Pueblo of Laguna - Solar, Wind, and Biomass Feasibility Study - EERE
Pueblo of Laguna - Solar, Wind, and Biomass Feasibility Study - EERE
Pueblo of Laguna - Solar, Wind, and Biomass Feasibility Study - EERE
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<strong>Pueblo</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Laguna</strong><br />
Utility<br />
Authority<br />
Renewable<br />
Energy<br />
<strong>Feasibility</strong><br />
<strong>Study</strong><br />
DOE<br />
Program<br />
Review<br />
October<br />
2006
Project<br />
Location:<br />
<strong>Pueblo</strong> <strong>of</strong><br />
<strong>Laguna</strong>
Location in<br />
New Mexico<br />
Albuquerque<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong><br />
<strong>Pueblo</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Laguna</strong>: 533,000 acres<br />
44 miles west <strong>of</strong> Albuquerque
KA-WAIKAH (Lake People)<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong><br />
<strong>Pueblo</strong><br />
Enrollment<br />
8,000<br />
Six Villages<br />
1900
San Jose Mission<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong>:<br />
Main Village<br />
Sept. 19 - St.<br />
Joseph<br />
Feast Day<br />
Traditional Home<br />
Old IHS Clinic<br />
Tribal Administration<br />
Building
View from Porkchop Hill<br />
1900<br />
Paguate:<br />
Northern<br />
Village<br />
(Propane<br />
only)<br />
September<br />
25 -<br />
St. Elizabeth<br />
Feast Day<br />
Paguate Mart<br />
Uranium Mine 1950-1983<br />
The Arrowhead<br />
Matic Test Site<br />
Small <strong>Solar</strong> Array
View looking south<br />
Paraje:<br />
Near West<br />
Village<br />
Mesa<br />
October 17<br />
Feast Day<br />
Village
Seama Mesa<br />
Seama:<br />
Near West<br />
Village<br />
July 26:<br />
St. Anne<br />
Feast Day<br />
Flower Mountain<br />
Looking at Flower Mt.<br />
Old Day School<br />
1926
Encinal Springs<br />
White Springs<br />
Encinal:<br />
Smallest<br />
Village<br />
(Propane<br />
only)<br />
Water Canyon<br />
Water Shed<br />
September<br />
8 Feast Day
Mesita: East<br />
Village<br />
Wetl<strong>and</strong>s<br />
August 15 th<br />
-<br />
St.<br />
Augustine<br />
Feast Day<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong> Industries
Project Objectives<br />
Project<br />
focuses on<br />
community<br />
involvement<br />
in addition<br />
to technical<br />
studies<br />
• Assess feasibility <strong>of</strong> renewable energy generation<br />
projects<br />
• Build on <strong>Pueblo</strong> interest in renewable energy focused<br />
on wind, solar <strong>and</strong> biomass resources<br />
– Prior projects included solar facilities at Majors Ranch<br />
<strong>and</strong> <strong>Laguna</strong> Industries<br />
• Consider options to leverage nearby gas pipelines to<br />
develop a “hybrid” project, providing “firm” power<br />
• Encourage community involvement <strong>and</strong> participation<br />
through education<br />
• Exp<strong>and</strong> on previously completed work<br />
– Utility formation <strong>and</strong> development<br />
– Energy self-sufficiency options<br />
– Integration <strong>of</strong> energy management with economic<br />
development<br />
• Support energy capacity building
Project Participants<br />
Project is<br />
being led by<br />
Utility<br />
Authority<br />
personnel<br />
Tribal <strong>and</strong> Staff Participants:<br />
– <strong>Pueblo</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Laguna</strong> Utility Authority <strong>and</strong><br />
Board <strong>of</strong> Directors<br />
– <strong>Pueblo</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Laguna</strong> Tribal Council <strong>and</strong> Staff<br />
