452lissamphibia-summ..

How diverse are the modern amphibians (Lissamphibia)?
(AmphibiaWeb: 7,125 amphibian species (Apr 25, 2013): http://amphibiaweb.org/amphibian/speciesnums.html
Order Caudata: 9% Newts, salamanders
Order Anura: 88% Frogs, toads
Rhacophorus lateralis
What are shared derived traits of the Lissamphibia?
Liss = Smooth (“scaleless” skin)
Roughskin Newt
Cane Toad
Plelthodon jordani (large), with Desmognathus
imitator (small), sympatric mimic
Order Gymnophiona: 3% Caecilians
TTX:tetrodotoxin blocks Na + channels
Biol. 452, Lecture 13, Summer 2013
Read in Pough, Janis & Heiser:
Ch. 10:211-223, 225-237, 243-250
Poison
glands
Poison
glands
Ichthyophis davidi
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-DpjNhDG3nU
Fry 2008
What are the evolutionary relationships in the Lissamphibians?
Age estimates & confidence intervals (horizontal bars) of the major divergence events among living
Lissamphibians, a combined dataset of mitochondrial genomes & eight nuclear genes.
How do fossil tetrapods differ from modern Lissamphibians?
Use the concept of heterochrony!
San Mauro, 2010
Batrachia
Eryops:
Permian
Anderson
et. al., 2008
Gerobatrachus: Permian
Savalli, 2009
Paleozoic
Cenozoic
Another supermatrix of 2800 species supports Batrachia clade too. (Pyron & Wiens, 2011)
Necturus: modern Savalli, 2009

Walk, hop
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sfENSyycPQ4
Long forelimbs
Walk-jump
Toe pads evolved independently several times to aid climbing
Glass Frog (Centrolenidae)
Toe pad in contact with glass
Federle, et
al., 2006
Hop, burrow
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=poxbBDuPfbY
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owKP2WRaWSA
Jump (swim too)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yKpJElwama8&NR=1
Short hind limbs
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntIgvhwb9vg
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ltVI-57oTdM
Hop
Long hind limbs
Toe pad covered with 5-6 sided cells. Federle, et al., 2006
Nanopillars
on each cleat
Walk, hop, burrow
Swim
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEpGEzKQURo
Cleats on
each cell
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vRC9sBNt9vs
Short forelimbs
How do frogs
capture prey?
Tongue (Lingual) prehension
(small prey) vs
Jaw Prehension (larger prey)
Monroy & Nishikawa, 2011
Terrestrial salamanders use “lingual” prehension to catch prey.
Some Plethodontidae have “projectile” tongues for long range prey capture.
Primitive “Attached” projectile “Free” projectile
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MjAiWnzU2aE
Deban, et al., 2007
http://debanlab.org/movies/
http://www.metacafe.com/watch/1185486/
frog_feeding_slow_motion_video/ &
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ohcDPgd1V5Y &
http://www2.nau.edu/~froggy-p/gallery.html

How does a plethodontid’s ballistic tongue move so rapidly?
Frog Vocalizations: Airsacs, Pitch, Loudness, Functions
Deban, et al., 2007
Tongue
Protractor
Tongue Retractor
Deban & Richardson, 2011
Individuals in gray dots &
regression lines for each.
Cross section through the tongue apparatus in
Hydromantes italicus at the the pectoral girdle.
Cartilaginous hyoid (blue) surrounded by
connective tissue (orange) & muscle (pink).
Herrel, Deban, Schaerlaeken, et al, 2009
Deban, et al. 2007.
Within a species, females prefer
males with lower pitch. Why?
Ranidae
Pelobatidae
Sooglossidae
(Seychelles Frogs)
Territorial/Aggression Call
Breeding/Advertisement Call
Release Call (Female or Male)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XcFKQKjv0-o&NR=1 Pacific Chorus Frog
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VDuvK0u8XyY Leopard frog
http://www.californiaherps.com/movies/speaintermontana409.mov
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/topics/frogCalls.html
How do frogs hear? Do other amphibians have eardrums?
Bullfrog eardrum
Compare this frog’s
hearing to the human.
Number of auditory neurons
coded to these frequencies
(D) Frog inner ear diagram: amphibian
papilla (AP) green, sacculus (pink), basilar
papilla (BP) yellow = mammalian cochlea
Is the amphibian papilla (AP)
tuned to high or low frequencies?
Why are humans so sensitive to
the higher frequency sounds?
Predict the hearing range of a
salamander (no eardrums).
Maddin & Anderson, 2012
Gridi-Papp, 2009
Christensen, Christensen-Dalsgaard, Brandt, & Madsen, 2012

Why do Chinese Concave Eared Torrent frogs use ultrasonic calls?
Feng et al. 2006, Feng & Narins, 2008, Shen et al. 2008, Gridi-Papp, et al, 2008
http://acp.eugraph.com/news/news06/feng.html: call http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9r7pk0RPTAg
Duet: Female (FC) & male
(AR) antiphonal response
Male has recessed eardrum, female doesn’t.
Frog call (b) & background noise (c) near creek
Review Questions
1. When did Lissamphibians originate? What evidence supports Lissamphibians as a monophyletic
group, with salamanders & frogs forming a clade called Batrachia? How are Lissamphibians
ecologically important? Describe the heterochronic changes that may have influenced the evolution of
Lissamphibians from fossil tetrapods. Name the 3 orders of amphibians. Describe the functions of the
poison glands, one of the key shared, derived traits that unites these orders.
2. Describe the anatomical specializations of the trunk, hips & hind limbs & feet of frogs. How does the
oldest know fossil frog differ from modern frogs? Compare the body & limb proportions of frogs that
are swimmers, jumpers, walkers, & burrowers. Describe the specialized toe pads of “tree” frogs.
How can “tree” frogs stick to wet or dry surfaces?
3. Compare the variation in the lingual prehension (tongue to capture prey) in different types of
salamanders & frogs. What special adaptations evolved to create the extreme ballistic tongue
projection in some members of the Family Plethodontidae? What allows the specialized plethodontid
tongue to be relatively unaffected in speed & performance at different temperatures, given that the
salamander is an ectotherm? How is this advantageous? Why does its use require depth perception?
4. What are “costs” & “benefits” of vocalizing to attract mates? How do females recognize members of
their species using calls, and how do females make choices about male “quality” using calls? Describe
the unique amphibian papilla in the inner ear of lissamphibians compared to the basilar papilla in all
vertebrates. Which papilla is design to detect low freq? Which papilla detects high freq? Predict the
hearing range of salamanders, compared to frogs, given that salamanders lack eardrums. Describe
the ultrasonic calls & hearing of torrent frogs (adapted to live along very noisy streams & waterfalls).
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Salamander Selected References