Hayes and Garber - Cucurbit Breeding

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266 BREEDING CROP PLANTS probably a frequent cause for the variation in yield from different trees of the same variety when grown in the same orchard. Selfsterility, which is so prevalent among fruit crops, often prevents the production of homozygous material; while the use of heterozygous material does not allow the breeder to make systematic crosses with a knowledge of the genetic constitution of the parents. In spite of these difficulties which the fruit breeder must face, there has been a consistent attempt to use fundamental breeding principles and at present methods are becoming somewhat standardized. The advantage which comes to the breeder from the fact that an improved variety may be propagated asexually and need not be reduced to a homozygous condition, tends to offset other difficulties Some of the more general problems will be here illustrated. Overcoming Soil Heterogeneity. Batchelor and Reed (1918) have made an interesting study of variability in orchard plots. They used orange, lemon, walnut, and apple trees in the investigation. From 224 to 1,000 trees of each of the different fruits were studied and the coefficient of variability for yield of single trees determined. The coefficient of variability of the clonal varieties ranged from 29.72 to 41.23 per cent. Thirty-five per cent, might be considered a fair average. Multiplying this by 0.6745 gives 23.6, the probable error in percentage of the mean. The effect on the coefficient of variability of increasing the number of trees in a plot was studied ; a comparison of plots containing 1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 24 trees being made. Table LXIX gives an average of tests with oranges, lemons, apples, and walnuts. The results are based on a study of more than 2,000 individual trees. TABLE LXIX. EFFECT OF INCREASING THE NUMBER OF TREES PER PLOT Number of trees per plot
FRUIT BREEDING 267 From these results the conclusion is reached that eight trees is about the correct number which should be used in a plot. The question of replication, i.e., the systematic distribution of plots over the field, is taken up. Results computed for four- and eight-tree units are given for oranges, apples, walnuts, and lemons. Table LXX gives an average of data from these crops. TABLE LXX. EFFECT OF REPLICATION IN FOUR- AND EIGHT-PLOT UNITS Four trees in a unit
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AGRICULTURAL AND BIOLOGICAL PUBLICA
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s'g S 2 ! o s s
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COPYRIGHT, 1921, BY THE McGRAW-HiLL
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PREFACE Since the early development
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. Early CONTENTS CHAPTER I INTRODUC
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CONTENTS xiii PAGE Color of grain a
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CONTENTS XV PAGE Sorghum 178 Origin
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CONTENTS xvn CHAPTER XIX FARMERS' M
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2 BREEDING CROP PLANTS times by pri
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4 BREEDING CROP PLANTS "In the vege
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6 BREEDING CROP PLANTS more attenti
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8 BREEDL\C CROP PLANTS by one of it
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10 BREEDING CROP PLANTS 1. Variabil
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12 BREEDING CROP PLANTS bud sports
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14 BREEDING CROP PLANTS who gives t
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* CHAPTER II PLANT GENETICS 1 Since
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18 BREEDING CROP PLANTS pair being
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20 BREEDING CROP PLANTS The Inherit
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22 BREEDING CROP PLANTS which are n
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24 BREEDING CROP PLANTS There is a
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26 BREEDING CROP PLANTS and Pr. let
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! 28 BREEDING CROP PLANTS The gener
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30 BREEDING CROP PLANTS intermediat
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32 BREEDING CROP PLANTS a conceptio
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34 BREEDING CROP PLANT* Group 4. Ve
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36 BREEDING CROP PLANTS crosses. Sm
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38 BREEDING CROP PLANTS mas protrud
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40 BREEDING CROP PLANTS between the
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Average 42 BREEDING CROP PLANTS tob
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44 BREEDING CROP PLANTS same for th
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46 BREEDING CROP PLANTS order to il
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48 BREEDING CROP PLANTS existence i
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50 BREEDING CROP PLANTS basis of do
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52 BREEDING CROP PLANTS certain con
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54 BREEDING CROP PLANTS for the pur
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56 BREEDING CROP PLANTS four plots.
