Presented by: Bryony Walmsley, SAIEA Benjamin Ofosu-Koranteng ...

Presented by:
Bryony Walmsley, SAIEA
Benjamin Ofosu-Koranteng, UNDP
SAIEA

Hyper- endemic: 15%
High Prevalence: 10-15%
Low Prevalence:

• There were 1.2 million new HIV infections in ESA in 2009 (3,200 infections / day)
• New infections in Mozambique are very high, but not apparent in the prevalence data
• High new infections in Kenya and Uganda may reverse progress made hitherto
Source: UNAIDS Estimate 2010
SAIEA

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HIV prevalence among 15-24 year old
women and men in Eastern and Southern
Africa
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• In sub-Saharan Africa, young women aged 15–24 years are as much as eight
times more likely than men to be HIV positive
• Women are at higher risk of HIV infection compared to men
Source: UNAIDS Estimate 2010
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ESA (especially Southern) epidemic is driven by
regional political economy – migrancy
Overlay the labour migration map to the HIV map..
it’s a perfect correlation
Gender discrimination and labour migration
inexorably linked
Gender not about biology but socially ascribed and
prescribed roles (customs, traditions and prejudice)
SAIEA

¡ Life expectancy
¡ Households
¡ Healthcare
¡ Schools
¡ Productivity
¡ Economic growth and
development
¡ Gender
In Uganda it is estimated that
epidemic has affected GDP by
1.2% and by 2025, the economy
will be 39% smaller due to HIV
SAIEA

Development
interface
High rate of HIV
Influx of migrant
workers
Economic and
Social impacts
Construction &
development of
new projects
Less government
revenue
More emphasis
on economic
growth
SAIEA

1. Akosombo Dam, Ghana
Ø 80,000 farmers displaced mostly
women
Ø Migrated for sex work in
neighbouring countries
Ø Surveillance surveys showed HIV
prevalence of 5-10 times the
national average in the mid 1990s
and is still is
2. Trans Kalahari/Caprivi
Highways (Bostwana, Namibia)
Ø 3 fold increase - Ghanzi district
Ø Omaheke region: Fastest growing
Ø Sharp HIV increase in Kavango region
SAIEA

¨ Increase awareness of high-level decision makers,
development planners and environmental assessment
practitioners
¨ Assist officials who plan, administer and manage
impact assessments to also consider gender and health
¨ Assist environmental assessment practitioners to work
closely with NAA, MoH, and NGOs in assessing Hiv
and gender impacts
¨ Strengthen existing management and monitoring
systems
The expected outcome of this project is an enhanced
ability of governments in the sub-region to integrate
gender and health (particularly HIV and AIDS issues)
into the management of Impact Assessment processes.
SAIEA

Expected results by 2014
Develop
HIV, gender
based
guidelines
Documentation
and sharing of
good practice
Governments and its
partners have been able
to integrate health
(particularly HIV) and
AIDS gender issues into
the management of
Impact Assessment
processes
HIV and
Gender
sensitive
legislation
HIV and
Gender
inclusive
EMPs,
monitoring
and
compliance
SAIEA

Current partnering countries
8
6
5
7
3 4
2
1
SAIEA

Project approach and phasing
SAIEA

10 country reviews completed: Namibia, Lesotho, Uganda, South
Africa, Malawi, Rwanda, Botswana, Zambia, Mozambique,
Zimbabwe
EA barometer developed
5 Country pilot testing and refinement of barometer: Lesotho,
Botswana, South Africa, Zambia, Uganda
SAIEA

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Gender
¡ Some still recognise customary laws
relating to birth, marriage, death,
burial etc which are discriminatory
against women
Health
¡ Most constitutions give an
unalienable right to health and
wellbeing
¨
Environment
¡ Most constitutions include clauses
referring to the protection of the
environment
SAIEA

¨
All countries have EA laws, but...
¡ Many different definitions of ‘environment’– few
include social and health
¡ Lack of consistency between constitutions,
environmental laws, policies and Vision statements
regarding the inclusion of health as part of the
‘environment’
¡ Most environmental policies date from the 1990s, so
HIV does not feature
¡ More recent Vision statements e.g. Botswana, Namibia,
recognise HIV as a threat to sustainable development
¡ Only South Africa includes gender sensitive clauses
SAIEA

¨
Most countries have an Inter-ministerial Committee
on Environment, but...
¡ Infrequent meetings
¡ High turn over of members
¡ Not all sectors are represented – especially health
¡ Lack of accountability
¡ Little active participation by members
¡ Poor understanding of linkages between the environment
and human wellbeing
¡ Sectoralism (silo mentality)
SAIEA

¨
All countries have a
dedicated EA agency, but..
¡ Inadequate funding
¡ Insufficient numbers of
trained and experienced staff
¡ High staff turn-over in some
countries
¡ Low morale in some cases
¡ Relatively poor remuneration
¡ Inadequate physical
resources e.g. vehicles,
equipment, computers, space
SAIEA

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HIV/AIDS and gender issues are seldom given
adequate consideration in EAs
Mitigation measures in EMPs are weak
Very little, if any, compliance monitoring is undertaken,
especially on issues of HIV/AIDS and gender
Little appreciation of the linkages between
development projects and the spread of the disease
Fundamental flaws in tendering and contractual
arrangements which fail to ensure HIV/AIDS, gender
and other social issues are adequately addressed
Development projects continue to
spread the disease in spite of EIAs
SAIEA

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Review, harmonise and update of EA laws and
policies to include social and health issues
Increased advocacy of issues to policy makers and
development planners
Make better use of Inter-ministerial Committees to
promote mainstreaming of HIV/AIDS and gender
issues
Develop guidelines for use by all stakeholders to
ensure better inclusion of social and health issues
in EAs
Improve tendering and contractual procedures to
make developers more accountable
Extensive training and capacity building
SAIEA

1. Assessing the Macro-Economic impact of HIV/AIDS in
Uganda (2008)
2. Botswana AIDS Impact Study (2008)
3. Addressing HIV and AIDS through EIAs: Task Team
Guidance for Projects in Africa: World Bank 2005
4. The impact of HIV/AIDS on mining in Africa: a
Botswana case study: Pula: Botswana Journal of African
Studies Vol. 15 No 2 (2001)
5. EIA Guidelines for transmission lines within the
southern African Power Pool region: Final draft August
1999
6. Population Mobility and HIV: IOM
SAIEA

Thank you for your attention!
For further information, please contact:
Benjamin: benjamin.ofosu-koranteng@undp.org
Bryony: bw@saiea.co.za
SAIEA