Officers<br />
– <strong>Pueblo</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Laguna</strong> Villages<br />
– <strong>Pueblo</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Laguna</strong> Entities/Facility Managers<br />
Project Consultant:<br />
– Red Mountain Energy Partners
Project Scope<br />
<strong>Study</strong><br />
includes<br />
seven<br />
phases –<br />
two<br />
continual<br />
<strong>and</strong> five in<br />
sequence<br />
Resource<br />
Monitoring<br />
ID Renewable<br />
Resources<br />
Capacity Building<br />
Fund <strong>and</strong> Support Energy Program Coordinator<br />
Fatal Flaw<br />
Analysis<br />
High-Level<br />
Analysis <strong>of</strong><br />
Best-Fit<br />
Projects<br />
Potential<br />
Project<br />
Economics<br />
Detailed Analysis<br />
<strong>of</strong> Best-Fit Project<br />
Project<br />
Decision<br />
Support<br />
Gain Approval<br />
on Project<br />
Community Education/Outreach <strong>and</strong> Review<br />
Newsletters, Community Meetings, School Partnership<br />
Development<br />
Plan<br />
Plans to Complete<br />
Project
Utility<br />
Authority<br />
Newsletter<br />
established<br />
to provide<br />
community<br />
education
Middle School<br />
<strong>and</strong><br />
Utility<br />
Authority<br />
Partnership:<br />
Mentorship<br />
RE Curriculum<br />
Science Fair<br />
Campus<br />
Project<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong> Middle School selected Energy as<br />
the theme for 2006/2007 Science Fair<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong> Feast Parade<br />
September 19 th St. Joseph
Maps<br />
indicated<br />
potential<br />
wind<br />
resource at<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong><br />
Met Tower<br />
Met Tower<br />
One year <strong>of</strong> data has not confirmed the<br />
anticipated resource at selected sites to<br />
support large-scale wind development
<strong>Solar</strong><br />
resource at<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong><br />
appears<br />
adequate to<br />
support PV<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong> average annual insolation falls<br />
in the range <strong>of</strong> 7.25 – 7.5 kWh/m 2 /day
Power Plants*<br />
Paguate<br />
<strong>Solar</strong> resource<br />
at <strong>Laguna</strong><br />
appears<br />
adequate to<br />
support<br />
Concentrating<br />
<strong>Solar</strong> Power<br />
Seama<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong><br />
Portions <strong>of</strong> the reservation have concentrator<br />
insolation levels in the range <strong>of</strong> 7.25 – 7.5<br />
kWh/m 2 /day, well within the range suitable for<br />
large-scale solar projects<br />
L<strong>and</strong> area to support<br />
1000 MW <strong>of</strong><br />
Concentrating <strong>Solar</strong><br />
* Source:<br />
Power<br />
POWERmap,<br />
(CSP)<br />
©2002 Platts, a<br />
Division <strong>of</strong> the<br />
McGraw-Hill Companies
Preliminary Load <strong>Study</strong> Results<br />
Electric usage<br />
requirements<br />
were<br />
forecasted by<br />
village <strong>and</strong><br />
reservation<br />
Majority <strong>of</strong> energy dem<strong>and</strong> is nonresidential; 66% in <strong>Laguna</strong> <strong>and</strong> Paraje<br />
– Peak dem<strong>and</strong> approximately 5 MW; varies up to 3.2 MW in a day<br />
– Resources required to serve the total reservation electric dem<strong>and</strong>:<br />
- 1.6 MW base load supply (7 X 24) (57%)<br />
- 1.9 MW intermediate (6 X 16) (28% includes solar/wind)<br />
- 1.6 MW load following (spot market purchases)<br />
<strong>Pueblo</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Laguna</strong> Village Energy Use<br />