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58 BREEDING CROP PLANTS TABLE XI. T
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60 BREEDING CROP PLANTS series then
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62 BREEDING CROP PLANTS central row
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64 BREEDING CROP PLANTS nating rows
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66 BREEDING CROP PLANTS The groupin
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68 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Two men may
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70 BREEDING CROP PLANTS A common pr
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72 BREEDING CROP PLANTS method (1),
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74 BREEDING CROP PLANTS flowers whi
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76 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Classificat
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78 BREEDING CROP PLANTS crosses bet
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80 BREEDING CROP PLANTS and those f
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82 BREEDING CROP PLANTS generation
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84 BREEDING CROP PLANTS nuclei, the
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86 BREEDING CROP PLANTS crosses bet
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88 BREEDING CROP PLANTS The Howards
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90 BREEDING CROP PLANTS CC. Lemma w
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92 BREEDING CROP PLANTS development
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94 BREEDING CROP PLANTS grains on h
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96 BREEDING CROP PLANTS susceptibil
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98 BREEDING CROP PLANTS gous forms
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100 BREEDING CROP PLANTS was though
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102 BREEDING CROP PLANTS mediates b
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104 BREEDING CROP PLANTS crosses ha
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106 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Wild rye,
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108 BREEDING CROP PLANTS same plant
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110 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Time of cu
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112 KREEDINd CHOP PLANTS variety te
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114 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Selection.
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116 BREEDING CROP PLANTS of selecti
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CHAPTER IX SOME RESULTS OF SELECTIO
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120 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Briefly, i
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122 BREEDING CROP PLANTS In the abo
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124 BREEDING CROP PLANTS correlatio
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126 BREEDING CROP PLANTS likewise s
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128 BREEDING CROP PLANTS WHEAT SELE
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130 BREEDING CROP PLANTS TABLE XXVI
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CHAPTER X SOME RESULTS OF CROSSING
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134 BREEDING CROP PLANTS A Wheat Cr
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136 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Among othe
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138 BREEDING CROP PLANTS some of th
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140 BREEDING CROP PLANTS to quality
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142 BREEDING CROP PLANTS index is o
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144 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Factor sys
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146 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Later more
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148 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Parents Co
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150 BREEDING CROP PLANTS The Lyon b
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152 BREEDING CROP PLANTS isolated t
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154 BREEDING CROP PLANTS 4 FIG, 34.
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156 BREEDING CROP PLANTS same resul
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158 BREEDING CROP PLANTS grown for
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160 BREEDING CROP PLANTS longer tha
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162 BREEDING CROP PLANTS with the p
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164 BREEDING CROP PLANTS "4. When a
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166 BREEDING CROP PLANTS variabilit
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168 BREEDING CROP PLANTS 1910 to 19
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170 BREEDING CROP PLANTS
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172 BREEDING CROP PLANTS normal var
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174 BREEDING CROP PLANTS branching
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176 BREEDING CROP PLANTS hybrid seg
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178 BREEDING CROP PLANT* which are
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180 BREEDING CROP PLANTS the settin
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182 BREEDING CROP PLANTS organs. Th
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184 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Xenia may
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186 BREEDING CROP PLANTS manner as
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188 BREEDING CROP PLANTS to a singl
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190 BREEDING CROP PLANTS pure race
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192 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Studies of
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194 BREEDING CROP PLANTS B. RESULT
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196 BREEDING CROP PLANTS corn and g
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198 BREEDING CROP PLANTS TABLE XLV.
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200 BREEDING CROP PLANTS system of
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202 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Kempton we
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204 BREEDING CROP PLANTS general ru
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206 BREEDING CHOP PLANTS abnormalit
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208 BREEDING CROP PLANTS sis), Cana
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210 BREEDING CROP PLANTS plant sele
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212 BREEDING CROP PLANTS The practi
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214 BREEDING CROP PLANTS TABLE LIII
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Page 242 and 243: 218 BREEDING CROP PLANTS correlatio
Page 244 and 245: 220 BREEDING CROP PLANTS approached
Page 246 and 247: 222 BREEDING CROP PLANTS P. Segrega
Page 248 and 249: 224 BREEDING CROP PLANTS 1. The het
Page 250 and 251: 226 BREEDING CROP PLANTS TABLE LV.
