The Syntax of Givenness Ivona Kucerová

The Syntax of Givenness Ivona Kucerová The Syntax of Givenness Ivona Kucerová

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Abstract The Syntax of Givenness by Ivona Kučerová Submitted to the Department of Linguistics and Philosophy on May 25,2007, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD The goal of this thesis is to account for distributional patterns of given and new items in Czech, especially their word order. The system proposed here has four basic components: (i) syntax, (ii) economy, (iii) interpretation, and (iv) reference set computation. The approach belongs to the family of interface driven approaches. The syntactic part of the thesis introduces a free syntactic movement (G-movement). The movement causes very local reordering of given elements with respect to new elements in the structure. G-movement is licensed only if it creates a syntactic structure which leads to a semantic interpretation that would not otherwise be available. The economy condition interacts with the way givenness is interpreted. I introduce a recursive operator that adds a presupposition to given elements. The distribution of the operator is regulated by the Maximize presupposition maxim of Heim (1991). The reference set for purposes of this evaluation is defined as the set of derivations that have the same numeration and the same assertion. Finally, I argue that the licensing semantic conditions on givenness in Czech are not identical to the licensing conditions on deaccenting in English. The givenness licensing conditions are stronger in that they require that for an element to be given it must not only have a salient antecedent but also satisfy an existential presupposition. Thesis Supervisor: Danny Fox Title: Associate Professor of Linguistics Thesis Supervisor: Sabine Iatridou Title: Professor of Linguistics Thesis Supervisor: Alec Marantz Title: Professor of Linguistics Thesis Supervisor: David Pesetsky Title: Professor of Linguistics 2

Acknowledgments Two things were difficult about writing my thesis: (i) choosing the topic (there were too many things I would like to write a thesis about) and (ii) choosing an adviser. There were several people I wanted to have as my adviser. In the end I decided to write my thesis on four different topics and to have four advisers. The first decision turned out to be untenable and I ended up dropping three of the topics. The second decision, on the other hand, paid off; except for typographical issues while trying to typeset the cover page of my thesis I have never regretted it. Alec, Danny, David and Sabine (in alphabetical order) are more than wonderful scholars. They have been my mentors and guides without ever telling me what to do. In a sense, they are coauthors of many ideas in my thesis: most of the ideas took their shape while sitting together for hours, playing with puzzles and trying different ways to attack them. I have really enjoyed the eight months I have spent writing my thesis. My stay at MIT was of course more than my dissertation. It is impossible to thank all the people I have met here and whom I have learned from. Among my teachers a special place belongs to Noam Chomsky, Mike Collins, Morris Halle, Irene Heim and Donca Steriade. I want to thank them here for their time and interest in my work. Sometimes it is hard to draw a clear line between a friend and a colleague. Many people were both. Asaf Bachrach, Roni Katzir and Raj Singh became my ‘classmates’ and provided me with intense underground education and great food. Brooke Cowan, Svea Heinemann and Sarah Hulsey made sure I would know that life at MIT is more than linguistics. Special thanks go to Béd’a Jelínek without whom I would have never applied to MIT. He knows best that there is more I should thank him for. I want to thank also my former teachers without whom I would have not even thought about starting a PhD: Vlasta Dvořáková, Jindřich Rosenkranz, Jaroslava Janáčková, Michael Špirit, Jiří Homoláč and †Alexander Stich (in chronological order). There is no way I could thank my parents and Roni Katzir without trivializing their place in my life. 3

Acknowledgments<br />

Two things were difficult about writing my thesis: (i) choosing the topic (there were too<br />

many things I would like to write a thesis about) and (ii) choosing an adviser. <strong>The</strong>re were<br />

several people I wanted to have as my adviser. In the end I decided to write my thesis on<br />

four different topics and to have four advisers. <strong>The</strong> first decision turned out to be untenable<br />

and I ended up dropping three <strong>of</strong> the topics. <strong>The</strong> second decision, on the other hand, paid<br />

<strong>of</strong>f; except for typographical issues while trying to typeset the cover page <strong>of</strong> my thesis I<br />

have never regretted it.<br />

Alec, Danny, David and Sabine (in alphabetical order) are more than wonderful scholars.<br />

<strong>The</strong>y have been my mentors and guides without ever telling me what to do. In a sense,<br />

they are coauthors <strong>of</strong> many ideas in my thesis: most <strong>of</strong> the ideas took their shape while<br />

sitting together for hours, playing with puzzles and trying different ways to attack them. I<br />

have really enjoyed the eight months I have spent writing my thesis.<br />

My stay at MIT was <strong>of</strong> course more than my dissertation. It is impossible to thank all the<br />

people I have met here and whom I have learned from. Among my teachers a special place<br />

belongs to Noam Chomsky, Mike Collins, Morris Halle, Irene Heim and Donca Steriade. I<br />

want to thank them here for their time and interest in my work.<br />

Sometimes it is hard to draw a clear line between a friend and a colleague. Many people<br />

were both. Asaf Bachrach, Roni Katzir and Raj Singh became my ‘classmates’ and<br />

provided me with intense underground education and great food. Brooke Cowan, Svea<br />

Heinemann and Sarah Hulsey made sure I would know that life at MIT is more than linguistics.<br />

Special thanks go to Béd’a Jelínek without whom I would have never applied to MIT.<br />

He knows best that there is more I should thank him for.<br />

I want to thank also my former teachers without whom I would have not even thought<br />

about starting a PhD: Vlasta Dvořáková, Jindřich Rosenkranz, Jaroslava Janáčková, Michael<br />

Špirit, Jiří Homoláč and †Alexander Stich (in chronological order).<br />

<strong>The</strong>re is no way I could thank my parents and Roni Katzir without trivializing their<br />

place in my life.<br />

3

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