and lakes. It offers 

special applications in 

petroleum exploration. 

Four issues of supplement pages 

for the world standard Ellis 

and Messina Catalogues of 

Micropaleontology were delivered. 

These included two issues of the 

Catalogue ofForaminifera, with 

original type descriptions of 645 

genera and species; one issue of 

the Catalogue of Ostracoda, with 

232 genera and species; and one 

issue of the new Catalogue of 

Diatoms, with 345 genera and 

species. The quarterly research 

journal, Micropaleontology, and 

the monthly information service, 

Bibliography and Index of 

Micropaleontology, were published 

in their 32nd and 15th years, 

respectively. 

The Press received important 

contributions from Agip (the 

national oil company of Italy), 

Amoco Production and Research 

Company, Arco Research, 

Chevron USA, Marathon Oil Company, 

Mobil Oil Company, and 

Shell Oil Company. The contributions 

support its work and helped 

in developing a prototype image/text 

program that will display 

any of the 65,000 fossils in its files 

in a desktop computer. 

Museum Shop This was a record 

year for the Museum Shop. Last 

year, for the first time, shop sales 

exceeded $2 million. Sales this 

year surpassed last year's by 28 

percent. Increased demand 

reflected, in part, the national interest 

in the dinosaur, making 

1987 "The Year of the Dinosaur" 

for the Museum Shop. 

The new surge of interest in 

dinosaurs among all age groups 

was met by the addition of more 

educational and decorative merchandise 

to the sales areas in the 

Museum. The heightened interest 

also boosted mail-order sales, particularly 

in exclusive dinosaur ties, 

plush and scale models. Media 

coverage, both print and broadcast, 

contributed to the success of 

the dinosaur merchandise, including 

a front-page photograph 

of the Museum's Junior Shop in 

The New York Times. 

Gems and minerals continued to 

be a fast growing classification, 

sold as specimens, jewelry and 

specialty items. The interest of 

the public in minerology has 

helped to more than double 

Museum Shop sales in this 

category. 

The Gallery Three Shop 

presented merchandise groups 

related to exhibitions. Items 

linked to the "Dark Caves, Bright 

Visions" exhibition included a 

wide range of merchandise 

representative of Ice Age Europe, 

highlighted by cave art and the 

highly successful catalog, "Dark 

Caves, Bright Visions" published 

by the Museum. In conjunction 

with the "Chaco Phenomenon" 

exhibition the shop offered a wide 

range of books, native American 

crafts and jewelry. 

The Junior Shop, a significant 

contributor to the record year,

was very popular with families as 

well as school groups. In the past 

year, Junior Shop sales have increased 

more than 30 percent. 

Six new display cases were 

placed in locations around the 

Museum to highlight the variety 

of merchandise available in the 

shops and reflect the various exhibition 

halls. 

Administration 

Plant Operations, Construction, 

Maintenance and Building 

Services The Construction 

Department installed a new 

employee dining room and renovated 

the school reception lunchrooms. 

Designs are on the board 

for improvement of exterior 

lighting of the Central Park West 

facade and installation of an 

elevator for the handicapped in the 

Hall of Ocean Life. For the 

American Museum-Hayden 

Planetarium, designs in progress 

include roof replacement, facade 

restoration and installation of a 

"Celestial Plaza" in which bronze 

representations of astronomical 

objects are embedded. New doors 

and a canopy were fabricated and 

installed to restore the look of the 

Art Deco architecture of the era 

during which the Planetarium was 

built. 

The Construction Department 

worked with the Exhibition 

Department on the installation of 

the Hall of South American 

Peoples. The work for the Hall 

included electrical design and 

installation of special lighting to 

prolong the life of artifacts, 

creative woodworking, metal and 

glass for case construction and 

painting. Construction services 

were also provided for the year's 

special exhibitions. 

Scientific and administrative 

office renovations included the 

Departments of Anthropology, 

Entomology, Ichthyology, and the 

Museum Shop. A new conference 

room was completed for the 

Department of Education, and 

new admissions desks and counting 

mechanisms were fabricated 

for Theodore Roosevelt Memorial 

Hall. Renovation work in the 

Photographic Archives Library 

was completed. 

The department's professional 

staff monitored major projects 

funded by the New York City 

Department of Cultural Affairs 

and the Department of General 

Services. These included the 

rehabilitation of flat roofs and 

exterior facades; construction of 

fire stairs; security and fire alarm 

consolidation, and restoration of 


Hall. A project is planned for the 

demolition and restoration of the 

stairs, terrace and plaza on 77th 

Street. Restoration of the 

Museum's plaza and steps on 

Central Park West has been substantially 

completed. 

The Maintenance Department 

provided services such as heating, 

ventilation, air conditioning, plumbing, 

cleaning and lighting. The 

department significantly reduced 

the number of service calls by completing 

a comprehensive location 

and status survey of heating, 

ventilating and air conditioning 

equipment, water lines, and steam 

and leader lines, and then utilizing 

the information to systematically 

upgrade the facilities. Projects are 

underway for the replacement of 

water and steam lines that had 

become corroded, as well as replacement 

of outdated heating, ventilating 

and air conditioning equipment. 

Several water lines have already 

been replaced. Heating, ventilating 

and air conditioning units for 

Gallery 3 and storage areas for the 

Anthropology Department were 

upgraded to provide temperature 

and humidity controls. 

A new heating, ventilating and 

air conditioning system, air filtration 

system and hood exhaust were 

installed in the office of Micropaleontology 

Press. Designs for air 

conditioning systems in the Hall of 

South American Peoples and in 

storage areas of the Ichthyology 

Department were completed. A 

program of group relamping of 

halls and exhibit cases proved 

more efficient than spot relamping 

and resulted in substantial labor 

savings by the department. Marble 

was cleaned and sealed in the 

subway entrance, basement and 

stairways. Painting was completed 

in the Hall of Eskimos, the Hall of 

Indians of the Eastern Woodlands, 

the Hall of Indians of the Plains, 

the Hall of Primates, 77th Street 

Foyer and the north and south 

stairways within the Theodore 

Roosevelt Memorial Hall building. 

The Building Services department 

is responsible for Museum 

security. The staff also participates 

in the transportation and protection 

of special exhibition materials 

from their arrival at the airport to 

installation in the galleries. The 

department began a program of 

intensive training of its personnel 

who provide services to the 

Museum's many visitors. 

Naturemax Theater "The 

Dream Is Alive' completed a 

highly successful two-year run in 

the Naturemax Theater, attracting 

a total of 450,610 visitors since its 

premier in June, 1985. Another 

200,000 visitors saw "Nomads of 

the Deep," "Skyward" and "On the 

Wing," which were introduced 

during the year. 

In April, the Naturemax Theater 

was highlighted in a New York Times 

article by film critic Vincent Canby, 

which focused on IMAX and large 

screen formats. It is anticipated 

that this exposure will have the 

effect of heightening interest and 

increasing Naturemax attendance. 

Beginning July 1, "Grand Canyon 

- The Hidden Secrets" and 

"Chronos" were scheduled in the 

Naturemax Theater. The two new 

features are expected to have long 

and successful runs. 

65

A new employee dinning room, brightened 

by nine backlit Mochi murals, 

opened in March. The cafeteria is 

managed by Restaurant Associates, 

Inc., which also manages the Museum's 

two public restaurants. The American 

Museum Restaurant served lunch, 

brunch or dinner to 54400 visitors. Food 

Express, a 900-seat fast-food facility 

with a diverse menu, served more than 

700,000 visitors.

Museum Attendance Museum 

attendance for the 1986-1987 fiscal 

year totaled 2,744,220. This figure 

includes 2,164,799 to the Museum 

and 579,421 to the Planetarium. 

Development and 

Public Affairs 

Developimient The international 

business community and the 

Museum are partners in mutual 

efforts to expand understanding of 

the natural sciences and present the 

sciences and human cultural diversity 

to the public. Trustee Donald C. 

Platten's leadership has generated 

strong corporate support for the 

Museum's General Fund. Despite 

corporate mergers and difficult 

times in many businesses, corporate 

contributions this year were in 

excess of $1 million. More than 300 

businesses are now corporate donors 

to the Museum, but the cornerstones 

of this prospering partnership 

are the Museum's longtime and 

generous corporate contributors: 

Reader's Digest (through the 

Wallace Funds), Bristol-Myers, 

Chemical Bank, Consolidated 

Edison Company of New York, 

Exxon, and International Business 

Machines Corporation. 

Once again, the Museum was 

able to remain open free of charge 

on Friday and Saturday evenings 

as the result of a generous grant 

from the Mobil Corporation. This 

program allows people, who might 

otherwise be unable to come to the 

Museum, to visit at more convenient 

times. The Exxon Education 

Fbundation provided funds for internships 

and work-study opportunities 

for college students, undergraduate 

and graduate student research in 

collaboration with Museum curators, 

and also supported in-service 

programs for teachers. Helena 

Rubinstein Foundation, through 

the personal interest of Roy V. 

Titus, is helping to underwrite the 

installation of a new plaza at the 

entrance to the Planetarium. The 

Du Pont Company and its energy 

subsidiaries, Conoco and 

Consolidated Coal Company, 

provided assistance for the production 

and installation of a new video 

presentation on plate tectonics in 

the Hall of Earth History. A 

natural science education program 

for junior high school students was 

established with a grant from 

Christodora Incorporated. 

Corporations that participate in 

employee matching gift programs 

are especially important in the 

Museum's scientic, educational 

and cultural advancement. Contributions 

in this program provided 

more funds to the Museum than 

ever before 

Private foundations have a vital role 

in supporting the Museum in a wide 

variety of programs. The Andrew 

W. Mellon Foundation awarded a 

very generous three-year grant of 

$725,000 to carry out conservation 

work on the collection in the 

Department of Anthropology and 

to provide conservation treatment 

for objects in Museum exhibitions. 

The school class facilities were 

enlarged and improved through a 

grant of $250,000 from the Charles 

Hayden Foundation. The 

Foundation's award allowed the 

Museum to increase the capacity 

of these facilities from 2400 to 

3800 students each day. The 

Howard Phipps Foundation continued 

its generous support of the 

Roosevelt Renovation Project with 

a gift of $250,000. 

The research project on St. 

Catherines Island, under the leadership 

of Dr. Thomas, continued with 

the generous support of the 

Edward John Noble Foundation. 

The Ruth U. and Sanford Samuel 

Foundation provided assistance to 

undergraduate and graduate 

students to conduct research at the 

the Museum under the training of 

Museum curators. The Eppley 

Foundation for Research sponsored 

Dr. Novacek's paleontology research 

in Southern Chile Dr. 'lIttersall's 

research on the lemurs ofMa r 

was supported by the Richard 

Lounsbery Foundation and 

Richard Zweifel's fieldwork in New 

Guinea was supported by the Sabin 

Conservation Fund. 

The Ambrose Monell Foundation, 

The G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation, 

the Helen Clay Frick Foundation, 

the Gladys and Roland Harriman 

Foundation and the J.M.R. Barker 

Foundation all contributed to the 

Museum's operation. 

Overflow audiences for programs 

in the auditorium can now see the 

programs in the Henry Kaufmann 

Theater on closed circuit television; 

a grant from the Henry Kaufmann 

Foundation provided for the installation 

of equipment in the theater. 

The Education Department's programs 

were funded through many 

sources, including the Samuel & 

May Rudin Foundation, William 

Randolph Hearst Foundation, The 

Vidda Foundation and Henry Nias 

Foundation. The Lucius N. Littauer 

Foundation assisted in the presentation 

of the exhibition "On Thp: 

New York's Water Supply.' 

