Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America

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MSA ABSTRACTS tomycorrhizal genus Strobilomyces. The degree of host specificity is one of the most important factors when understanding symbiosis between ectomycorrhizal fungi and their host plants. It has been supposed that most of ectomycorrhizal fungi, especially tropical, subtropical or warm temperate fungi, lack host specificity and that common mycorrhizal networks are made among forest trees by sharing those generalist fungi. However, the species classification of fungus is very behind due to the scarcity of the useful morphological characters for taxonomy. Therefore, existence of cryptic species of ectomycorrhizal fungi might make us underestimate their host specificity. Nevertheless, few researches tried to examine this possibility so far. In this research, we tried to recognize cryptic species of the ectomycorrhizal genus Strobilomyces. Although low host specificity of the fungal genus was supposed, we found several races (possibly cryptic species) with high host specificity. We found 5 host specific races toward the plant subgenus Cyclobalanopsis (Quercus-Fagaceae) out of 11 races in Japanese every-green forests. The result of this research clarified that the underestimation of the host specificity in ectomycorrhizal fungi was made by the existence of cryptic species, and strongly suggests possibility that high host specificity of ectomycorrhizal fungi might be common. poster Hofstetter, Valérie 1 *, Gueidan, Cécile 1 , Reeb, Valérie 1 , Miadlikowska, Jolanta 1 and Lutzoni, François 1 . 1 Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA. valh@duke.edu. Molecular phylogenetics of lichen-forming fungi: ribosomal genes versus protein-coding genes. The collaborative project, titled Assembling the Fungal Tree of Life (AFTOL), is sampling eight molecular regions (nSSU, nLSU, ITS, mtSSU, RPB2, RPB1, EF1-alpha and ATP6) for 1500 species to contribute toward a comprehensive phylogenetic hypothesis of the Fungi. The resolving power of ribosomal RNA genes and associated non-coding regions is fairly well understood throughout the ascomycete tree. However, only few studies have used proteincoding genes to infer phylogenetic relationships among lichen-forming fungi. The two multilocus phylogenetic studies that included a protein-coding gene for a broad taxon sampling across Ascomycota (Reeb et al., 2004; Lutzoni et al., 2004) have shown that RPB2 used in combination with ribosomal data recovered multiple deep relationships within Ascomycota that were never revealed previously, or were revealed with only low support values in prior studies. Here we present phylogenetic analyses for six of these eight loci, individually and in combination, across a large number of lichen-forming and allied fungal species. The resolving power of each locus will be assessed at different taxonomic levels, ranging from closely related species to taxa classified in different orders. Putative causes of inconsistencies among gene trees will be explored. The minimum combination of genes with the highest level of resolution and support will be investigated. We hope this study will form the foundation necessary to guide the selection of loci for future evolutionary studies on lichen-forming and allied ascomycetes. contributed presentation Honan, Amy H.* and Desjardin, Dennis E. Department of Biology, San Francisco State Univerisity, San Francisco CA 94132, USA. ahonan@sfsu.edu. A preliminary monograph of Tetrapyrgos based on morphology and ITS sequence data. The saprotrophic genus Tetrapyrgos (Basidiomycota, euagarics) currently consists of 16 species worldwide, two of which appear morphologically to be conspecific. Recent collecting trips have yielded over 100 specimens from Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, Brazil, and California. These collections provide new reports of Tetrapyrgos and indicate two new species belonging to this genus. Morphological and molecular sequence data (ITS region) from the recent collections, type specimens, and other representative exsiccati are analyzed to delimit taxonomic relationships within this genus. poster Honda, Yoichi*, Watari, Junko, Sakatoku, Naofumi, Watanabe, Takahito and Watanabe, Takashi. Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan 611-0011. yhonda@kuwri.kyoto-u.ac.jp. Cloning of gpd and construction of transforming vectors in Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. A selective white rot basidiomycete, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora is a promising microorganism effective as a biocatalyst to degrade plant cell wall lignin in industrial processes, including pulp and paper manufacture, and conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to various compounds. Extracellular oxidizing enzymes and metabolites have been the focus of intense research interests and the genes for these enzymes have been characterized. However, there is no report on development of DNA-mediated transformation in this fungus. In the present work, we successfully clone and characterize a gene encoding glyceraldehyde-3phosphate dehydrogenase from C. subvermispora and demonstrated the gene is actually expressed in the fungus. The expression of the gene was controlled by glucose in the medium. We also constructed transforming vector plasmids containing the promoter and terminator sequences from gpd gene combined to a hetrologous drug resistant marker gene such as hygromycin B phosophotransferase (hph) and bialaphos resisitance gene (bar). poster Hong, Soon Gyu 1 *, Halonen, Marilyn 2 and Pryor, Barry M. 1 1 Division of Plant