Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America

MSA ABSTRACTS
n-tomo@eps4.comlink.ne.jp. Genetic analysis and various pharmacological
effects in Phellinus linteus.
Phellinus linteus (Berk. et Curt.) Teng is a polypore of the hymenomycetes
family and a heart-rot fungus occurring especially in groves of Morus bombycis
Koidz. This fungus is known as a Chinese medicine, Souou, and the mycelia of
the fungus show antitumor activity. However, their other pharmacological effects
have not been known yet. Then, at first, genetic analysis of naturally occurring P.
linteus was performed, and this species was identified as P. linteus. Next, we
found some biological activities in the extract of the mycelia and succeeded in isolation
and structure-determination of the active principles in the extract. Scavenging
activity of superoxide anion radicals of the extracts was detected. As a result,
caffeic acid was isolated as an antioxidant. Anti-allergic activity of the extracts
was demonstrated by in vivo assay using NC/Nga/mice. Anti-tumor activity of the
extracts using Sarcoma 180/mice, p.o. were examined. As a result, an alpha-1,3glucan-protein
complex was obtained as the most active component. poster
Nakashima, Chiharu. Faculty of Bioresources, Mie University, Mie pref. 514-
8507, Japan. chiharu@bio.mie-u.ac.jp. Cercosporoid fungi in subtropical islands
of Japan and pacific countries.
The genus Cercospora was established by Fresenius in 1863. Most of the
species are known plant pathogens causing leaf spots of plants and are considered
host specific. This hypothesis led to the description of a very large number of
species (more than 3,000). It is common knowledge that countries of the Pacific
Rim region have a diverse plant and fungal flora. Cercosporoid fungi that are
strongly dependent on the host plant are expected to be diverse in these areas, too.
However, research on Cercosporoid fungi in Asian countries including Japan has
not been sufficient in comparison with Europe. This study discusses issues related
to clarifying the diversity of Cercosporoid fungi in the Pacific rim countries
(subtropical Islands of Japan, Thailand, Indonesia and Fiji) by Deighton*, using
new criteria based on morphological characteristics that were revised by Braun.
As a result, numerous new species have been found with the indigenous and cultivated
plants in these countries. In addition, an expansion of the distribution of
Cercosporoid fungi has been observed in the region in recent years, following the
movement of the plants. symposium presentation
Narimatsu, Maki. Iwate Prefectural Forestry Technology Center, 560-11, dai3chiwari,
Kemuyama, Yahaba-cho, Shiwa-gun, Iwate 028-3623, Japan. m-narimatsu@pref.iwate.jp.
Development of inoculation method of Tricholoma matsutake
to the fine roots in the forest.
Tricholoma matsutake (Matsutake) is an ectomycorrihizal fungus and the
most valuable wild mushroom in Japan. Cultivation of Matsutake by an artificial
method is very difficult, and hence an effective method for construction of ectomycorrhizae
of Matsutake has been needed. The objective of this study is to develop
a new inoculation method of Matsutake to the fine roots of the living pine
trees in the forest. Method: Mycelia of Matsutake grew for 30 days on the chemical
fiber sheets which were soaked in modified MYPG liquid media (patent
pending). The sheets covered with the mycelia were used for inoculation to the
fine roots of young Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) trees. The root samples
collected after 6 months from inoculation were used for microscopic observation
and for PCR using Matsutake specific ITS primers. Results: Dark brown-black
colored and dichotomously branched ectomycorrhizae with hartig-net shaped like
a palm were observed by mircroscopy. From 33% of root samples and hyphae
collected near roots, a specific DNA fragment of Matsutake was detected. These
results indicate that this method is effective for inoculation of Matsutake to the
forest. poster
Neda, Hitoshi*. Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8687, Japan.
neda@ffpri.affrc.go.jp. Agaricoid fungi in subtropical islands of Japan.
The Nansei islands (Kagoshima pref. and Okinawa pref.), and the Bonin islands
(Tokyo met.) are lying at 24°– 29° north latitude (about the same as the Midway
Islands and Florida). The Nansei islands are near to the Asian Continent and
the main islands of Japan, while the Bonin islands are 1000 km south of Tokyo
and far from the continent and other islands. Agaricoid fungi (Agaricales sensu
Singer 1986) in the area have been studied since the middle of the 19th century.
Two hundred and forty species have already been reported. Since 1984, I have
collected fungal specimens in the area, adding 29 species to the list. 1) Forty-seven
species (17%) are regarded as tropical of which 33 reach their northern limit on
these islands. 2) There are 196 saprophytic and 66 mycorrhizal species in the area.
3) Only 8 mycorrhizal species (5.2 %) occur on the Bonin islands. These mycorrhizal
species are also distributed on the Nansei islands. They associated with
Pinus luchuensis Mayer. This pine is not native to the Bonin islands, but was introduced
from the Naensei islands. 4) The fruiting season of temperate species in
the area is November to March (winter). The temperature of this period is equal
to the temperature in spring and autumn on the Japanese main islands. However,
109 species have not been collected again in the area for the last 60 years. Many
species are treated as doubtful species or misidentified records. Further, there are
many unnamed species. symposium presentation
Nelsen, Matthew P. and Gargas, Andrea*. Department of Botany, University of
Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1381, USA. mpnelsen@wisc.edu. A
44 Inoculum 56(4), August 2005
phylogenetic assessment of the use of secondary chemistry as a taxonomic
character in the lichen genus Thamnolia (Icmadophilaceae).
