The Syntax of Givenness Ivona KucerovÃ¡

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The example in (58) is felicitous in the following two contexts: (59) Context I: only books given What will happen to the books? (60) Context II: everything given except for sell What will Marie do with the books? Thus, there is one syntactic structure that can be interpreted in two different ways. The interpretations differ only in the number of G-operators in the structure. Either (i) there is only one operator, terminating at VP, or (ii) there are two different G-operators – one per propositional domain. 15 (61) Context I: One G attached to the main spine: TP Mary T TP will vP books VP G terminating point VP VP sell t books (62) Context II: Two Gs attached to the main spine: terminating points TP Mary TP G TP T vP will VP books VP G VP sell t books 15 I assume that ‘will’ is not marked for givenness, otherwise the structure would have to contain three G-operators. 106
In the same way that there can be two separate G-operators, there can be two domains of G-movement. Thus, for example, there is no problem with having separate G-operators and separate G-movement in a matrix and in an embedded clause, as can be seen in (63). In this sentence, the given elements Petr and Marie are objects in two different clauses and they G-move within their clause, resulting in two independent partitions between given and new. (63) a. Do you know anything about Petr and Marie? b. Náhodou jsem slyšel, že Petrovi accidentally Aux.1sg heard that Petr.Dat Marii || zaměstnali v ABB. Marie.Acc employed.1pl in ABB || říkala told nějaká some paní, lady že that ‘I accidentally heard that some lady told Petr that Marie got employed in the ABB.’ Similarly, in infinitival structures, some of the structurally higher elements can be given as well, or they can undergo G-movement, as in (64). (64) a. Do you know what Mary did with her famous boat? b. Marie || se pokusila lod’ || prodat. Marie REFL tried boat to-sell ‘Marie tried to sell the boat (but no one wanted to buy it).’ c. Marii || nařídil soud lod’ || prodat. Marie.Dat ordered court.Nom boat.Acc sell ‘(You won’t believe it but) a court ordered Marie to sell the boat.’ We can iterate the insertion of the G-operator even further, as in (65). In this case, one operator must be adjoined within the DP coordination (only one conjunct is given, not the whole coordination) and another operator is adjoined within the VP (below boat). (65) a. Do you know what Mary is planning to do with her broken boat? b. Marie || a nějaký automechanik budou lod’ || v létě opravovat. Marie and some car mechanic will boat in summer repair ‘Marie and some car mechanic will repair the boat in the summer.’ To summarize, we now have an informal way to characterize cases in which G-movement is licensed and we have a semantic operator which allows us to mark more than one G- element as presupposed. In the next section, I will develop a formal system which allows us to compare structures with respect to Maximize presupposition in a more precise way. Before we get to the next section notice that we have derived the size of a domain of G-movement independently of head movement. The question is whether we still need the restriction on head movement or not. Also, it is not clear whether we can independently derive the fact that G-movement is very local. It looks like the head movement restriction only doubles the locality restriction imposed by the G-operator. Is this really true? Recall that the domain of G-movement varies in the 107
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The Syntax of Givenness by Ivona Ku
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Acknowledgments Two things were dif
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A.4 A note on base generation . . .
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(2) a. SVO: Chlapec našel lízátk
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accent on the auxiliary did in (4-a
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Pitch (Hz) 500 400 300 200 100 0 ch
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(6) Petr řídil včera rychle auto
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phrases are required to undergo G-m
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. A entails (α,U) where (α,U) is
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(23) What can be understood as new?
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(28) Derivation of [Subject]-G verb
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functionalist tradition there has b
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c. ?P v-V vP Subject vP v-V VP V Ob
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(40) What happened to the antique c
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movement is possible. (47) a. Why d
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TP Aux vP money vP gave VP t money
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TP Aux TP T vP t Aux VP money VP gi
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c. #Jeho viděla Marie na nádraž
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(63) a. #Diskuse proběhla bez věd
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(70) a. #Žáky a učitelku to pře
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Chapter 2 G-movement In chapter 1,
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asic word order cases we expect wor
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(9) a. What happened? b. #[Vlak př
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. ?P DO vP subject vP v VP V VP IO
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. vP subject vP v VP V ?P DO VP IO
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. Marie [ vP včera dala [ V P rych
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vP Marie vP yesterday vP gave VP qu
Page 55 and 56: list reading. No such requirement e
Page 57 and 58: poskytovat jídlo. provide food.Acc
Page 59 and 60: a. X X X Z X X α b. X α X X X Z X
Page 61 and 62: existing Agree relation in case it
Page 63 and 64: 2.4 Summary In this chapter, I have
Page 65 and 66: 3.1 Deriving the verb partition In
Page 67 and 68: We will see in the next section how
Page 69 and 70: e. vP subject vP DO vP v VP v V DO
Page 71 and 72: If more than one given element may
Page 73 and 74: c. TP VP book give to-Peter t book
Page 75 and 76: (20) a. Marie otevřela zase dveře
Page 77 and 78: cause she was interrupted by her mo
Page 79 and 80: . TP T-v-V vP Marie vP again vP t v
Page 81 and 82: move again, (38-b). When the given
Page 83 and 84: Since the subject is new, the deriv
Page 85 and 86: stituent containing several given e
Page 87 and 88: 4.1 Where we stand In the previous
Page 89 and 90: differently. As we have seen in (2)
Page 91 and 92: on the semantic component, more pre
Page 93 and 94: 4.2 Marking givenness by an operato
Page 95 and 96: a. What happens with all the money
Page 97 and 98: ‘Martin was loved again.’ The c
Page 99 and 100: Furthermore, I assume that if there
Page 101 and 102: lexical head. In a way, we want the
Page 103 and 104: (54) a. VP Petr VP V t Petr b. vP P
Page 105: c. TP VP book give to-Peter t book
Page 109 and 110: (70) st terminating point object e,
Page 111 and 112: c. G-operator and local G-movement:
Page 113 and 114: Mary managed chair G to-burn d. G-o
Page 115 and 116: well. Recall that there are two rel
Page 117 and 118: There is simply no way the G-operat
Page 119 and 120: (97) a. And what will he read and t
Page 121 and 122: In this case, the given part is ‘
Page 123 and 124: To sum up, we now have in place a f
Page 125 and 126: Generic indefinites behave slightly
Page 127 and 128: . #Porsche má kamarád mojí ženy
Page 129 and 130: The position of the sentential stre
Page 131 and 132: is whether English givenness is rea
Page 133 and 134: Appendix A G-movement is A-movement
Page 135 and 136: . Svoji kočku má ráda Marie. her
Page 137 and 138: with movement of a pronoun over a c
Page 139 and 140: Petr’s friends.Acc saw Marie.Nom
Page 141 and 142: A.5 Summary To conclude, we have se
Page 143 and 144: Biskup, Petr. In preparation. The p
Page 145 and 146: Dotlačil, Jakub. 2004. The syntax
Page 147 and 148: Junghanns, Uwe. 1999. Generative Be
Page 149 and 150: Neeleman, Ad, and Tanya Reinhart. 1
Page 151 and 152: Selkirk, Elizabeth O. 1995. Sentenc
Page 153: Zikánová, Šárka. 2006. Slovosle
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The Syntax of Givenness Ivona KucerovÃ¡

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