Friends have a very special 

relationship with the Museum and 

have access to its scientists and 

facilities in a manner that is not 

possible for other members and 

the public. This year the number of 

Friends and the generosity of their 

support reached their highest levels. 

Friends were invited to several 

events, including a champagne 

reception and preview for the new 

Imax film, "Chronos," and a special 

showing of the exhibition, "Dark 

Caves, Bright Visions." 

Government agencies help support 

various projects. The NSF awarded 

grants for collection maintenance 

of the fossil fish collection, which 

is the largest and most diverse 

collection of its kind in the United 

States, and to the Department of 

Mamnmalogy for care of its collection. 

The National Endowment for the 

Humanities awarded a major grant 

in support of "Carthage: A Mosaic 

of Ancient Thnisia." This traveling 67

exhibition of Punic, Greek and 

Roman artifacts will premiere at 

the Museum in December, 1987, 

before beginning a national tour. 

The United States Department of 

Education awarded a two-year 

grant to the Museum's Department 

of Library Services for the microfilming 

and cataloging of 200 

historical and scientific documents, 

including field journals, specimen 

catalogs and letters of Museum 

scientists, explorers and collectors. 

The National Endowment for the 

Arts supported the purchase of 

equipment to meet the specialized 

conservation needs in the Hall of 

South American Peoples which 

will open in 1988. The Institute of 

Museum Services awarded a grant 

toward the general operation of 

the Museum. The IMS also 

provided funding for conservation 

of a collection from the Mangbetu 

peoples of northeastern Zaire 

in preparation for a major 

traveling exhibition which will 

premiere in 1990. 


the Arts provided generous support 

for the general operation of the 

Museum and for various projects. 

Project grants were awarded for new 

educational materials to be used by 

visiting school classes; a collaborative 

effort between the Museum 

and New York School District 4 for 

workshops that introduce-teachers 

and students to the variety of 

cultures in the city; a survey of the 

Department of Anthropology's flat 

paper object collection; additional 

programs for the Education 

Department during Black History 

Month; the Margaret Mead Film 

Festival, and the exhibition, "Dark 

Caves, Bright Visions." 

New York State support was also 

received through the Natural 

Heritage Trust to assist in the 

collection management program in 

Anthropology and from the New 

York State Library for the conservation 

and preservation of vintage 

gelatin photographs taken during 

the Jesup Expedition to the North 

68 Pacific from 1897-1903. 

The Museum is fortunate to have 

the support of many contributors 

who help assure its future through 

bequests. The late George Willett's 

generous gift has established the 

George Willett Curatorship and 

helped underwrite the graduate/ 

undergraduate research training 

program. The Museum is especially 

thankful to Mr. Willett's nephew, 

Bernard Willett, for his interest 

and assistance in these efforts. 

The estate of Ruth B. Somerville 

provided for the establishment of 

the Somerville Expeditions for 

field research in the natural 

sciences and anthropology. 

Bequests from longtime friends 

Clara Peck and Richard Shields 

help assure the future operation of 

the Museum. Alice A. Hay was a 

steadfast contributor, especially to 

research in Central and South 

America during her lifetime. Her 

estate continued these generous 

gifts by supporting work in the 

Department of Anthropology. 

Benefit Events The year started 

with the formation of a Special 

Events committee, which comprised 

both members of former 

benefit committees and new 

members. There were a wide 

variety of events planned throughout 

the year. Stephen Jay Gould 

spoke at a lecture and attended a 

reception with committee members. 

A Christmas Shopping Night was 

held in the Museum Shop. In addition, 

a special tour of the exhibition, 

"Dark Caves, Bright Visions," was 

given by Ian Tattersall, and later in 

the season Jane Goodall met committee 

members at a reception 

following a Museum lecture 

The children's Halloween party 

took place in the Dinosaur Halls 

and again sold out. 

On Oct. 21, under the patronage 

of His Excellency the Ambassador 

of France to the United States,- 

and Mrs. Emmanuel de Margerie, 

"Dark Caves, Bright Visions" was 

opened with a benefit dinner. 

Mrs. Bruce Wilcox and Mrs. 

James Luse chaired a most successfu 

evening entitled "Celestial Fantasy" 

in the Planetarium. More than 400 

people arrived in every possible 

mode of headdress to dance the 

night away in the Black Light area. 

They raised more than $20,000 for 

the Department of Education 

teachers' guide books. 

The "Open Housd' party on May 19 

was enjoyed by more than 500 guests 

of varying ages. Thanks to the special 

help of Trustee Mrs. Ottavio 

Serena di Lapigio, the scientific 

staffbrought some of the Museum's 

most interesting hidden treasures 

to the event. 

None of these events could take 

place without the generous and 

enthusiastic help of all of the 

committees. 

Public Affairs Media placement 

for the Museum's exhibitions, 

programs and scientific research 

was expanded. New media were 

introduced to the Museum and 

established media relationships 

were strengthened. Numerous 

meetings with editors, reporters 

and producers, resulted in print 

and broadcast publicity which 

enhanced the Museum's visibility. 

Broad-based coverage was 

generated for the major exhibition 

"Dark Caves, Bright Visions: Life 

in Ice Age Europe." The exhibition, 

which was originated by the Museum, 

was featured as a cover article in 

Newsweek. Among the other 

magazines which discussed its importance 

as a scientific and artistic 

event were The New York Times 

Magazine, Smithsonian, Science, 

and The New Yorker. Newspapers 

which carried stories about the 

exhibition included The New York 

Times, The Wall Street Journal, 

Christian Science Monitor, Daily 

News and New York Post. "Dark 

Caves" was also covered by A.P., 

U.RI., CBS Network's "Sunday 

Morning," Cable News Network 

and National Public Radio. 

Other exhibitions that received 

national media attention included 

"The Chaco Phenomenon" "On 

lap: New York's Water Supply,"

A retired teacher who says she has been 

a member ofthe Mweumfor "as long as 

I can remember," Volunteer Bernice 

Stein gives directions to visitorsfrom 

all over the world from her station in 

the Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Hall. 

More than 500 volunteers serve 

throughout the Museum, leading 

Museum Highlights Tours, assisting in 

the scientific departments or teaching 

school groups in the Department of 

Education.

and "Benares: City of Light." This 

was accomplished through the 

dissemination of press materials, 

photos and color transparencies, 

followed by personal presentation 

of story ideas and picture possibilities. 

Media contacts were also 

established to generate publicity 

for the special exhibition 

"Carthage: A Mosaic of Ancient 

Mmnisia' 

Public Affairs produces a radio 

series that is distributed to 600 

stations nationwide. The 13-week 

segments are produced three 

times a year. The spring and fall 

radio series featured brief scientific 

interviews between the 

Director and Museum researchers. 

A new winter series, focusing on 

topics from Natural History 

magazine, and featuring interviews 

of authors by Editor Alan 

ITmes, was released in January. 

The office concluded the fiscal 

year with a press preview and 

extensive advertising campaign 

for two new Naturemax films, 

"Grand Canyon - The Hidden 

Secrets" and "Chronos." It had 

opened the year with a major press 

preview for "On the Wing." 

The third annual "Legislators 

Night" took place in January for 

New York City and New York 

State legislators and their families. 

Some 500 persons became better 

informed about the Museum during 

an evening that included the 

presentation of special programs 

and tours, as well as dining and 

dancing. 

Public Affairs expanded its role 

in disseminating the Museum's 

scientific research with the addition 

of a staff science writer. 

Research, including Judith 

Winston's work on bryozoans, 

Jeremy S. Delaney's theoretical 

reconstruction of a planetoid and 

Michael Novacek's explorations of 

Patagonia, were publicized. 

Exhibitions and other programs 

were also extensively promoted 

through the annual campaign of 

advertisements produced by 

70 Ogilvy & Mather, of which the 

Museum is a public service client. 

Full-page advertisements highlighting 

special exhibitions and 

describing other features of the 

Museum were run quarterly in 

The New York Times. Ads also 

appeared in New York Magazine 

on a semi-annual basis. Threeweek 

radio ad campaigns, targeted 

toward a cross section of potential 

Museum visitors, supplemented 

the print media advertising. 

Guest Services Among Guest 

Services' responsibilities is the 

scheduling of use of space by 

Museum departments as well as by 

corporate and nonprofit groups 

and organizations. Numerous 

Museum programs, including social 

and press events, meetings, lectures, 

classes, screenings and performances 

were planned and coordinated 

by the Office. 

Events planned and executed for 

outside groups included an introduction 

by the VF Corporation of 

Pepsi Apparel, the Centennial 

Celebration of Cornell University's 

School of Law, and Scenic Hudson 

Foundation's Water Resources 

Conference. 

Other events were arranged for 

corporations and organizations, 

including Weil, Gotshal & Manges; 

the American Stock Exchange; 

The College Board; Stroock, Stroock 

& Lavan; Financial Guaranty 

Insurance Company; Boy's Athletic 

League; Tiger Management 

Company; The Association of the 

Alumni of the Columbia University 

College of Physicians and Surgeons; 

American Bar Association; New 

York Tlephone Company; Willkie, 

Farr & Gallagher; New York Urban 

Coalition; New York Fashion 

Council; Davis Polk & Wardwell; 

Cravath Swaine and Moore; the 

Mergentine Corporation; Lever 

Brothers; Digital Corporation; 

St.Bernards School; Chemical 

Bank's Financial Services 

Division; Thursday Evening Club; 

Manomet Bird Observatory; The 

Johns Hopkins University Center 

for the Advancement of Academically 

Talented Youth; the Meteoritical 

Society; the Willie Hennig Society; 

International Business Machines; 

American Littoral Society, and the 

New York City Department of 

Parks Urban Natural Resources 

Conference. 

Commercial filming and photography 

projects included an ad for 

Apple Computers, a documentary 

for Brazilian TV featuring Antonio 

Carlos Jobim, an interview with 

Bill Moyers and Joseph Campbell, 

and a taping for the "Out of 

Africa' segment of Make It Fashion. 

In conjunction with other 

Museum offices, Guest Services 

developed a Museum Group Tour 

Package The package includes a 

Museum Highlights Tour, attendance 

at the Naturemax Theater, 

lunch in the American Museum 

Restaurant and a Planetarium Sky 

Show. The program is designed for 

group tour operators as well as for 

senior citizen and other community 

groups and organizations. 

In March, a new dining room 

was opened for Museum employees 

and their guests. The facility was 

most favorably received and served 

24,950 meals by June 30. By providing 

a separate dining area for 

employees, service lines in the 

Food Express were freed up, 

expediting service to Museum 

visitors. The Food Express served 

approximately 711,772 visitors. 

The American Museum Restaurant 

provided a pleasant setting for lunch, 

dinner and brunch for 59,419 

members and other visitors. 

Renovations to the school lunchrooms 

were completed, and the facility 

reopened in November with an 

increased seating capacity of more 

than 900 seats per lunch period. 

Distribution of general inforrnation 

brochures increased to 355,778. 

Tourist outlets, such as convention 

and visitors' bureaus, airlines, bus 

lines, parks, Y's, and community 

centers are supplied with the 

brochures in English as well as in 

several other languages. 

Floor plans were redesigned and 

updated, and 495,013 copies in

English and other languages were 

distributed to visitors. Topical 

information was provided for the 

closed circuit television system, 

and recorded telephone information 

messages which reached 

221,386 potential visitors. 

Volunteer Office Among those 

first met by Museum visitors are 

the volunteers who work at the 

Information Desks. Iniformation 

Desks are staffed by volunteers 

seven days a week, Wednesday 

evenings, and on all holidays. Some 

98,900 person hours were contributed 

to this important activity. 