8% 2%<br />
Encinal<br />
26%<br />
39%<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong><br />
Mesita<br />
Paguate<br />
Paraje<br />
Seama<br />
6,000<br />
8%<br />
17%<br />
Peak 5,000<br />
Load<br />
Intermittent Resources<br />
or 6 X 16 Power<br />
4,000<br />
Products<br />
Spot Market Purchases<br />
“Imbalances” or<br />
Load Following Products<br />
kW<br />
3,000<br />
2,000<br />
1,000<br />
Base Load Generation Resources<br />
or 7 X 24 Power Products<br />
0
Initial Project Sites Identified<br />
Seven<br />
potential<br />
project sites<br />
were<br />
identified to<br />
meet a<br />
range <strong>of</strong><br />
village <strong>and</strong><br />
reservation<br />
needs<br />
1<br />
6<br />
Encinal<br />
5<br />
Casa Blanca<br />
Paraje<br />
3<br />
7<br />
Paguate<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong><br />
2<br />
4<br />
Rio Puerco<br />
Mesita
Initial <strong>Wind</strong> Project Configurations<br />
Multiple<br />
wind<br />
project<br />
options<br />
were<br />
considered<br />
at identified<br />
Village or<br />
Reservation<br />
Application<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong> Industries<br />
Generation<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong> Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Mesita Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Paguate Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Paraje Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Seama Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Peak<br />
Dem<strong>and</strong><br />
(kW)<br />
544<br />
102<br />
2,083<br />
949<br />
472<br />
1,392<br />
427<br />
Annual<br />
Usage<br />
(kWh)<br />
1,620,000<br />
393,023<br />
9,207,437<br />
4,073,652<br />
1,953,873<br />
6,206,168<br />
1,783,999<br />
Load<br />
Factor<br />
34.0%<br />
44.0%<br />
50.5%<br />
49.0%<br />
47.3%<br />
50.9%<br />
47.7%<br />
Encinal Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Possible Project<br />
Configurations (All<br />
Grid-<br />
Supplemented)<br />
Two Fuhrl<strong>and</strong>er<br />
250 kW Turbines 2<br />
One Fuhrl<strong>and</strong>er<br />
100 kW Turbine<br />
One GE 1.5 MW<br />
Turbine<br />
One Fuhrl<strong>and</strong>er<br />
600 kW Turbine 2<br />
Two Fuhrl<strong>and</strong>er<br />
250 kW Turbines 2<br />
One GE 1.5 MW<br />
Turbine<br />
Two Fuhrl<strong>and</strong>er<br />
250 kW Turbines 2<br />
21.14%<br />
871,507<br />
$1.25M -<br />
$1.75M<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong><br />
Reservation-Scale<br />
Four GE 1.5 MW<br />
$8M -<br />
sites Generation<br />
5,426<br />
23,618,151<br />
49.7%<br />
Turbines<br />
6,000<br />
20.6%<br />
12,237,964<br />
$9M<br />
Power Export to<br />
Forty GE 1.5 MW<br />
$75M -<br />
Grid<br />
6MW<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
Turbines<br />
6MW<br />
120.6%<br />
122,379,640<br />
$85M<br />
Peak<br />
Power<br />
(kW)<br />
500<br />
100<br />
1,500<br />
600<br />
500<br />
1,500<br />
500<br />
Projected<br />
Capacity<br />
Factor<br />
21.14%<br />
24.2%<br />
20.6%<br />
21.14%<br />
20.6%<br />
Initial wind project capital costs identified<br />
ranged from $250,000 to $85 million<br />
Projected<br />
Annual kWh<br />
871,507<br />
225,223<br />
3,059,491<br />
1,000,000<br />
871,507<br />
3,059,491<br />
Initial<br />
Capital<br />
Cost 1<br />
$1.25M -<br />
$1.75M<br />
$250k -<br />
$300k<br />
$2.0M -<br />
$2.25M<br />
$950k -<br />
$1M<br />
$1.25M -<br />
$1.75M<br />
$2.0M -<br />
$2.25M
Initial <strong>Solar</strong> Project Configurations<br />
Multiple<br />
solar project<br />
options<br />
were<br />