Pathology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA, 2 Arizona Respiratory Center, University of Arizona HSC, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA. polypore@email.arizona.edu. Diversity of Alternaria species 26 Inoculum 56(4), August 2005 in the Sonoran Desert revealed by morphological, molecular, and immunological characterization. Alternaria is a major fungal allergen source and is strongly associated with the development of asthma, especially in children raised in desert environments. To examine the diversity of Alternaria species in the Sonoran Desert, molecular, morphological, and immunological characterizations were carried out for isolates recovered from soil and plant debris collected from urban and desert areas around Tucson, AZ. AFLP fingerprinting analysis revealed that most isolates clustered within the alternata species-group, which includes A. alternata, A. arborescens, and A. tenuissima. Isolates were divided into 16 clusters by the 70% similarity criteria, and showed considerable morphological diversity in conidium size, shape, and catenation. Groupings based upon morphological features were not strongly correlated with groupings based upon AFLP data. Allergens were detected by hybridization with serum from patients with or without asthma development and with either positive or negative skin prick test responses based upon standard Alternaria extracts. Six major allergens were shared by most isolates. In addition, some isolates had minor allergens which were shared by only a few isolates. Groupings by allergen profile were not strongly correlated with groupings by either morphology or AFLP data. contributed presentation Horn, Bruce W. National Peanut Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, Dawson, GA 39842, USA. bhorn@nprl.usda.gov. Effect of fungal competition on the colonization of wounded peanut seeds by Aspergillus section Flavi from natural soil populations. The effect of fungal competition on the colonization of wounded peanut seeds by Aspergillus section Flavi species in soil was examined. Viable peanut seeds were wounded and inoculated with 20 soils differing in composition and density of Aspergillus species, then incubated for 14 d at 37 ºC (seed water activity = 0.92). Maximum percentages of seed colonization by section Flavi species were well below 100% despite high species densities in some soils. Furthermore, less than half of the viable propagules in soil at the wound site resulted in seed colonization by section Flavi species. Significant interactive effects (P < 0.0001) between soil densities of individual section Flavi species and potentially competing Aspergillus species (other section Flavi species and A. niger) suggest that competition is responsible for suppressing seed colonization by section Flavi species. Other fungal species were capable of invading peanut seeds only with soils from fallow fields and forested locations where the densities of section Flavi species and A. niger were low. poster Hosaka, Kentaro 1 *, Castellano, Michael A. 2 and Spatafora, Joseph W. 1 1 Dept. of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA, 2 US Forest Service, PNW Research Station, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA. hosakak@science.oregonstate.edu. Global biogeography of Hysterangiales (Basidiomycota): a Gondwanan origin? Hysterangiales is an order of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycota that forms truffle-like sporocarps. It is distributed globally, both in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, but each species is restricted to well-defined areas of endemism. Truffle-like fungi are mostly assumed to be incapable of long distance dispersal as their spores are only spread via small animal mycophagy. Based on both the high occurrence of endemism and limited spore dispersal, we hypothesized that the distribution of the order may be strongly influenced by vicariance. Multigene phylogenies resolved 3 major clades within the order that are composed exclusively of the Southern Hemisphere taxa, and they form a basal paraphyly, supporting a Hysterangiales origin in the Southern Hemisphere. The results of ancestral area reconstructions are consistent with the hypothesis of an east Gondwanan, i.e. Australian, origin of the order. Although the topologies of some more terminal clades are consistent with vicariance (e.g., a sister relationship of New Zealand and New Caledonian taxa), some areas (e.g., Australia) are in several different subclades of the order, which is in conflict with a strict vicariant scenario. Based on these patterns, we propose an east Gondwanan origin and diversification of the order prior to the breakup of Pangaea followed by vicariance as well as several dispersal and/or extinction events. symposium presentation Hoshino, Tamotsu. Research Institute of Genome-Based Biofactory, National Research Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2-17-2- 1, Tsukisamu-higashi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-8517, Japan. tamotsu.hoshino@aist.go.jp. Ecophysiology of snow mold fungus, Typhula ishikariensis in the Arctic. Snow mold fungi are psychrophilic or psychrotrophic fungal pathogens of perennial grasses and winter cereals in the Northern Hemisphere. However, there are few records of those fungi in non-agricultural regions such as the Arctic. We attempted to find snow mold fungi, especially Typhula species (T. incarnata and T. ishikariensis) in the Arctic. Typhula ishikariensis was divided two genetic types as biological species I (BS-I) and II (BS-II) based on mating and morphological experiments. BS-I was widely distributed in Eurasia. However, the geographical distribution of BS-II was limited. We did not find BS-II between the Baltic countries and central Siberia. Dominant isolates of BS-I from the Arctic, such as from Greenland, have an optimum growth temperature at 4 o C and showed irregular Continued on following page