Other highly visible volunteers 

work as Museum Highlights Tour 

guides. This program was in its 

10th year. During its first year, 567 

Museum Highlights Tours were 

given, compared with 2664 this 

year. Over the years, emphasis has 

been placed on improving the quality 

and scope of the program. In addition 

to the regularly scheduled daily 

tours, Museum Highlights Tour 

guides took groups through the temporary 

exhibitions. They also gave 

tours to members' groups on minerals 

and gems, dinosaurs, and primate 

evolution and social strategies. The 

Volunteer Office participated in planning 

for the new group tour program, 

which includes reserved 

Highlights Tours. 

Another highly visible 

involvement of volunteers occurs 

during the Education Department's 

Annual Margaret Mead Film 

Festival. Fifty-one volunteers 

donated time to this project during 

its five-evening run. 

In addition to highly visible jobs, 

volunteers also work behind the 

scenes. Thams of volunteer archivists 

worked in the Departments of 

Mammalogy and Herpetology, as 

well as in the Library and the 

Planetarium where they sorted 

files, preparing material for easy 

access and safe storage 

In scientific departments, 

volunteers assisted staff members 

on research projects. For example, 

in the Department of Vertebrate 

Paleontology volunteers helped 

with the preparation and curation 

of fossil fishes. 

In the Department of Invertebrates, 

the Volunteer Basic Reearmh Support 

Team worked on identification, 

distribution and evolution of an 

unparalleled collection of bryozoans. 

This volunteer group was honored 

at a recognition ceremony at City 

Hall hosted by Manhattan Borough 

President, David N. Dinkins. 

During National Volunteer Week 

the Museum's Director, Dr. Nicholson, 

especially recognized 108 volunteers 

who have given in excess of 1000 

hours of service to the institution. 

He also lauded the efforts of the 

more than 500 volunteers Museum 

wide. 

Volunteers were seen on TV selling 

at the Museum Shop on 4, touring 

through "Dark Caves, Bright Visions," 

and teaching paperfolding near 

the Origami Holiday Thee. Town & 

Country magazine featured the 

Museum's volunteer program among 

200 in museums nationwide, 

making special reference to the 

Museum Highlights Tour program. 

The volunteer program attracted 

substantial financial support 

through an anonymous donation 

by two volunteers. The Volunteer 

Office Support Fund, open to 

further contributions, is for the 

general operation and projects of 

the volunteer program. The 

Museum Highlights Tour program 

was given a tape recorder, 

numerous reference books for its 

library and the photocopying costs 

for training materials for a class of 

20 Museum Highlights Tur guide 

trainees. 

Mitzi Bhavnani, Program Chair 

of the American Association for 

Museum Volunteers, planned three 

sessions on volunteerism for the 

American Association of Museums 

annual meeting, and chaired one of 

the sessions. She gave the keynote 

address at the Utah Museum 

Volunteers Association Annual 

Meeting in Salt Lake City. She was 

a panelist discussing recriitment 

at a meeting of Volunteer 

Administrators in New York City 

Cultural Institutions, an organization 

started last year at this 

Museum. She was named to the 

Steering Committee of the New 

York Voluntary Enterprise 

Commission, a committee charged 

with planning the first statewide 

conference on volunteerism to be 

held in 1988. 

71

OFFICERS 

PRESIDENT 

Robert G. Goelet 

VICE PRESIDENTS 

William T. Golden 

Plato Malozemoff 

Frederick A. Klingenstein 

Henry G. Walter, Jr. 

SECRETARY 

L.F. Boker Doyle 

TREASURER 


BOARD OF TRUSTEES 

ELECTIVE 

Class of 1987 

Charles J. Hedlund 

Lansing Lamont 

Mrs. John Macomber 

William F. May 

Gerard Piel 

Jack Rudin 

Alfred R. Stern 

Oscar S. Straus, II 


Class of 1988 


Arthur Gray, Jr. 


Mrs. Ottavio Serena di Lapigio 

Mrs. Constantine Sidamon-Eristoff 

Class of 1989 

Robert R. Barker 

Thomas D. Barrow 


Earl G. Graves 

Mrs. John E. Hutchinson, HI 

Frank Y. Larkin 

Donald C. Platten 

Arthur Ross 

Carroll L. Wainwright, Jr. 

Class of 1990 


Henry Clay Frick, II 

Caryl P. Haskins 

Frank G. Lyon 


Barnabas McHenry 

Edwin H. Morgens 

William Murray 

Frederick Seitz 

Class of 1991 

Philip F. Anschutz 

Howard L. Clark 

Mrs. Hart Fessenden 

Elbridge T. Gerry 

Jerome Kohlberg, Jr. 

Marshall Manley 

Frank A. Metz, Jr. 


Lawrence G. Rawl 

EX OFFICIO 

Edward I. Koch, Mayor of the City of New 

York 

David N. Dinldns, President of the Borough 

of Manhattan 

Harrison J. Goldin, Comptroller of the City 

of New York 

Henry J. Stern, Commissioner, Department 

of Parks and Recreation 

Diane Coffey, Acting Commissioner, 

Department of Cultural Affairs 

Nathan Quinones, Chancellor, Board of 

Education, City of New York 

HONORARY 

William S. Beinecke 

August Belmont 

Robert E. Blum 

Benjamin S. Clark 

Joseph F. Cullman, 3rd 

James S. Rockefeller 

Edwin Thome 

Thomas J. Watson, Jr. 

COUNSEL 

Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy 

COMMITTEES OF THE BOARD* 

MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE 

ELECTED MEMBERS 



Caryl P. Haskins 

Mrs. John E. Hutchinson, III 


Frank G. Lyon 


Barnabas McHenry 

Arthur Ross 





EX OFFICIO MEMBERS 








Diane Coffey 

AUDIT AND EXAMINING COMMITTEE 

Frank Y. Larkin, Chairman 


Arthur Gray, Jr. 


Frank G. Lyon 


FINANCE COMMITTEE 

Charles H. Mott, Chairman 


Elbridge T. Gerry 

Jerome Kohlberg, Jr. 



L. F. Boker Doyle, Alternate 

NOMINATING COMMITTEE 

Howard L. Clark, Chairman 



72

COMMIfTTEES OF 

THE MUSEUM* 

BUDGET COMMITTEE 

Henry G. Walter, Jr., Chairman 



Frank G. Lyon 

Marshall Manley 


Pauline G. Meisler, Ex Officio 


Thomas D. Nicholson, Ex Officio 


SPECLAL ADVISORY 

COMMITTEES* 

ANNUAL CORPORATE DRIVE 

COMMITTEE 

Donald C. Platten, Chairma 

Thomas D. Barrow 


Frank G. Lyon 


Jack Rudin 

DEVELOPMENT COMMITTEE 

Robert G. Goelet, Chairman 

Howard L. Clark, Ex Officio 






Jack Rudin 




EDUCATION POLICY COMMITTEE 

Mrs. John Macomber, Chairman 

Malcolm J. Arth 

Charles J. Cole 


Stanley A. Freed 

Earl G. Graves 

William A. Gutsch, Jr. 

Mrs. John E. Hutchinson, III 


Neil H. Landman 


Edwin H. Morgens 

Gareth Nelson 

Thomas D. Nicholson 

Demetrius Pohl 

Arthur Ross 

Robert Voss 

Judith Winston 

EXHIBITION POLICY COMMITTEE 

Frank G. Lyon, Chairman 

Sydney Anderson 


Norene L. Brooks 

Robert L. Carneiro 


R. Niles Eldredge 

George S. Gardner 

George E. Harlow 



Ann Breen Metcalfe 

Gareth Nelson 


Steve Quinn 

Arthur Ross 

Jerome G. Rozen, Jr. 

Joseph M. Sedacca 

Mrs. Ottavio Serena di Lapigio 

Richard Slawski 


Richard Tedford 

Bal Raj Vohra 

Mrs. Halsted W. Wheeler 

PLANETARIUM POLICY COMMITTEE 

Oscar S. Straus, II, Chairman 



Mrs. Maurice Goodgold 

William A. Gutsch, Jr. 

Charles J. Hedlund 

Dorritt Hoffleit 


Mrs. James Magid 

William A. May 

Gareth Nelson 


Richard T. Perkin 

Daniel W. Seitz 

Benjamin S. P. Shen 


Mrs. Jacqueline Bograd Weld 

SCIENCE POLICY COMMITTEE 

Caryl P. Haskins, Chairman 



Henry Clay Frick, II 


Jerome L. Greene 



Guy G. Musser 

Charles W. Myers 

Gareth Nelson 


Michael Novacek 

Gerard Piel 


Norman I. Platnick 

Martin Prinz 





Mrs. Constance Spahn 

David Hurst Thomas 

Robert S. Voss 


Richard G. Zweifel 

SPECIAL ADVISORY BOARDS* 

FRANK M. CHAPMAN MEMORIAL 

COMMITTEE 

Lester L. Short, Chairman 

George F. Barrowelough 

A. H. Brush 

James C. Greenway, Jr. 

Wesley E. Lanyon 




Francois Vuilleumier 

Richard G. Zweifel 

LERNER-GRAY FUND ADVISORY 

COMMITTEE 

Arthur Gray, Jr., Chairman 

Arland L. Carsten 


Willian K. Emerson 

Nixon Griffis 



Jack Rudin 



Carol Simon 

Michael Smith 

SANFORD COMMITTEE 

Lester L. Short, Chairman 

Edward C. Childs 


William F. Sanford 

THEODORE ROOSEVELT MEMORIAL 

COMMITTEE 

Arthur Ross, Chainnan 


John Gable 

The Hon. Theodore R. Kupfennan 


Guy G. Musser 

Gareth Nelson 


Frederick Rindge 

Anna C. Roosevelt 

Elizabeth Roosevelt 




Richard H. Tedford 

Ethel Toback 

*The Presiident is an Ex Officio member of all committees. 73

THE STAFF 

July 1, 1987 

Thomas D. Nicholson, Ph.D., Director 

Charles A. Weaver, Jr., B.A. 

Deputy Director for Administration 

and Assistant Treasurer 

Pauline G. Meisler, M.B.A. 

Assistant Director for 

Financial Operations 

Walter J. Kenworthy, Ph.D., 

Executive Assistant to 

the Director 

L. Thomas Kelly, M.B.A. 

Assistant Director and Publisher 

Albert E. Parr, Sc.D. 

