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Complete Cases Chart - Supreme Court of Canada - On the Identity ...

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Case Name (<strong>Court</strong>)<br />

(Judge)<br />

Location/Method <strong>of</strong> Search Relevant Statutes Issues/Holdings<br />

- (1) whe<strong>the</strong>r <strong>the</strong> search violates s. 8 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>C<strong>Chart</strong>er? - Y/N<br />

- (2) whe<strong>the</strong>r to exclude evidence by s. 24(2)? – Y/N<br />

Reasoning<br />

- (1) relevant to s.8 + CASES (Kokesch, Plant, Hunter, Tessling, Edwards)<br />

- (2) relevant to 24(2) + CASES (Collins)<br />

(con).<br />

Personal Info –<br />

Fingerprinting<br />

R. v. Dyment<br />

[1988] 2 S.C.R. 417,<br />

Lamer J. with<br />

Beetz,and Wilson JJ<br />

(con); La Forest J.<br />

and Dickson C.J.<br />

(con); McIntyre J.<br />

(dis); Le Dain took<br />

no part.<br />

- A doctor took blood from a<br />

car accident patient without<br />

consent <strong>the</strong>n gave it to police<br />

who had no idea suspect was<br />

drinking / doing drugs.<br />

- Suspect charged with DUI.<br />

- <strong>Chart</strong>er, ss. 7, 8, 24(2). - (1) Does <strong>the</strong> accused have a reasonable<br />

expectation <strong>of</strong> privacy in <strong>the</strong> blood taken by<br />

<strong>the</strong> doctor?<br />

• YES<br />

- (1) The police’s taking <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> blood constituted a search and as <strong>the</strong>y lacked judicial<br />

authorization it was unreasonable and violated s.8.<br />

- Ref. to Hunter (warrantless searches are presumed to be unreasonable).<br />

- Ref. to Collins (used to determine that evidence should be excluded).<br />

Personal Info –<br />

Blood Sample<br />

R. v. Simmons<br />

[1988] 2 S.C.R. 495<br />

Dickson C.J. with<br />

Beetz, Lamer and La<br />

Forest JJ (con); Wilson<br />

J. (con); McIntyre and<br />

L'Heureux-Dubé JJ.<br />

(dis).<br />

<strong>Identity</strong>/search <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

person (body search)<br />

Hunter v. Southam<br />

Inc<br />

[1984] 2 S.C.R. 145<br />

Dickson J. with<br />

- The appellant was arrested at<br />

customs for smuggling drugs<br />

that she was carrying on her<br />

body.<br />

- The appellant was taken into<br />

a search room and shown a<br />

sign on <strong>the</strong> wall which set out<br />

ss. 143 and 144 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Customs Act., which provide<br />

authority for conducting<br />

personal searches.<br />

- The appellant undressed and<br />

removed some <strong>of</strong> her clo<strong>the</strong>s,<br />

revealing white adhesive<br />

bandages around her midriff.<br />

- Concealed in <strong>the</strong> bandages<br />

were plastic bags with<br />

cannabis resin.<br />

• Pursuant to s. 10(1) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

Combines Investigation Act<br />

(CIA), combines inspectors<br />

raided <strong>the</strong> Southam <strong>of</strong>fices<br />

in Edmonton.<br />

- <strong>Chart</strong>er, ss. 1, 8, 10(b),<br />

24(2);<br />

- Constitution Act, 1982,<br />

s. 52;<br />

- Criminal Code, s.<br />

618(2)(a) [rep. and subs.<br />

1974-75-76, c. 105, s.<br />

18(2)];<br />

- Customs Act, ss. 143,<br />

144, 203.<br />

- <strong>Chart</strong>er, ss 8, 24(2);<br />

- Combines Investigation<br />

Act, s.10(1) and 10(3).<br />

- (1) Did <strong>the</strong>se searches violate s. 8 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong><br />

<strong>Chart</strong>er?<br />

• NO<br />

- (2) should <strong>the</strong> evidence be excluded?<br />

• NO<br />

- (1) Do ss. 10(1) and 10(3) <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> CIA violate<br />

s.8 <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Chart</strong>er?<br />

• YES<br />

- (1) People have a lower expectation <strong>of</strong> privacy when crossing <strong>the</strong> border,<br />

- Sovereign states have <strong>the</strong> right to control who and what enters <strong>the</strong>ir boundaries.<br />

- Customs <strong>of</strong>ficers had reasonable grounds for suspecting that <strong>the</strong> appellant had<br />

contraband hidden about her body.<br />

- However, in this case <strong>the</strong> search was not conducted in a reasonable manner because<br />

<strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> denial <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> right to counsel and <strong>the</strong> absence <strong>of</strong> any explanation to <strong>the</strong><br />

appellant <strong>of</strong> her rights under <strong>the</strong> Customs Act.<br />

- Pointing to a sign on <strong>the</strong> wall is not sufficient.<br />

- There was no evidence that <strong>the</strong> appellant read <strong>the</strong> provisions or understood <strong>the</strong>m.<br />

- (2) Admitting <strong>the</strong> evidence would not have brought <strong>the</strong> administration <strong>of</strong> justice<br />

into disrepute.<br />

- The customs <strong>of</strong>ficers acted in good faith in exercising <strong>the</strong> statutory requirements<br />

existing at <strong>the</strong> time <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> search.<br />

- Ref. to Hunter (s. 8 purpose and Customs Act not meeting Hunter standard<br />

because reasonable expectation <strong>of</strong> privacy is lower at airports)<br />

- (1) S. 8 entitles <strong>the</strong> individual to a reasonable expectation <strong>of</strong> privacy.<br />

• This reasonable expectation <strong>of</strong> privacy requires that a judge or o<strong>the</strong>r neutral<br />

individual balance <strong>the</strong> rights <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> accused and <strong>the</strong> rights <strong>of</strong> society (judicial<br />

authorization).<br />

• A justifiable search also requires reasonable and probable grounds as a minimum<br />

20

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