Differences in secondary chemistry are frequently used to separate species in
lichen taxonomy. It has been hypothesized thatThamnolia contains either two
chemically distinct species (baeomycesic and squamatic acids vs. thamnolic acid)
or a single chemically variable species. In an effort to asses the value of secondary
chemistry as a species delimiter, we sequenced the ITS and partial IGS, RPB2
and mtLSU regions and tested whether chemical variants formed monophyletic
groups. Based on our analyses, the two chemical variants do not form monophyletic
groups, suggesting that secondary chemistry is not a good indicator of
phylogenetic relationships in Thamnolia, and therefore, not a valid character for
species delimitation. Furthermore, we investigate whether these loci provide evidence
for cryptic recombination in this asexual lineage. poster
Nishimura, Kazuko 1 *, Kamei, Katsuhiko 1 , Sano, Ayako 1 , Miyaji, Makoto 1 and
Kawai, Genshiro 2 . 1 Research Center for Pathogenic Fungi and Microbial Toxicosis,
Chiba University. 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba 260-8673, 2 Food Research
Laboratory, Asashimatsu Foods Co., Ltd., 1008 Dashina, Iida, Nagano,
399-2561 Japan. nishik@faculty.chiba-u.jp. Mating behavior of Schizophyllum
commune isolated from patients with bronchopulmonary mycosis in Japan.
The basidiomycetous fungus Schizophyllum commune has recently
emerged as a new causative agent of human mycosis. Since 1994, we have identified
34 isolates from 32 patients with allergic bronchopulmonary mycosis and
related diseases as being the basidiomycete. Most isolates formed white to buff,
felt or floccose colonies with a methane-like odor and a few formed a slow-growing,
light brown, leathery colony on PDA plates. Hyphae were partially tuberculate
in 30 isolates and bizarrely zigzag in two of the non-tuberculate four. Eight of
the 34 isolates developed clamped hyphae, reproduced small, gilled, fan-like
and/or medusoid or coralloid basidiocarps and dikaryotitized the monokaryotic
testers. Hyphae of the other 26 were not clamped and made monokaryotic testers
develop clamped hyphae and then basidiocarps. Most of them were also dikaryotitized
by dikaryotic testers. Based on these results, the eight clamped and the 26
non-clamped were the dikaryon and monokaryon of S. commune, respectively.
Although one monokaryotic and ten dikaryotic isolates of S. commune were reported
as pathogens mainly for nasal sinusitis or sinus fungus ball from western
countries, it is likely that basidiospores of the fungus are inhaled to cause bronchopulmonary
infection. Both mono- and dikaryons of S. commune are important
as one of the pathogens for bronchopulmonary mycosis. poster
Niwa, Rieko*, Osaki, Mitsuru and Ezawa, Tatsuhiro. Graduate School of Agriculture,
Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
niwarieko@hotmail.com. Assessment of germination of Plasmodiophora brassicae
resting spore in rhizosphere of the host by nuclear-cell wall double
staining.
Clubroot disease of cruciferous plants is caused by a soil-born pathogen,
Plasmodiphora brassicae, and difficult to control because the pathogen survives
in soil for a long time as resting spore. We found disease-suppressive soil in the
experimental field of Nagoya University and suggested that an increase in soil pH
by accumulation of Ca might involved in suppression of the disease. The objective
of the present study is to understand the mechanism of the disease suppression
at the levels of germination. In the primary infection process, the resting
spore germinates in rhizosphere of the host plant and looses nucleus due to the release
of primary zoospore which infects the root hair of the host plant. We have
established methods to collect the resting spores from the rhizosphere and bulk
soils and to assess the presence or absence of nucleus in the spore by nuclear staining.
The influence of soil pH on the spore germination and root hair infection was
investigated. poster
Norvell, Lorelei L. PNW Mycology Service, Portland OR 97229-1309, USA. llnorvell@pnw-ms.com.
A return to the elusive Phaeocollybia: I. Key to western
North American species.
Phaeocollybia (Cortinariaceae) has ~80 species worldwide and has been
reported from Eurasia, Australasia, and the Americas. Subterranean pseudorhizae,
brown ornamented basidiospores, and mycelial tibiiform diverticula characterize
the genus, while spore & cheilocystidial morphology, presence of clamp connections,
pileipellis structure, pseudorhizal form, and syringaldazine reactivity help
diagnose species. The ectomycorrhizal agaric genus reaches its highest diversity
and abundance in the temperate rainforests of northern California, Oregon, Idaho,
Washington, and British Columbia. From 1991-2004, over 1300 collections of 24
species were made in the region. During the past decade, the USA Northwest Forest
Plan flagged P. attenuata, P. californica, P. dissiliens, P. fallax, P. gregaria,
P. kauffmanii, P. lilacifolia, P. olivacea, P. oregonensis (+ its synonym, P. carmanahensis),
P. piceae, P. pseudofestiva, P. scatesiae, P. sipei, and P. spadicea
as endemics or old-growth indicators; Oregon Natural Heritage will soon list the
rare P. radicata. The naming of 9 new species (P. ammiratii, P. benzokauffmanii,
P. luteosquamulosa, P. phaeogaleroides, P. pleurocystidiata, P. redheadii, P. rifflipes,
P. rufotubulina, P. tibiikauffmanii) since 1998 underscores the need for a
workable key to the species of the Pacific Northwest. poster
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