Director Emeritus 

SCIENCE, EDUCATION AND 

EXHIBITION DEPARTMENTS 

ANTHROPOLOGY 

Craig Morris, Ph.D., 

Chairman and Curator 

Robert L. Carneiro, Ph.D., Curator 

Stanley A. Freed, Ph.D., Curator 

Enid Schildkrout, Ph.D., Curator 

Ian M. Tattersall, Ph.D., Curator 

David Hurst Thomas, Ph.D., Curator 

Laurel Kendall, Ph.D., Assistant Curator 

Gordon F. Ekholm, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus 

Harry L. Shapiro, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus 

Bella Weitzner, Curator Emerita 

Jaymie L. Brauer, M.A., Scientific Assistant 

Carol Gelber, B.A., Scientific Assistant 

Joseph A. Jimenez, M.A., Scientific Assistant 

Philip C. Gifford, Jr., Ph.D., Senior 

Scientific Assistant Emeritus 

Robert L. Bettinger, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Gertrude E. Dole, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Ruth S. Freed, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Donald K. Grayson, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Paula Brown Glick, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Richard A. Gould, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Aldona C. Jonaitis, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Grant D. Jones, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Shepard Krech, III, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Frederica de Laguna, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Clark Spencer Larsen, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

J. Alan May, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Rhoda Metraux, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Anna Roosevelt, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Jeffrey H. Schwartz, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Colin M. Turnbull, M.A. (Oxon.), D.Phil., 

Research Associate 

Donald S. McClain, M.S., Field Associate 

Carin Burrows, Associate 

Helen E. Fisher, Ph.D., Associate 

ASTRONOMY AND THE AMERICAN 

MUSEUM-HAYDEN PLANETARIUM 

William A. Gutsch, Jr., Ph.D., Chairman 

and Associate Astronomer 

Franldyn M. Branley, Ed.D., Astronomer 

Emeritus 

Kenneth L. Franldin, Ph.D., Astronomer 

Emeritus 

David S. Roth, Planetarium Shop Manager 

Noel Guerrero, Assistant Manager 

Joseph Maddi, Chief Technician 

Helmut K. Wimmer, Art Supervisor 

Lynne B. Azarchi, M.B.A., Public Affairs 

Coordinator 

Clinton W. Hatchett, B.A., Astronomical 

Writer/Producer 

Brian P.M. Sullivan, B.S., Production 

Designer 

ENTOMOLOGY 

Norman I. Platnick, Ph.D., Chairman and 

Curator 

74 Lee H. Herman, Ph.D., Curator 

Frederick H. Rindge, Ph.D., Curator 

Jerome G. Rozen, Jr., Ph.D., Curator 

Randall T. Schuh, Ph.D., Curator 

David A. Grimaldi, Ph.D., Assistant Curator 

Mont A. Cazier, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus 

Willis J. Gertsch, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus 

Sarfraz Lodhi, M.Sc., Senior Scientific 

Assistant 

Mohammad Umar Shadab, Ph.D., Senior 

Scientific Assistant 

Louis N. Sorkin, M.S., Senior Scientific 

Assistant 

Darlene Judd, B.S., Scientific Assistant 

Marjorie Statham Favreau, Scientific 

Assistant Emerita 

Alice Gray, M.S., Scientific Assistant 

Emerita 

Sixto Coscaron, D.Nat.Sc., Research 

Associate 

Frederick Coyle, Ph.D., Research Associate 

James S. Farris, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Raymond R. Forster, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Richard L. Hoffman, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Kurt Johnson, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Kumar Krishna, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Charles D. Michener, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Mary F. Mickevich, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

A. F. Millidge, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Alfred F. Newton, Jr., Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Philip D. Perkins, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

William A. Shear, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

James A. Slater, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Gary M. Stonedahl, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Howard T. Topoff, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Quentin D. Wheeler, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Raymond Mendez, Field Associate 

James Reddell, B.A., Field Associate 

R. T. Allen, Ph.D., Associate 

Robert C. Dalgleish, Ph.D., Associate 

Noel L.H. Krauss, Ph.D., Associate 

Bryant Mather, D.Sc., Associate 

Charles Mitter, Ph.D., Associate 

John A. Murphy, M.Sc., Associate 

John T. Polhemus, Ph.D., Associate 

Kathleen A. Schmidt, M.S., Associate 

Walter C. Sedgwick, B.A., Associate 

John Stamatov, D.D.S., Associate 

HERPETOLOGY AND ICHTHYOLOGY 

Gareth Nelson, Ph.D., Chairman and 

Curator 

Charles J. Cole, Ph.D., Curator 

Charles W. Myers, Ph.D., Curator 

C. Lavett Smith, Ph.D., Curator 

Michael L. Smith, Ph.D., Kalbfleisch 

Assistant Curator (Fellow) 

Richard G. Zweifel, Ph.D., Curator 

Lester Aronson, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus 

James W. Atz, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus 

Charles M. Bogert, A.M., LL.D., Curator 

Emeritus 

M. Norma Feinberg, A.B., Senior Scientific 

Assistant

Michael W. Klemens, M.S., Senior Scientific 

Assistant 

Carol R. Townsend, B.A., Senior Scientific 

Assistant 

Barbara Brown, Ph.D., Scientific Assistant 

Philip Light, B.S., Scientific Assistant 

Margaret S. Shaw, B. Mus., 

Assistant to the Chairman 

Reeve M. Bailey, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Archie F. Carr, Jr., Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Roger Conant, Sc.D., Research Associate 

Madeline L. Cooper, M.S., Research 

Associate 

Martha L. Crump, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

John W. Daly, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Herbet C. Dessauer, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Carl Gans, Ph.D., Research Associate 

P. Humphrey Greenwood, D.Sc., Research 

Associate 

Klaus D. Kailman, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Richard Lund, Ph.D. Research Associate 

Francisco Mago-Leccia, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Linda R. Maxson, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Sherman A. Minton, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Peter Moller, Ph.D., Research Associate 

John A. Moore, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Lynne R. Parenti, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Colin Patterson, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Joseph W. Rachlin, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Janis A. Roze, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Carol Ann Simon, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

James C. Tyler, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Paulo E. Vanzolini, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Richard P. Vari, Ph.D., Research Associate 

P.J.P. Whitehead, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Dannie A. Hensley, Ph.D., Field Associate 

Victor Martinez C., Lic., Field Associate 

Alfredo Paolillo O., Lic., Field Associate 

R.L. Shipp, Ph.D., Field Associate 

James Van Tassell, Field Associate 

Itzchak Gilboa, B.A., Associate 

Norman Macbeth, Ph.D., Associate 

Anne B. Meylan, Ph.D., Associate 

Jacques Serrier, Ph.D., Associate 

INTERTEBRATES 

Niles Eldredge, Ph.D., Chairman and 

Curator 

William K. Emerson, Ph.D., Curator 

Judith E. Winston, Ph.D., Associate 

Curator 

Neil H. Landman, Ph.D., Assistant Curator 

Dorothy E. Bliss, Ph.D., Sc.D., Curator 

Emerita 

Norman D. Newell, Ph.D., Curator 

Emeritus 

Harold S. Feinberg, B.A., Senior 


Sidney S. Horenstein, A.B., Senior 


Walter E. Sage, III, B.S., Scientific Assistant 

John Arnold, Ph.D., Research Associate 

William A. Berggren, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Donald W. Boyd, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

J. Kirk Cochran, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Howard R. Feldman, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Stephen Jay Gould, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

James D. Hays, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Jeremy Jackson, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

John J. Lee, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Linda Habas Mantel, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Leslie F. Marcus, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Harold B. Rollins, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

John D. Soule, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Horace W. Stunkard, Ph.D., Sc.D., 

Research Associate 

Elisabeth S. Vrba, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Joel Cracraft, Ph.D., Kalbfleisch 

Research Fellow 

Marjorie Grene, Ph.D., Boechenstein 

Research Fellow 

MICROPALEONTOLOGY PRESS 

John A. Van Couvering, Ph.D., Editor 

Norman S. Hiliman, M.S., Production 

Editor 

Susan E. Carroll, M.S., Assistant Editor 

MAMMALOGY 

Guy G. Musser, Ph.D., Chairman and 

Curator 

Sydney Anderson, Ph.D., Curator 

Ethel Tobach, Ph.D., D.Sc., Curator 

Robert S. Voss, Ph.D., Assistant Curator 

Karl Koopman, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus 

Marie A. Lawrence, M.S., Senior Scientific 

Assistant 

Michael D. Carleton, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Louise Emmons, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Robert Goodwin, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Thomas A. Griffiths, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Stuart 0. Landry, Jr., Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

James N. Layne, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

M. Raymond Lee, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

James L. Patton, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

George B. Schaller, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Kathleen M. Scott, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

James L. Wolfe, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Terry L. Yates, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Thomas L. Blakemore, Field Associate 

Timothy J. McCarthy, Associate 

Jose Ra.mirez-Pulido, Ph.D., Associate 

Esteban E. Sarmiento, Ph.D., Associate 

MINERAL SCIENCES 

Martin Prinz, Ph.D., Chairman and Curator 

George E. Harlow, Ph.D., Associate 

Curator 

Edmond Mathez, Ph.D., Assistant Curator 

Demetrius C. Pohl, Ph.D., Assistant 

Curator 

Silvester Sterbal, M.Sc., Technical 

Specialist 

Joseph J. Peters, M.S., Senior Scientific 

Assistant 

Gregory J. Cavallo, B.S., Scientific 

Assistant 

Michael R. Weisberg, M.S., Scientific 

Assistant 

Robert T. Dodd, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Klaus Keil, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Arthur M. Langer, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

C. E. Nehru, Ph.D., Research Associate 

J. V. Smith, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Jeremy S. Delaney, Ph.D., Research Fellow 

Thomas A. Peters, M.S., Associate 

Anna S. Sofianides, M.S., Associate 

Julius Weber, Hon. D.Sc., Associate 

ORNITHOLOGY 

Francois Vuilleumier, Ph.D. Chairman and 

Curator 

Wesley E. Lanyon, Ph.D., Lamont Curator 

of Birds 

Lester L. Short, Ph.D., Curator 

George F. Barrowclough, Ph.D., Associate 

Curator 

Dean Amadon, Ph.D., Sc.D., Lamont 

Curator Emeritus of Birds 

Ernst Mayr, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus 

Charles E. O'Brien, Curator Emeritus 

Mary LeCroy, B.S., Senior Scientific 

Assistant 

Allison Andors, M.A., M.Phil., Scientific 

Assistant 

Helen Hays, B.A., Chairwoman, Great Gull 

Island Committee 

Robert Bleiweiss, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Walter J. Bock, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Jared Diamond, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Robert W. Dickerman, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Crawford H. Greenewalt, Sc.D., Research 

Associate 

James C. Greenway, Jr., A.B., Research 

Associate 

Cheryl F. Harding, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

G. Stuart Keith, M.A. (Oxon.), Research 

Associate 

William H. Phelps, Jr., B.Sc., Research 

Associate 

Robert F. Rockwell, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Mary McKitrich, Ph.D., Chapman Research 

Fellow 

Nina Pierpont, Ph.D., Chapman Research 

Fellow 

John Bull, Field Associate 

John Eleuthere du Pont, Sc.D., Field 

Associate 

75

Ruth Trimble Chapin, M.S., Associate 

Sadie L. Coats, Ph.D., Associate 

Ruth DeLynn, Associate 

Lois H. Heilbrun, A.B., Associate 

Richard Sloss, Associate 

VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY 

Michael Novacek, Ph.D., Chairman and 

Associate Curator 

Eugene S. Gaffney, Ph.D., Curator 

Malcolm C. McKenna, Ph.D., Frick 

Curator 

Richard H. Tedford, Ph.D., Curator 

John G. Maisey, Ph.D., Associate Curator 

Edwin H. Colbert, Ph.D., Sc.D., Curator 

Emeritus 

Bobb Schaeffer, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus 

Morris F. Skinner, Sc.D., Frick Curator 

Emeritus 

Beryl E. Taylor, Frick Curator Emeritus 

Susan Koelle Bell, A.B., Senior Scientific 

Assistant 

Charlotte P. Holton, B.A., Senior 


John P. Alexander, B.A., Scientific 

Assistant 

Ellen J. Garvens, M.S., Scientific 

Assistant 

Donald Baird, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Eric Delson, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Robert Emry, Ph.D., Research Associate 

John J. Flynn, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Lance Grande, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Max K. Hecht, Ph.D., Research Associate 

Robert M. Hunt, Jr., Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Bruce J. MacFadden, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Paul E. Olsen, Ph.D., Research Associate 