Page 252 and 253: 228 BREEDING CROP PLANTS These earl
Page 254 and 255: 230 BREEDING CROP PLANTS For the 16
Page 256 and 257: 232 BREEDING CROP PLANTS variety ca
Page 258 and 259: CHAPTER XVII BREEDING OF VEGETABLES
Page 260 and 261: 236 BREEDING CROP PLANTS not known,
Page 262 and 263: 238 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Le = long
Page 264 and 265: 240 BREEDING CROP PLANTS TABLE LXI.
Page 266 and 267: 242 BREEDING CROP PLANTS shell bean
Page 268 and 269: 244 BREEDING CROP PLANTS data on th
Page 270 and 271: 246 BREEDING CROP PLANTS TABLE LXII
Page 272 and 273: 248 BREEDING CROP PLANTS need not b
Page 274 and 275: 250 BREEDING CROP PLANTS radish pla
Page 276 and 277: 252 BREEDING CROP PLANTS kohl-rabi.
Page 278 and 279: 254 BREEDING CROP PLANTS TABLE LXV.
Page 280 and 281: 256 BREEDING CROP PLANTS nucleus of
Page 282 and 283: 258 BREEDING CROP PLANTS These data
Page 284 and 285: 260 BREEDING CROP PLANTS recommende
Page 286 and 287: 262 BREEDING CROP PLANTS varieties
Page 288 and 289: 264 BREEDING CROP PLANTS TABLE LXVI
Page 292 and 293: 268 BREEDING CROP PLANTS condition
Page 294 and 295: 270 BREEDING CROP PLANTS very notic
Page 296 and 297: 272 BREEDING CROP PLANTS these vari
Page 298 and 299: 274 BREEDING CROP PLANTS bud sports
Page 300 and 301: The 276 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Stewar
Page 302 and 303: 278 BREEDING CROP PLANTS made and 4
Page 304 and 305: 280 BREEDING CROP PLANTS 1. A knowl
Page 306 and 307: 282 BREEDING CROP PLANTS WHAT IS GO
Page 308 and 309: 284 BREEDING CROP PLANTS METHODS OF
Page 310 and 311: 286 BREEDING CROP PLANTS The seed p
Page 312 and 313: 288 BREEDING CROP PLANTS report of
Page 314 and 315: 290 BREEDING CROP PLANTS 5. Give sp
Page 316 and 317: 292 BREEDING CROP PLANTS First Year
Page 318 and 319: DEFINITIONS 1 Acquired Character. A
Page 320 and 321: 296 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Heredity.
Page 322 and 323: 298 BREEDING CROP PLANTS Replicatio
Page 324 and 325: 300 BREEDING CROP PLANTS BALLS, W.
Page 326 and 327: 302 BREEDING CROP PLANTS CUMMINGS,
Page 328 and 329: 304 BREEDING CROP PLANTS FRANDSEN,
Page 330 and 331: 306 BREEDING CROP PLANTS HARRIS, J.
Page 332 and 333: 308 BREEDING CROP PLANTS 1912. On t
Page 334 and 335: 310 BREEDING CROP PLANTS LEAKE H. M
Page 336 and 337: 312 BREEDING CROP PLANTS NILSSON-EH
Page 338 and 339: 314 BREEDING CROP PLANTS RUSSELL, H
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316 BREEDING CROP PLANTS 1915. Die
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318 BREEDING CROP. PLANTS 1918. Inh
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320 INDEX Breeding, cotton, 177 cuc
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322 INDEX ( iaincs, disease resista
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324 INDEX Le Couteur, selection, sm
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326 INDEX Ray, species, first use o
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328 INDEX Wheat, artificial crossin
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Hayes and Garber - Cucurbit Breeding

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