considered<br />
at identified<br />
Village or<br />
Reservation<br />
Application<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong> Industries<br />
Generation<br />
Encinal Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong> Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Mesita Village-Scale<br />
Generation<br />
Paguate Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Paraje Village-Scale<br />
Generation<br />
Seama Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Peak<br />
Dem<strong>and</strong><br />
(kW)<br />
544<br />
102<br />
2,083<br />
949<br />
472<br />
1,392<br />
427<br />
Annual<br />
Usage<br />
(kWh)<br />
1,620,000<br />
393,023<br />
9,207,437<br />
4,073,652<br />
1,953,873<br />
6,206,168<br />
1,783,999<br />
Load<br />
Factor<br />
34.0%<br />
44.0%<br />
50.5%<br />
49.0%<br />
47.3%<br />
50.9%<br />
47.7%<br />
Possible Project<br />
Configurations (All Grid-<br />
Supplemented)<br />
Twenty 25 kW Dish-<br />
Engine Modules<br />
Four 25 kW Amonix<br />
HCPV 2<br />
arrays<br />
Parabolic Trough<br />
Parabolic Trough<br />
Twenty 25 kW Dish-<br />
Engine Modules<br />
Parabolic Trough<br />
Sixteen 25 kW Amonix<br />
HCPV 2<br />
arrays<br />
812,000<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong><br />
Reservation-Scale<br />
Generation<br />
5,426<br />
23,618,151<br />
49.7%<br />
Parabolic Trough<br />
5MW<br />
25%<br />
10.9 GWh<br />
$20M<br />
sites Sized to<br />
Power Export to<br />
Grid<br />
60 MW<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
Parabolic Trough<br />
project<br />
need<br />
25%<br />
132 GWh<br />
$240M<br />
Peak<br />
Power<br />
(kW)<br />
500kW<br />
100kW<br />
2MW<br />
1MW<br />
500kW<br />
1MW<br />
400kW<br />
Expected<br />
Capacity<br />
Factor<br />
25%<br />
23%<br />
25%<br />
25%<br />
25%<br />
25%<br />
23%<br />
Projected<br />
Annual<br />
kWh<br />
1.1 GWh<br />
203,000<br />
4.4 GWh<br />
2.2 GWh<br />
1.1 GWh<br />
2.2 GWh<br />
Initial<br />
Capital<br />
Cost 1<br />
$2.5M<br />
$600k<br />
$8M<br />
$4M<br />
$2.5M<br />
$4M<br />
$2.4M<br />
Initial solar project capital costs identified<br />
ranged from $600,000 to $240 million
Initial Gas Project Configurations<br />
Multiple<br />
gas-fired<br />
project<br />
options<br />
were<br />
considered<br />
at identified<br />
sites<br />
Village or<br />
Reservation<br />
Application<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong> Industries<br />
Generation<br />
Encinal Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong> Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Mesita Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Paguate Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Paraje Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
Seama Village-<br />
Scale Generation<br />
<strong>Laguna</strong><br />
Reservation-Scale<br />
Generation<br />
Peak<br />
Dem<strong>and</strong><br />
(kW)<br />
544<br />
102<br />
2,083<br />
949<br />
472<br />
1,392<br />
427<br />
5,426<br />
Annual<br />
Usage<br />
(kWh)<br />
1,620,000<br />
393,023<br />
9,207,437<br />
4,073,652<br />
1,953,873<br />
6,206,168<br />
1,783,999<br />
23,618,151<br />
Load<br />
Factor<br />
34.0%<br />
44.0%<br />
50.5%<br />
49.0%<br />
47.3%<br />
50.9%<br />
47.7%<br />
49.7%<br />
Possible Project<br />
Configurations<br />
Caterpillar G3512 90<br />
TA<br />
Olympian G125G1<br />
Caterpillar G3612 TA<br />
90 LE<br />
Caterpillar G3606 TA<br />
130 LE<br />
Caterpillar G3512 90<br />
TA<br />
Caterpillar G3612 TA<br />
90 LE<br />
Caterpillar G3512 90<br />
TA<br />
Caterpillar GCM34<br />
Installed<br />
Capacity<br />
570kW<br />
114kW<br />
2.3MW<br />
1MW<br />
570kW<br />