John H. Ostrom, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

John H. Wahlert, Ph.D., Research 

Associate 

Peter Meylan, Ph.D., Carter Research 

Fellow 

Peter Lewis, Field Associate 

COUNCIL OF THE SCIENTIFIC STAFF 

Gareth Nelson, Ph.D., Dean 

Niles Eldredge, Ph.D., Assistant Dean 

George E. Harlow, Ph.D., Secretary 

The Chairmen of the Scientific and 

Educational Departments and Six 

Elected Members at Large 

SOUTHWESTERN RESEARCH STATION 

Wade C. Sherbrooke, M.S., Resident 

Director 

EDUCATION 

Malcolm J. Arth, Ph.D., Chairman and 

Curator 

Kenneth A. Chambers, M.S., Assistant 

Chairman 

Marcia White, B.A., Manager of 

Teaching Programs 

Gloria Davis, B.A., Education Registrar 

Ismael Calderon, M.A., Coordinator of 

Community Programming 

Nathaniel Johnson, Jr., M.A., Special 

Programs Coordinator 

76 

Keith M. Brown, B.A., Assistant to 

Community Programming Coordinator 

Marjorie M. Ransom, M.A., Supervising 

Museum Instructor 

Paul J. Sanfacon, M.A., Senior Museum 

Instructor 

Helmut W. Schiller, B.S., Senior Museum 

Instructor 

Frances C. Smith, B.S., Museum 

Instructor 

Jenny C. Breining, B.A., Museum 

Instructor 

Lisa Breslof, B.S., Museum Instructor 

Janice B. Durant, B.A., Museum 

Instructor 

Andrea M. Thaler, B.S., Museum 

Instructor 

Christopher Hoffman, B.S., Museum 

Instructor 

Mary Kim, B.A., Museum Instructor 

Elizabeth A. Guthrie, B.A., Associate in 

Nature Education 

Robin Lehman, Associate in Photography 

EXHIBITION AND GRAPHICS 

George S. Gardner, B.I.D., B.F.A., 

Chairman 

Exhibition 

Ralph J.T. Bauer, B.F.A., Manager 

Eugene B. Bergmann, B.I.D., Senior 

Exhibit Designer 

John Whitson, M.F.A., Exhibit Designer 

Lowell Dingus, Ph.D., Exhibition 

Coordinator 

Arlene Jangaard, B.A., Exhibition 

Maintenance Coordinator 

Graphics 

Joseph M. Sedacca, B.A., Manager 

Audio-Visual 

Larry Van Praag, Chief Projectionist 

LIBRARY SERVICES 

Nina J. Root, M.S.L.S., Chairwoman 

Miriam Tam, M.S.L.S., Assistant 

Librarian for Technical Services 

Valerie Wheat, M.L.S., Assistant 

Librarian for Reference Services 

Diana Shih, M.S.L.S., Senior Cataloging 

Librarian 

Carol W. Tucher, M.L.S., Senior 

Reference Librarian 

Russel Rak, M.A., Administrative 

Assistant 

Barbara Rhodes, M.S.L.S., Conservation 

Manager 

Penelope Bodry-Sanders, B.A., Manager, 

Special Collections 

Mary E. Genett, M.L.S., Library Associate 

PUBLICATIONS 

Curator 

Thomas D. Nicholson, Ph.D., 

Editor-in-Chief 

Scientific Publications 

Jerome G. Rozen, Jr., Ph.D., Managing 

Editor 

Joseph M. Sedacca, B.A., Manager 

Brenda E. Jones, B.A., Editor 

DEVELOPMENT AND 

PUBLIC AFFAIRS 

Ann Breen Metcalfe, B.A., Chairwoman 

Marilyn Badaracco, Manager for Guest 

Services 

Marjorie Bhavnani, B.A., Manager for 

Volunteers and Information Desk 

Services 

Herbert Kurz, B.A., Manager for Public 

Affairs 

Thomas A. Lesser, M.A., Manager for 

Development 

Marcia Schaeffer, B.A., Manager for 

Benefit Events 

Margaret Fretz, Assistant Volunteer 

Manager 

Sheila Greenberg, M.S., Assistant 

Volunteer Manager 

Diane M. Menditto, B.A., Assistant 

Administrator for Grants and Fellowships 

David Crandall, B.A., Development 

Associate 

Melvin Elberger, M.A., Public Affairs 

Associate 

William Goodman, M.S., Public Affairs 

Associate 

Adele Meyer, M.A., Development 

Associate 

Laura Mogil, B.A., Public Affairs 

Associate 

Renee Perry, B.A., Development 

Associate 

Susan Pollak, M.P.A., Development 

Associate 

Amy Rudnick, B.A., Guest Services 

Associate 

Lorraine Airall, Contributors' Assistant 

Tamara Jenkins, B.A., Development 

Assistant 

Connie Puswald, B.A., Public Affairs 

Assistant 

Naomi Weinstein, B.A., Guest Services 

Assistant 

NATURAL HISTORY MAGAZINE 

L. Thomas Kelly, M.B.A., Publisher 

Alan Ternes, M.Ph., Editor 

Ruth D. McCrea, Jr., M.B.A., General 

Manager 

Cary Castle, B.B.A., Circulation 

Manager 

Ellen M. Goldensohn, M.A., Managing 

Editor 

Mark Abraham, B.A., Production 

Manager 

Thomas Page, Designer 

Florence Edelstein, Copy Chief 

Rebecca Finnell, B.A., Senior Editor 

Sally Lindsay, M.F.A., Senior Editor 

Bruce D. Stutz, B.A., Senior Editor 

Vittorio Maestro, B.A., Associate Editor 

Ernestine Weindorf, Assistant to the 

Publisher 

Ramon Alvarez, B.A., Promotion 

Manager 

Colleen Mehegan, B.A., Manager of 

Special Publications 

Lee Ewing, M.B.A., Assistant Business 

Manager 

Timothy Thom, B.S., Assistant 

Circulation Manager

Mary Anne Hayes, B.A., Production 

Assistant 

Cerene Christian, B.S., Advertising 

Production Coordinator 

DISCOVERY TOURS 

R. Todd Nielsen, B.A., Manager for 

Discovery Tours 

Richard Houghton, M.S., Discovery Tours 

Associate 

Elizabeth DeGaetano, B.S., Tour 

Coordinator 

MEMBERSHIP 

Henry Schulson, B.A., Manager of 

Membership Services 

Donna Bell, B.A., Membership Associate 

MUSEUM SHOP 

Martin Tekulsky, A.B., Marketing 

Manager 

Maren Ryan, Senior Assistant Manager 

Craig Neglia, B.A., Operations Manager 

Charles L. Hopkins, B.S., Assistant 

Manager 

Charles Kanarick, B.A., Assistant 

Manager 

Barbara J. Voss, B.F.A., Assistant 

Manager 

ADMINISTRATIVE AND SCIENTIFIC 

RESEARCH SERVICES 

Pearlie Tillman, B.P.S., Assistant to the 

President 

Valerie Hrebicek, Assistant to the 

Director 

Robert M. Acker, B.S., Assistant to 

Deputy Director for Administration 

Janet L. Shipley, Administrative 

Secretary and Assistant Executive 

Secretary 

Barbara M. Conklin, B.A., Collections 

Registrar 

Paul F. Beelitz, M.A., Associate 

Collections Registrar 

Joan Whelan, M.A., Interdepartmental 

Facilities Coordinator 

Andrew Simon, B.S., Scientific Assistant 

Belinda Kaye, B.A., Assistant Registrar 

for Loans 

William B. Weinstein, B.A., Assistant 

Registrar for Data Management 

Barbara Jacob, B.B.A., Internal Auditor 

GENERAL SERVICES 

Richard P. Sheridan, B.A., Manager 

Olivia Bauer, B.A., Assistant Manager 

OFFICE OF THE 

ASSISTANT DIRECTOR FOR 

FINANCIAL OPERATIONS AND 

CONTROLLER 

Pauline G. Meisler, M.B.A., Assistant 

Director for Financial Operations 

Frances M. Dunleavy, B.S., Controller 

Jason S. Lau, M.B.A., Assistant 

Controller 

Donald R. Kossar, B.S., Chief Budget 

Accountant and Senior Grants 

Accountant 

Fred R. Quijano, B.S., Computer Auditor 

and Accountant 

Charles Urban, Manager, General 

Accounting 

Ugo E. Marini, Assistant Manager, 

General Accounting 

Maria A. Luna, B.S., Accounts Payable 

Supervisor 

Audrey Yuille, Computer Coordinator 

Robert Applebaum, Payroll Manager 

Jeffrey Maer, B.A., Purchasing Manager 

David E. Csuray, Purchasing Associate 

Jerome Williams, M.A., Admissions 

Control Manager 

Barbara Armond, Senior Assistant 

Manager, Admissions Control 

Rita Barclay, Assistant Manager, 

Admissions Control 

Janet Mazeika, B.A., Assistant Manager, 


Bernice Salik, B.A., Assistant Manager, 


PERSONNEL 

Geraldine M. Smith, B.A., Personnel 

Manager 

Lewis Vilensky, M.Ed., Senior Personnel 

Assistant 

Susan L. Kroll, Personnel Assistant 

PLANT OPERATIONS 

Norene L. Brooks, B.B.A., Plant Manager 

Construction 

Richard Slawski, B.S., Construction 

Manager 

Julio A. Correa, B.A., Assistant Manager 

Albert Grenzig, B.E.E., Assistant 

Manager 

Carl Hilgers, Assistant Manager 

Klaus A. Wolters, Assistant Manager 

William A. Graham, Assistant to the 

Manager 

Maintenance 

Bal Raj Vohra, B.E.E., M.B.A., Maintenance 

Manager 

Andrzej M. Witek, M.S., Assistant 

Manager 

Mary Dillon, Cleaning Supervisor 

Edwin Garcia, Cleaning Supervisor 

Building Services 

Charles L. Miles, Manager 

Sankar Gokool, Associate Manager 

Martha A. Meegan, B.A., Senior Assistant 

Manager 

Joseph Arguinzoni, Assistant Manager 

Carol Grant, Assistant Manager 

Robert B. Hill, Assistant Manager 

Richard Hoiere, Assistant Manager 

Frank P. Masavage, Assistant Manager 

Erin J. O'Reilly, B.A., Assistant Manager 

Joyce Wallach, Assistant to the Manager 

Trenton Chapman, Supervising Museum 

Attendant-Guard 

Albert Pontecorvo, Supervising Museum 

Attendant-Guard 

MEMBERS ELECTED BY 

THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES 

TO HIGHER CATEGORIES 

OF MEMBERSHIP 

ENDOWMENT 

Herbert R. Axelrod 

Dr. and Mrs. Henry Clay Frick, II 

BENEFACTOR 


ASSOCIATE FOUNDER 

Mr. and Mrs. Herbert L. Abrons 

ASSOCIATE BENEFACTOR 

Jerome M. Bijur 

Dr. and Mrs. Caryl P. Haskins 

Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Hedlund 

Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Kohlberg, Jr. 

PATRON 

Admiral W.S. Bitler, U.S. Navy Ret. 

Helen DuShane 

Dr. Barbara Stoler Miller 

Dr. James A. Slater 

Dr. Judith P. Sulzberger 

Edward R. Swoboda 

ASSOCIATE PATRON 

Dr. Sarah Bekker 

Drake Darrin 

Allan H. Fine 

Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Gumowitz 

Sarah D'Harnoncourt 

Mrs. Robert Earll McConnell 

Mr. and Mrs. Frank A. Metz, Jr. 

Mrs. Donald M. Ornslager 

Robert Richardson 

Dr. Walter E. Sage, III 

Morris L. Wade 

Patricia J. Wynne 

HONORARY LIFE MEMBERS 

Jean M. Augustin 

Farrell F. Carney 

Steven Medina 

Miranda Nadel 

Thomas J. Page 

William Schiller 

Edna E. Szmodis 

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS 

David Attenborough, 

Richmond, Surry, England 

Ronald M. Bernier, Professor of Art History, 

University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 

William G. Conway, General Director, 

New York Zoological Society, 

Bronx, New York 

G. Arthur Cooper, Department of 

Paleobiology, National Museum of 

Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, 

Washington, D.C. 

Frank K. Edmonson, Astronomy 

Department, Indiana University, 

Bloomington, Indiana 

Clifford Frondel, Department of 

Geological Sciences, Harvard University, 

Cambridge, Massachusetts 

Caryl P. Haskins, Former President, 

Carnegie Institution of Washington, 77 

Washington, D.C.

78 

Claude Levi-Strauss, 2 Rue de Marronniers, 

Paris, France 

Benjamin S.P. Shen, Professor of Astronomy, 

University of Pennsylvania, 

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 

Ethelwynn Trewavas, British Museum 

(Natural History), London, England 

T.S. Westoll, Department of Geological 

Sciences, University of Durham at 

King's College, Newcastle-upon-ryne, 

England 

CONTRIBUTORS 

July 1, 1986-June 30, 1987 

UNRESTRICTED GIFTS 

INDIVIDUALS, FOUNDATIONS, AND 

CORPORATIONS 

$50,000 and over 

Chemical Bank 

Cravath, Swaine & Moore 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert G. Goelet 

IBM Corporation 

The Ambrose Monell Foundation 

The New York Racing Association 


Bristol-Myers Company 

Citicorp/Citibank 

Exxon Corporation 

Gladys and Roland Harriman Foundation 

Joseph Klingenstein Charitable Trust 

Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Kohlberg, Jr. 

The G. Unger Vetlesen Foundation 

Pepsi Apparel America 


AT&T Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. Herbert L. Abrons 

American Bar Association 

The Anschutz Foundation 

Winfield Baird Foundation 

The Bank of New York 

Bankers Trust Foundation 

J.M.R. Barker Foundation 

Helen W. Buckner 

CIBA-GEIGY Corporation 

Carter-Wallace, Inc 

The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. 

Liz Claiborne Inc 

Consolidated Edison Company of 

New York, Inc 

Cornell University 


Du Pont and its energy subsidiaries, 

Conoco and Consolidation Coal 

Company 

Engelhard Hanovia, Inc. 

The Helen Clay Frick Foundation 

General Foods Fund, Inc 

Sibyl and William T. Golden Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Guthrie 

International Paper Company Foundation 

Johnson & Higgins 

F.M. Kirby Foundation, Inc 


Mr. and Mrs. Frank G. Lyon 

Marsh & McLennan Companies, Inc. 

McGraw-Hill Inc. 

Mercedes-Benz of North America, Inc 

Merrill Lynch & Company Inc 

Metropolitan Life Foundation 

Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of 

New York 

The William T. Morris Foundation, Inc 

New York RTlephone Company 

The New York Times Company 

Foundation, Inc. 

The Pfizer Foundation 

Philip Morris Companies Inc 

Sarah I. Schieffelin Residuary Trust 

Schlumberger Foundation, Inc. 

Mrs. Gardner D. Stout 

Tiger Management Co. 

Time Inc 

United States Trust Company of 

New York 

Warner Communications, Inc. 

Weil, Gotshal & Manges 

John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 

Willkie Farr & Gallagher 


Allied-Signal Inc 

American Stock Exchange 

American-Standard Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. Alan J. Blinken 

CBS Inc 

CPC International Inc. 

The Carter Fund 

The Chubb Corporation Charitable Trust 

The Coach Dairy Goat Farm 

Colgate-Palmolive Company 

The College Board 

Coopers & Lybrand 

Daily News Foundation 

Davis, Polk & Wardwell 

Irene Diamond 


Financial Guaranty Insurance Company 

Allan H. Fine 

GTE Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Gumowitz 

Mary W. Harriman Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. Caryl P. Haskins 

Hoechst Celanese Corporation 

Dr. and Mrs. John E. Hutchinson, III 

Lever Brothers Company 

Lutin & Company 

Mergentime Corporation 


Edward S. Moore Foundation 

Morgan Stanley Foundation 


New York Fashion Council 

New York Urban Coalition 

Newsweek 

Ogden American Corporation 

Peat Marwick Main & Co 

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Peters 

Primerica Foundation 

The Procter & Gamble Fund 

RKO General, Inc 

Rockefeller Group Inc 

The Salomon Foundation Inc 

The Seth Sprague Educational and 

Charitable Foundation 

Sterling Drug Inc 

Mrs. Arthur Hays Sulzberger 

Dr. Judith P. Sulzberger 

Swiss Bank Corporation 

Union Pacific Foundation 

Morris L. Wade 

Lawrence A. Wien Foundation, Inc. 


Automatic Data Processing, Inc 

The Theodore H. Barth Foundation

The Howard Bayne Foundation 

Bunge Corporation 

Capital Cities/ABC, Inc. 

Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton M. Chase 

The Coca-Cola Bottling Company of 

New York, Inc 

Dextra Baldwin McGonagle Foundation, Inc 

Cleveland H. Dodge Foundation 

The Dyson Foundation 

Freeport-McMoRan, Inc 

Gulf + Western Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. Ralph E. Hansmann 

Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Hedlund 

Hoffmann-LaRoche Inc 

Irving One Wall Street Foundation, Inc. 

The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation 

Thomas J. Lipton Foundation, Inc. 

Leon Lowenstein Foundation, Inc. 

Mr. and Mrs. John D. Macomber 

R. H. Macy & Co., Inc 

Mobil Foundation, Inc 

The NCR Foundation 

Nabisco Brands, Inc. 

National Westminster Bank USA 

Newmont Mining Corporation 

North American Philips Corporation 

Ogilvy & Mather 

Mr. and Mrs. Donald C. Platten 

Price Waterhouse 

Restaurant Associates Industries, Inc. 

R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc 

James S. Rockefeller 

S.H. and Helen R. Scheuer Family 

Foundation 

Sony Corporation ofAmerica Foundation Inc 

Squibb Corporation 

Unilever United States, Inc. 

Wertheim Schroder & Co. Inc. 

Westvaco Foundation 

The Widder Foundation 

The H.W. Wilson Foundation, Inc 

The Xerox Foundation 


Allied Stores Foundation, Inc 

Mr. and Mrs. Howard Alper 

Mr. and Mrs. Arthur G. Altschul 

Amax Foundation, Inc. 

American Brands, Inc 

American Diversified Enterprises, Inc 

American International Group, Inc 

Ametek, Inc. 

Amstar Corporation 

Arthur Andersen & Co. 

The Hon. Walter H. Annenberg 

The Association of the Alumni, College of 

Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia 

University 

Mr. and Mrs. Douglas Auchincloss 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert Bach 

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Barrow 

The Morris S. and Florence H. Bender 

Foundation, Inc. 

Mrs. F. Henry Berlin 

Robert B. Betts 

Mr. and Mrs. John C. Bierwirth 

Mrs. William R. Biggs 

Mrs. Harry Payne Bingham 

Edward E. Block 

Block Drug Company Inc 

Bloomingdale's 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Blum 

Booz, Allen & Hamilton Inc 

Bowne and Company Inc 

Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Brittain, III 

Joan Bull 

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas P. Caine 

Percilla A.L. Chappell 

Chevron U.S.A. Inc 

Chiquita Brands, Inc. 

Clabir Corporation Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. Howard L. Clark 

Paul G. Clifford 

Frederick Cohen and Diane Feldman 

Cynthia Green Colin 

Collins & Aikman Corporation 

Colt Industries, Inc. 

Constans Culver Foundation 

The Cowles Charitable Trust 

Elizabeth Cressman 

Crum & Forster, Inc 

Crystal Channel Foundation 

DFS Dorland Worldwide 

Lillian Butler Davey 

Mr. and Mrs. Michel David-Weill 

The Hon. and Mrs. Douglas Dillon 

Mr. and Mrs. Strachan Donnelley 

R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company 

Mr. and Mrs. L.F. Boker Doyle 

Drexel Burnham Lambert 

Mr. and Mrs. A. Whitney Ellsworth 

Epstein Philanthropies 

The Equitable Life Assurance Society of 

the United States 

Ernst & Whinney 

Essex Chemical Corporation 

Federated Department Stores Foundation 

Laurence and Laurie Fink 

Andrea Finkelstein 

The First Boston Corporation 

Ford Motor Company Fund 

The Fribourg Foundation, Inc 

Mr. and Mrs. H.S. Galbraith 

Gannett Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Gelb 

Mr. and Mrs. Elbridge T. Gerry 

Goldfarb & Fleece 

Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Griswold 

Grow lbmneling Corp. 

The Guardian Life Trust 

Mrs. Melville W. Hall 

Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Hanes 

Hanson Industries 

Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. 

Mr. and Mrs. John C. Head, III 

Mr. and Mrs. Laurin Hall Healy 

Robert H. Heilbrunn 

The Henley Group, Inc 

Margaret Brodrick Hicklin 

George C. Hixon 

Home Life Insurance Company 

Mr. and Mrs. Jack R. Howard 

Helen Imperatore 

International Flavors & Fragrances, Inc. 

Mr. and Mrs. Peter Iselin 

William K. Jacobs, Jr. 

Jaros, Baum & Bolles 

Mrs. B. Brewster Jennings 

Joyce Leslie, Inc 

Kane Lodge Foundation, Inc 

Mr. and Mrs. Mark N. Kaplan 

Daniel C. Kaye 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Kean, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Stephen M. Kellen 

Helen L. Kimmelman 

Frank Y Larkin 

Mr. and Mrs. Alexander M. Laughlin 

Mrs. Thomas LeBoutillier 

Mr. and Mrs. M. William Levy 

Mr. and Mrs. Troland S. Link 

Leonard Litwin 

Mr. and Mrs. John L. Loeb 

Loehmann's Inc 

Laurence Dow Lovett 

James A. Macdonald Foundation 

The MacMillan Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. James I. Magid 

George W. Maker 

Mr. and Mrs. Plato Malozemoff 

Marine Midland Bank, N.A. 

Michael T. Martin 

Robert Earll McConnell Foundation 

Melville Corporation 

Mr. and Mrs. Henry H. Meyer, Jr. 

Seymour Milstein 

Mitsubishi International Corporation 

The Leo Model Foundation 

Benjamin Moore & Co. 

Mrs. Henry L. Moses 

The NL Industries Foundation Inc 

Mr. and Mrs. John C. Nelson 

Neuberger & Berman 

Newsday Inc 

North American Reinsurance 

Corporation 

Mrs. Donald M. Oenslager 

Mr. and Mrs. Gordon B. Pattee 

Irene H. Perkins 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Purcell 

Harold K Raisler Foundation, Inc. 

Robert K. Raisler Foundation, Inc 

Judith S. Randal 


Maurice A. Reichman 

Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Reinhardt 

Reliance Group Holdings, Inc 

Republic National Bank of New York 

Richardson-Vicks Inc. 