1.5MW<br />
570kW<br />
5.9MW<br />
Heat<br />
Rate<br />
13,040<br />
14,000<br />
11,384<br />
11,652<br />
13,040<br />
11,594<br />
13,040<br />
9,724<br />
Installed<br />
Cost per<br />
kW<br />
$1263<br />
$1300<br />
$1231<br />
$1348<br />
$1263<br />
$1245<br />
$1263<br />
$1200<br />
Power Export to<br />
Grid<br />
60 MW<br />
N/A<br />
N/A<br />
GE MS6001 FA<br />
75.9MW<br />
9,760<br />
n/a
Findings From Community Meetings<br />
Initial<br />
Community<br />
Input<br />
• Visual impacts may not be acceptable for village-specific<br />
projects<br />
• Better support for facility or reservation-wide projects in<br />
areas with limited visibility<br />
• Improved likelihood <strong>of</strong> success if projects were located<br />
in existing industrial or commercial areas<br />
• Best wind resources, <strong>and</strong> minimal visual impacts will be<br />
<strong>of</strong>f mesas currently being monitored<br />
• Further input needed from community<br />
• Suggest multiple venues (<strong>Laguna</strong> newspaper, UA<br />
newsletter, additional village/reservation-wide<br />
meetings) to provide education, seek input
Preliminary Findings<br />
Preliminary<br />
environmental<br />
findings did<br />
not eliminate<br />
any sites<br />
• Sites under consideration adjacent to properties previously<br />
impacted by some activity (i.e. development, grazing,<br />
agriculture, access roads, etc.)<br />
• All sites appear clear <strong>of</strong> any immediate cultural or historical<br />
fatal flaws<br />
• Washes present at sites #1 <strong>and</strong> #5, but sites flexible re:<br />
mitigation<br />
– Dry washes; no apparent endangered species issues<br />
• Multiple sites available allow for protection <strong>of</strong> “view sheds”<br />
• Additional transmission/distribution ROWs yet to be reviewed<br />
• Alternative sites must be identified under any Environmental<br />
Assessment<br />
• FONSI (finding <strong>of</strong> no significant impact) may not be<br />
considered, since proposed projects are a “change in use”
Modeling Considerations<br />
Preliminary<br />
cost estimates<br />
utilized<br />
“HOMER”<br />
modeling<br />
approach<br />
• 2-3 potential configurations from each proposed project site<br />
• Cost analysis utilized:<br />
– Load pr<strong>of</strong>iles, escalated through 2027<br />
– <strong>Solar</strong> <strong>and</strong> wind resource for <strong>Laguna</strong><br />
• <strong>Wind</strong> data derived from preliminary anemometry<br />
results<br />
• <strong>Solar</strong> data extracted from National <strong>Solar</strong> Radiation<br />
Database for Albuquerque Region, 1961-1990<br />
• A minimum renewable generating component was required<br />
• HOMER optimizes project design <strong>and</strong> seeks least cost on the<br />
basis <strong>of</strong>:<br />
– Overall Net Present Value for the life <strong>of</strong> the project<br />
– Levelized Cost Of Energy (“LCOE”)<br />
– Optimal contributions <strong>of</strong> grid-supplied energy <strong>and</strong><br />
renewable <strong>and</strong>/or fossil generating resources<br />
• No incentives are factored in fatal flaw analysis; LCOE results<br />
expected to improve once incentives are considered
Summary <strong>of</strong> Initial Project Sites <strong>and</strong><br />
Configurations<br />
Initial Levelized<br />
Cost <strong>of</strong> Energy<br />
(LCOE) estimates<br />
ranged from 9.7<br />
to 16.7 cents per<br />
kWh without<br />
incentives or<br />
alternate<br />
funding<br />
Grid-Parallel Project Scenarios Optimum Sizes Expected LCOE* Optimized<br />
Case Site Load Proposed Generating Generating Grid Gen1 Gen2 Project Net per LCOE*<br />