Mrs. William C. Ridgway, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. David Rockefeller 

Mrs. Laurance S. Rockefeller 

Mrs. John D. Rockefeller 3rd 

Mrs. Richard Rodgers 

Rollins Burdick Hunter of New York, Inc 

Mr. and Mrs. Frederick P. Rose 

Mr. and Mrs. Milton F. Rosenthal 

Mrs. Axel G. Rosin 

Mr. and Mrs. Steven J. Ross 

John Richard Royall 

Sasco Foundation 

Dorothy Schiff 

The William P. & Gertrude Schweitzer 

Foundation, Inc 

Scudder, Stevens & Clark Ltd. 

Seaboard Surety Company 

Mr. and Mrs. Norman M. Segal 

Frank C. Shattuck 79

Gil Shiva and The Doris Jones Stein 

Foundation 

Silverman Charitable Trust 

Mr. and Mrs. Alexander B. Slater 

Ada Slawson 

Mr. and Mrs. Richard A. Sloss 

Mr. and Mrs. R. Neil Smith 

The Smith, Barney Foundation 

Dr. and Mrs. Walter F. Stafford, Jr. 

Mrs. Foye E. Staniford, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Alfred R. Stern 

J.P. Stevens and Co., Inc, Foundation 


Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Ochs Sulzberger 

Syms Corporation 

Thmbrands Inc. 

Teachers Insurance and Annuity 

Association 

Thomas & Betts Charitable Trust 

The Oakleigh L. Thorne Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. 'bpol 

Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Tck 

Col. and Mrs. John A. Ulrich 

Universal Leaf Tobacco Company 

Uris Brothers Foundation, Inc. 

Mr. and Mrs. Carroll L. Wainwright, Jr. 

The Weiler-Arnow Family 

Mrs. John Campbell White 

Mr. and Mrs. James H. Wiborg 

Mrs. Orme Wilson 

Mr. and Mrs. Ramsay Wilson 

Winfield Foundation 

Robert Winthrop 

The Witco Foundation 

Cynthia Wood 

Ann Eden Woodward Foundation 

$500 and over 

AKC Fund, Inc 

Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Abbott, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Joseph C. Abeles 

Mrs. Lester S. Abelson 

Alexander's, Inc. 

American District Telegraph Co. 

American Home Products Corporation 

The William H. Anderson Foundation, 

Inc 

Arthur Young and Company 

Atlantic Bank of New York 

Isabel H. Ault 

Mr. and Mrs. Ned W. Bandler, Jr. 

William R. Berkley 

Mr. and Mrs. H.P. Bingham, Jr. 

Mrs. Albert C. Bostwick 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Bridges 

Mr. and Mrs. Peter L. Chapin 

Donald K. Clifford, Jr. 

Russell S. Codman, Jr. 

Columbia Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. Henry G. Corey 

Corning Glass Works Foundation 

Mrs. Cornelius Crane 

Louise B. and Edgar M. Cullman 

Foundation 

Catherine G. Curran 

Jo Ann Czekalski and James P. Stokes 

Dan River Foundation 

Jean Browne Scott Darby 

80 Anne E. Delaney 

Mr. and Mrs. Jean Paul Delmas 

Discount Corporation of New York 

Foundation 

Mrs. Robert N. Downs, III 

The Dun & Bradstreet Corporation 

Foundation 

Mrs. Camillo D'Urso 

The T.M. Evans Foundation, Inc 

The Eugene cind Estelle Ferkauf 

Foundation 

Elias and Bertha Fife Foundation, Inc 

Forbes Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. George A. Fox 

The AE Fund 

Edwin F. Gamble 

John A. Garver 

Drs. William H. and Joanna S. Gerber 

Edward H. Gerry 

Benjamin D. Gilbert 

Francis A. Goodhue, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas W. Goodnow 

Mark A. Gordon 

Mr. and Mrs. William C. Graustein 

Grolier Incorporated 

Mr. and Mrs. Geoffrey Gund 

Henry S. Hall, Jr. 

Handy & Harman Foundation 

Mrs. M.R. Hanna 

David Hausmann 

Haven Travel Interests Inc. 

Mr. and Mrs. R. Allen Hermes 

Mabel S. Ingalls 

Israel Discount Bank of New York 

Mr. and Mrs. Henry J. Jacoby 

Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Judson 

Max Kade Foundation, Inc. 

Dr. William M. King 

Jane P. and Charles D. Klein Foundation 

Marianne and Frank Lester 

Mr. and Mrs. Bruce A. Lieberman 

Susan E. Linder 

Mr. and Mrs. James M. Lober 

Lord and Thylor 

Sue McClary 

Mr. and Mrs. Bruce J. McCowan 

Mrs. Kenneth H. McNeil 

Mitsui & Company (U.S.A.), Inc 

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Bruce Morgan 

William Morrow & Company, Inc 

Herbert J. Neuman 

OSG Foundation 

Mr. and Mrs. Walter H. Page 

Creighton Peet 

Mrs. George W. Perkins 

Conrad Raker 

Mr. and Mrs. Peter B. Read 

Mr. and Mrs. Willis L.M. Reese 

William W. Reese 

Mr. and Mrs. Dudley Roberts 

Mr. and Mrs. Jack A. Russell 

Allan A. Ryan III 

Mr. and Mrs. Peter A. Salm 

John T. Sargent 

Mrs. Charles M. Scott 

Marilyn Hawrys Simons 

John C. Sluder 

Mrs. Sydney Snyder 

Mr. and Mrs. George B. Sprick 

John W. Straus 

Sugar Foods Corporation 

Swiss American Securities 

Syska & Hennessy Inc. 

TBG Inc. 

Mr. and Mrs. Jeff Thrr 

Mr. and Mrs. C. Harold Ihylor 

Mrs. James Eldric Tague 

Isabel Kellers Ibzzer 

The Travelers Companies Foundation, Inc. 

Union Bank of Switzerland 

Clarence E. Unterberg 

Mr. and Mrs. Jeptha H. Wade 

Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Wallander, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Walters 

Mr. and Mrs. John B. Watkins 

Pierre J. Wertheimer Foundation Inc 

Marillyn B. Wilson 

Young & Rubicam Inc. 

Carl Zeiss, Inc. 

William Zinsser & Company Inc

RESTRICTED GIFTS 

Donor 

Project 

$250,000 and over 

Annie Laurie Aitken Charitable Trust 

Annie Laurie Aitken Charitable 

Trust Fund 

Charles Hayden Foundation 

School Reception Center 

The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation 

Conservation - Anthropology and 

Exhibition 

Howard Phipps Foundation 

Roosevelt Renovation Project 

$100,000 and over 

Edward John Noble Foundation, Inc. 

St. Catherines Island Archaeology 

Project - Anthropology 


Du Pont and its energy subsidiaries, 

Conoco and Consolidation Coal Company 

Hall of Earth History Video 

Presentation 

Exxon Education Foundation 

Exxon Educational Training Program 

Mobil Corporation 

Friday and Saturday Evening Free 

Admission Program 

Helena Rubinstein Foundation, Inc 

Celestial Objects Plaza - American 


Community Programming - Education 

Ruth U. and Sanford Samuel Foundation 

Undergraduate and Graduate 

Training Program 

Wallace Futds (established by the 

founders of Reader's Digest) 

Roosevelt Renovation Project 


Scott A. Belair 

Australian Ornithology Research - 

Ornithology 

The Clark Foundation 

Computerization Project 

Digital Equipment Corporation 

American Museum-Hayden Planetarium 

The Eppley Foundaton for Research, Inc 

Chile Paleontology Research - 

Vertebrate Paleontology 

William Randolph Hearst Foundation 


Richard Lounsbery Foundation, Inc 

Lemur Research - Anthropology 

NCR Corporation 

Audio/Visual Equipment - American 


The Perkin Fund 

Richard S. Perkin Library - American 


The Reed Foundation, Inc. 

Celestial Objects Plaza - American 


Arthur Ross Foundation 

Exhibit of the Month 

Samuel and May Rudin Foundation, Inc 


Internship Programh - Education 

William F. Sanford 

Ornithology Research - Ornithology 

Sun Microsystems, Inc. 

American Museum-Hayden Planetarium 


Anonymous 

Volunteer Office Support Fund - 

Volunteer Office 

Anonymous 




Axelrod Fish Collection - Vertebrate 

Paleontology 

Christodora, Inc. 

Junior High School Natural Science 

Program - Education 

The Greenwall Foundation 

Undergraduate-Graduate Training 

Program 

Henry Kaufmann Foundation 

Henry Kaufmann Theater Simulcast 

Karl F. Koopman 

Taxonomic Research - Mammalogy 

The Lucius N. Littauer Foundation 

"On Tap: New York's Water Supply" 

The Sabin Conservation Fund, Inc 

Herpetology Research - Herpetology 

Thayer Lindsley Trust 

"Lindsley Hall of Earth History" 

Vidda Foundation 


Special Instructor - Education 


Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Anderson 

Bolivian Research Expeditions - 

Mammalogy 

ARCO Oil and Gas Company 

Micropaleontology Press Modernization 

Drake Darrin 

Chile Paleontology Research - 

Vertebrate Paleontology 

Dr. Henry Clay Frick II 

Vehicle Purchase - Vertebrate 

Paleontology 

Gold Fields American Corporation 

Economic Mineralogy - Mineral 

Sciences 

Bryant Mather 

Lepidoptera Research - Entomology 

New York Urban Coalition Inc 


Henry Nias Foundation, Inc. 


Phelps Dodge Foundation 


Sciences 

Theodore Roosevelt Association 

Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund 

Shell Oil Companies Foundation 


The Sidney, Milton and Leoma Simon 

Foundation 


Texasgulf Inc 

Economic Mineralogy - Mineral Sciences 


Amax Foundation, Inc. 


Sciences 

Amoco Production Company 


Astra Lakemedel AB 

Poison Dart Frog Research - 

Herpetology 

Avon Products Foundation Inc 


Howard J. Barnet 

Middle America Research - Anthropology 

Joan Bull 




Lizard Systematics Research - 

Herpetology 

Marianna L. Collins 

African Ornithology Research - 

Ornithology 

John de Cuevas 

Great Gull Island Project - Ornithology 

Margarita V. Delacorte 

Textile Conservation - Anthropology 

Dr. Walter Barton Elvers 

Fossil Fish Research - Vertebrate 

Paleontology 

Exxon Corporation 

Osborn Library - Vertebrate 

Paleontology 

Ruth and Stanley Freed 

Anthropology Research - Anthropology 

The Griffis Foundation Inc 

Ichthyology Research - Ichthyology 

Grumman Corporation 


Nathan L. Halpern 

Malacology Research - Invertebrates 

Mrs. Douglas Hays 


Mr. and Mrs. Frank Walker Johnson 

Osborn Library - Vertebrate 

Paleontology 

Kurt Johnson 

Theclid Research Fund - Entomology 

Janet K. Kremer 


Mr. and Mrs. Frederick E. Landmann 

Junius B. Bird Research Project - 

Anthropology 

Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Liberman, Jr. 

Rare Book Room - Library 

Mrs. Alfred Lee Loomis, Jr. 

Rare Book Room - Library 

Entomology Research - Entomology 

Pamela Manice 


Marathon Oil Company 


Margot W. Marsh 

Indonesia Research - Mammalogy 

Mobil Foundation Inc 


Mr. and Mrs. Howard A. Newman 

Sibyl Golden Fund 

81

The Palisades Educational Foundation, Inc 

Special Courses - Education 

Pechiney Corporation 


Sciences 

Pittway Corporation Charitable Foundation 


Frederick H. Rindge 

Lepidoptera Research - Entomology 

Randall Tobias Schuh 

Heteroptera Book - Entomology 

Mrs. George Cole Scott 

Junius B. Bird Research Project - 

Anthropology 

The Evelyn Sharp Foundation 


Lester L. Short 

African Ornithology Research - 

Ornithology 

Louis Slavitz 

Peru Research - Anthropology 

Frank B. Smithe 

Ornithology Research - Ornithology 

Teaco Inc. 


Sciences 

Cynthia Wilder 

Asian Research - Anthropology 

$500 and over 

George and Valerie Delacorte Fund 

Textile Conservation - Anthropology 

Harold A. Dundee 


Mr. and Mrs. Henry B. Guthrie 


Lois Heilbrun 


Mrs. Eugene B. Hotchkiss 

Icthyology Research - Ichthyology 

Mr. and Mrs. David E. Lapham 


Beatrice Miller 

Discovery Room - Education 

Mrs. George G. Montgomery 

Alexander M. White Natural Science 

Center - Education 

Moriches Bay Audubon Society 


Ruth Norton Oliver 


Mr. and Mrs. Gale G. Pasley, Jr. 

Margaret Mead Anthropology Research - 

Anthropology 

Elizabeth E. Roosevelt 

Theodore Roosevelt Memorial Fund 

Time-Life Books Inc 

Photographic Collection - Library 

OPEN HOUSE BENEFIT 

Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Blume 

Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Evans 

John M. Forelle 



Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Gray, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Frederick A. Klingenstein 

82 Mr. and Mrs. S. Christopher Meigher 

Edwin Morgens 

Sandra Wright Ohrstrom 

RPM Securities Company, Inc. 

Jack Rudin 

Dr. and Mrs. Frederick Seitz 

Mr. and Mrs. Oscar S. Straus, II 

Mr. and Mrs. Wm. M. Weaver, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Alan Weeden 

Mr. and Mrs. John Zuccotti 

DARK CAVES BENEFIT 

Benefactors 

Mr. and Mrs. Hart Fessenden 


Mrs. Enid Haupt 

Mr. and Mrs. Constantine 

Sidamon-Eristoff 

Sponsors 

Mr. and Mrs. Ray Auel 

Dr. and Mrs. Henry Clay Frick, II 

Dr. and Mrs. John E. Hutchinson, III 

Mr. and Mrs. Frederick A. Klingenstein 

Mr. and Mrs. Anthony K. Moulton 

Mr. and Mrs. Donald Zucker 

Patrons 

Mr. and Mrs. Robert R. Barker 

Guy F. Cary 

Adelaide de Menil 

Mr. and Mrs. L.F. Boker Doyle 

Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Gershel 

Mr. and Mrs. Nathan L. Halpern 

Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Metz 

Francis X. Morrissey, Jr. 

Mr. and Mrs. Milton Petrie 

Mr. and Mrs. Laurence S. Rockefeller 

Mr. and Mrs. Oscar S. Straus, II 

Mr. and Mrs. Gerrit P. Van de Bovenkamp 

Mr. and Mrs. Vance Van Dine 

Mr. and Mrs. John Zuccotti 

Contributors 

Mrs. Vincent Astor 

Joan Bull 

Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin Coates 

Mr. and Mrs. C. Douglas Dillon 

Doll Foundation, Inc. 

Mr. and Mrs. Henri Doll 

Steven M. Jacobson 

Arthur Goodman 

John S. Hilson 

Leonard Litwin 

Mrs. Alfred L. Loomis 

Mr. and Mrs. William F. May 

Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Rose Foundation 

Alvin Schwartz 

Mr. and Mrs. Alan B. Slifka 

Alan B. Slifka Foundation, Inc. 

Mr. and Mrs. Henry G. Walter 

GOVERNMENTGRANTSAND SUPPOR:T 

Source 

Amount/Purpose 

Department of Health, Education and 

Welfare Title II C 

$161,160/Microfilm and Catalog 

Scientific Manuscripts-Library 

Institute of Museum Services 

$75,000/General Operating Support 

$21,721/Mangbetu Conservation 

Project - Anthropology 

National Endowment for the Humanities 

$224,500/"Carthage: A Mosaic of 

Ancient Mmnisia" 

National Endowment for the Arts 

$20,000/Conservation Laboratory 

Equipment - Anthropology 


$256,531/Fossil Fish Collection 

Management - Vertebrate Paleontology 

$186,000/Collection Management - 

Mammalogy 

$6,691/Marajo Island Archaeological 

Research - Anthropology 

New York State Council on the Arts 

$585,000/General Operating Support 

$10,000/Collection Management - 

Anthropology 

$8,000/"Dark Caves, Bright Visions" 

$8,000/"Margaret Mead Film Festival" - 

Education 

$7,000/Black History Month - 

Education 

$4,000/City of New York, School 

District 4, Teacher Workshops - 

Education 

$4,000/Pre & Post Visit Materials - 

Education 

New York State Department of Parks, 

Recreation and Historic Preservation 

$2,000/Community Programming - 

Education 

New York State Library, The State 

Department of Education 

$7,475/Preservation of Photographs 

from Jesup Expedition - Library

BEQUESTS 

Estate of Malcolm P. Aldrich 

Estate of Louly Baer 

Estate of Cyril dos Passos 

Estate of Alice Hay 

Estate of Frances J. McCoy 

Estate of Janet Croll Morgan 

Estate of Jane E. Negbaur 

Estate of Jean Pearlstein 

Estate of Clara S. Peck 

Estate of John Sclavi 

Estate of Richard T. Shields 

Estate of Ruth B. Somerville 

Estate of George Willett 

GIFTS-IN-KIND 

Department of Anthropology 

Four Ethnographic Artifacts; including a 

fish trap, a carved wood crocodile figure, a 

carved and painted wood shield, and a wood 

stool carved to depict a crocodile; Manambu, 

Alamblak, and Iwam Peoples; New Guinea; 

20th Century; 60014 

Douglas Newton 

Bride's Costume; in 33 parts; Japan; 20th 

Century; 60013 

Japan National iburist Organization 

One Ethnographic and Seven Pre- 

Columbian Artifacts; including a shell 

pendant with turquoise and jet mosaic; Zuni; 

New Mexico; l9th-20th Century; two stone 

figures; Mezeala Culture; Mexico; ca. 

A.D. 200; three Post-Classic stone figures; 

Mixtec Culture; Mexico; ca. A.D. 900-1501; 

one head carved in stone; Teotihuacan Style; 

Mexico; ca. A.D. 200-700; one Pre-Classic 

ceramic figure; ca. 200 B.C.; 60021 

Sarah D'Harnoncourt 

Woman's Costume, silk; including a blouse, 

skirt, and coat, each with embroidered 

wheatsheaf motif; Armenian People; Lbrkey; 

ca. 1910; 60019 

Alice Hachgontz and Hermine Manigian 

Necklace, silver and turquoise; composed of 

46 round beads, 12 squash blossom beads, 

and one pendant; Navajo People; Arizona; 

20th Century; 60026 

C. Allan Dietrich, Jr. 

One Hundred and Thirteen Pre-Columbian 

Artifacts; including ceramics: 34 vessels, 26 

whistles, four figures, two stamps, one rattle, 

and one ornament; stone artifacts: five figures, 

four vessels, one spoon, and one club head; shell 

artifacts: one necklace, and eight ornaments 

and figures; wood artifacts: six balance 

beams, two containers, one trumpet, one 

box, four earspools, and one kero; bone artifacts: 

one spatula and one plaque; one gourd 

vessel; two textiles; three copper knives; two 

atlatls; representing the following Andean 

Cultures: Chavin (1000-400 B.C.); Tbmbladera 

(900-500 B.C.); Paracas (700-100 B.C.); Vicus 

(500-100 B.C.); Moche (400 B.C.-A.D. 500); 

Cajamarca (250 B.C.-A.D. 800); Recuay 

(200 B.C.-A.D. 500); Nazea (100 B.C.-A.D. 

600); Wari (A.D. 600-1000); Lambeyeque 

(A.D. 1000-1400); Chimu (A.D. 1200-1532); 

Inka(A.D. 1450-1532); Peru; 60031 

Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Landmann 

Department of Entomology 

Collection of9500 scorpion specimens; 59979 

Oscar F. Francke 

Collection of 7108 specimens ofSpeyeria 

(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae) from North 

America; 60050 

Paul Grey 

Insects in the order Heteroptera. Miridae 

and semiaquatic and aquatiefamiliesfrom 

all parts ofthe world; 60077 

James A. Slater 

Collection of52 amberfossilized insects, 

mostly Diptera, from Dominican Republic; 

60167 


Collection of2325 specimens ofMiridae and 

26 specimens ofCorixidae; 60087 

Gary M. Stonedahl 

Department of Ichthyology 

Collection of350 specimensfrom deep water; 

near Canary Islands, Bahamas and Mid- 

Atlantic ridge; 60165 

AT&T 

Collection of69 books, one journal and 1200 

reprints; 60169 

Carmela Rosen 

Department of Invertebrates 

Collection ofmarine mollusks: 228 

paratypes, 74 hypotypes; 60010 

Helen DuShane 

Collection ofworldwide marine and land 

mollusks; 1593 lots of various families and 

genera; 60057 

Admiral W.S. Bitler (USN ret.) 

Collection ofmarine mollusks; 200 lots of 

family Olividae (Ancilla and related genera); 

60059 

Stephen E. Sage 

Collection ofmarine mollusca, 265 lots of 

family Conidae; 60058 

Walter E. Sage, III 

Collection ofmarine mollusks; 1416 lots; 

from various localities in the Caribbean 

marine molluscan province; 60081 

Jerome M. Bijur 

Collection ofmarine mollusks; 875 lots; from 

the Philippines, California and various other 

localities; 60085 

Edward R. Swoboda 

Department of Library Services 

Large portfolio oforiginal drawings and 

copies ofthefour scienee books in which they 

were published,- 59998 

Patricia J. Wynne 

Various books and clippings; 59997 

Mrs. Bryce Metcalf 

Videotape (16 hours) with narration ofthe 

1985 AMNH tour Great Expedition II; 

60086 

Robert Richardson 

Original printing materialforfilm "Shark 

Research," andfolders ofresearch and script 

notes; 60150 

V. Fae Thomas 

Department of Mineral Sciences 

Ordinary Condrite meteorite; 3900 grams; 

from Utah; 60168 


Office of Volunteer Services 

Equipment and photocopying oftraining 

materialsfor the Museum Highlights Tour 

trainees 

Ross & Cohen 

Department of Vertebrate Paleontology 

Numerous specimens offossil vertebrates 

and insects; from Ceara, N.E. Brazil; 59953, 

59954 


83

Mayor Edward I. Koch cuts the ribbon 

marking the reopening ofthe Museum's 

main entrance on Central Park West. 

Director Nicholson, center, and New 

York City Comptroller Harrison J. 

Goldin join in the ceremony. The entrance, 

a City landmark and State 

memorial to Theodore Roosevelt, was 

closedfor 18 monthsfor restoration of 

its plaza and steps. The multiphase rejuvenation 

program for the Museum's 

physical plant will continue over the 

next several years.

BEQUESTS AND CHARITABLE TRUSTS 

You may establish a gift that will perpetuate your memory and help 

assure that the fruits of the American Museum's research, education 

and exhibition programs are handed down to future generations. 

If you wish to support the American Museum, you may make a grant 

through a charitable trust or through a bequest in your will. 

To discuss opportunities for support of the Museum and its programs, 

contact Robert G. Goelet, President, or Thomas A. Lesser, 

Manager for Development, American Museum of Natural History, 

Central Park West at 79th Street, New York New York 10024-5192. 

Tblephone: (212) 769-5151.

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1986-1987 - AMNH DSpace Digital Repository - American Museum ...

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