# Description Served Project Resource #1 Qty Resource #2 Qty kW kW kW Present Spec ¢/kWh<br />
Scale<br />
Value ¢/kWh<br />
Nursing<br />
1<br />
Rainbow home,<br />
500 kW Single Caterpillar<br />
Center, Casa housing<br />
541.2 kW Axis Horizontal 1 350kW G3508<br />
Blanca complex,<br />
Tracking System<br />
engine<br />
(Site 1) junior/senior<br />
1 79.0% 0.0% 21.0% $4.03M 22.1 13.2<br />
high school<br />
2<br />
5<br />
Southeast <strong>of</strong><br />
Mesita Village<br />
(site 2)<br />
Paraje, near<br />
old high school<br />
(Site 5)<br />
Village load 1.0 MW<br />
3 <strong>Laguna</strong> Reservation, 2.1 MW<br />
Village, north partial<br />
<strong>of</strong> Transfer Reservation<br />
4<br />
Station load, or<br />
(Site 3) power export<br />
5.1 MW<br />
Village or<br />
partial village<br />
load<br />
1.5 MW<br />
Fuhrl<strong>and</strong>er 250<br />
kW FL 250 <strong>Wind</strong><br />
Turbine<br />
Amonix 25 kW<br />
HCPV Array<br />
4 MW Single<br />
Axis Horizontal<br />
Tracking System<br />
1 MW Single<br />
Axis Horizontal<br />
Tracking System<br />
3<br />
40<br />
1<br />
1<br />
Caterpillar<br />
350kW G3508<br />
engine<br />
Caterpillar<br />
570kW G3512<br />
90 TA engine<br />
Caterpillar<br />
570kW G3512<br />
90 TA engine<br />
Caterpillar<br />
570kW G3512<br />
90 TA engine<br />
2 88.0% 11.0% 1.0% $5.42M 10.8 9.7<br />
2 56.0% 13.0% 32.0% $24.59M 21.9 15.1<br />
2 36.0% 25.0% 39.0% $42.2M 22.2 16.7<br />
1 80.0% 20.0% 0.0% $11.0M 19.4 13.1
LCOE Considerations<br />
LCOE<br />
onsiderations<br />
ut initial cost<br />
estimates<br />
results into<br />
perspective<br />
• Incentives will improve project LCOE results<br />
• Large-scale power export projects (e.g. – 50-<br />
60MW scale) do not appear to be viable at this<br />
time<br />
– Existing low-cost generating facilities in the region<br />
– Limited resource needs <strong>of</strong> potential <strong>of</strong>f-takers<br />
• Reasons for considering renewable energy<br />
projects may not be cost-based alone, <strong>and</strong> may<br />
include:<br />
– Community values<br />
– Improved power quality/reliability<br />
– Energy independence<br />
– Environmental stewardship
Next Steps<br />
Next steps will<br />
center around<br />
community/<br />
stakeholder<br />
involvement,<br />
project<br />
economics,<br />
decision<br />
support <strong>and</strong><br />
preparation <strong>of</strong><br />
a<br />
development<br />
plan<br />
Resource<br />
Monitoring<br />
Underst<strong>and</strong><br />
renewable<br />
resources,<br />
power needs,<br />
<strong>and</strong> identify<br />
possible<br />
projects<br />
Fatal Flaw<br />
Analysis<br />
Identify major<br />
issues that<br />
would<br />
eliminate<br />
possible<br />
projects<br />
• Continue community education activities<br />
• Gather community feedback on preliminary projects<br />
identified<br />
• Further define selected projects <strong>and</strong> determine financial<br />
architecture, partnership structures, etc.<br />
• Begin further wind site testing, as appropriate<br />
• Complete detailed economic analyses <strong>of</strong> accepted projects<br />
• Prepare development plan<br />
Potential<br />
Project<br />
Economics<br />
Evaluate<br />
feasibility <strong>of</strong><br />
communitysupported<br />
projects<br />
Project<br />
Decision<br />
Support<br />
Presentation/<br />
decisions re:<br />
pursuit <strong>of</strong><br />
feasible<br />
projects<br />
Development<br />
Plan<br />
Create<br />
development<br />
plan, budget<br />
<strong>and</strong> contact<br />
possible<br />
funding<br />
sources
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