growth at 10 o C on potato-dextrose agar medium (optimum growth temperature of typical strains of T. ishikariensis BS-I was 10 o C). However, dominant isolates from the Arctic had higher frost resistance than isolates from cool regions, such as from southern Norway. Results suggest that dominant isolates of T. ishikariensis in the Arctic lost growth ability at relatively high temperature (10 o C), but developed in frost resistance. The biological characteristics seen in ‘cold hardiness’ in Arctic isolates are important factors favoring ecological adaptation under Arctic environmental conditions. symposium presentation Hosoya, Tsuyoshi 1 * and Sakuma, Daisuke 2 . 1 National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan, 2 Osaka Museum of Natural History, Osaka, Japan. hosoya@kahaku.go.jp. Current status of fungal inventory and database establishment in Japan. Due to regional broadening in the South and North, Japan embraces a wide diversity of organisms. Fungi are no exception. In spite of a relatively long history of mycobiota inventories in Japan, begun in 1905 (Shirai, 1905), much information remains to be added to the fungal inventory in Japan. Currently, the newest inventory of fungi in Japan is being edited by Dr. Katumoto, revising the most recent inventory by Hara (1954). Inventories require the mass accumulation of information, and advances in information technology and database software have contributed greatly to progress in this regard. To support such information, the preservation of specimens and appropriate curatorial works are required. The National Science Museum (TNS) is working on generating a database of its own specimens, but more extensive information based on fungal materials collected in a wide area of Japan, is required to support information on a wide diversity of Japanese mycobiotas. GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information Facility), an international project begun in 2002, has provided a good opportunity to integrate information of specimens kept in major mycological herbaria in Japan. Until now, some 23,000 records of fungal specimens have been archived, and can be accessed through the TNS homepage (http://svrsh2.kahaku.go.jp/fungal/). contributed presentation Hsieh, Huei-Mei 1 *, Ju, Yu-Ming 1 and Rogers, Jack D. 2 1 Institute of Botany, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 115, Taiwan. 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164-6430, USA. monicah@gate.sinica.edu.tw. Molecular phylogeny of Hypoxylon and related genera. Sequences of two nuclear protein-encoding genes, beta-tubulin and actin, were selected to infer the phylogenetic relationships among the new genus Annulohypoxylon (formerly Hypoxylon sect. Annulata), Biscogniauxia, Daldinia, and Hypoxylon¡Xfour major xylariaceous genera with Nodulisporium or nodulisporium-like anamorphs. 109 cultures and 3 specimens of 83 taxa were included in the analyses, including 16 taxa of Annulohypoxylon, 14 of Biscogniauxia, 11 of Daldinia, and 42 of Hypoxylon. Biscogniauxia taxa form a monophyletic clade, which represents the earliest segregate from the other three genera. The next branch is composed of taxa belonging to Annulohypoxylon, which also forms a monophyletic clade. The third branch include taxa from Hypoxylon and Daldinia, with the latter branched off as a coherent group within the former. Hypoxylon is provisionally accepted as a paraphyletic genus and is now restricted to include only those taxa previously placed in Hypoxylon sect. Hypoxylon. poster Hubbard, Michelle* and Kaminskyj, Susan. Dept. Biology, Univ. Saskatchewan, 112 Science Place, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5E2, Canada. Michelle.Hubbard@usask.ca. Distribution and motility of Aspergillus nidulans Golgi equivalents. Filamentous fungi including Aspergillus nidulans grow by highly polarized tip growth, which involves directed secretion of the endomembrane-derived vesicles. Fungal endomembrane systems include the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi equivalents (GEs), vacuoles. Putative GEs can be localized in vivo using a GFPtagged sodVIC strain, created by Susan Assinder (Univ. Wales, Bangor), who has shown that GEs congregate at future branch sites. Tip growth is defective in the temperature sensitive A. nidulans hyphal morphogenesis mutant hypA1. If hypA1 cells are grown at 42°C they lack normal polarity; when ‘downshifted’ to 23°C these cells polarize and begin wildtype tip growth. We compared the dynamics of the putative GEs in a hypA1 strain containing GFP-tagged sodVIC, grown at 23°C, 42°C, and during repolarization after downshift. Putative GEs are more abundant at hyphal tips than in basal regions, even in poorly polarized cells grown at 42°C. Putative GEs are motile in all growth temperature regimes. This motility is largely tip directed even when growth is slow. Tip-directed GE motility rate correlates with tip growth rate, both increasing as hypA1 cells established polarity after downshift; both were significantly higher still in hyphae grown overnight at 23°C. In contrast, retrograde and lateral GE motility rates were similar for all growth temperature regimes. I am using inhibitors and selective fluorescent probes to clarify the mechanisms underlying distribution and motility of GEs and other endomembrane compartments. contributed presentation Hughes, Monica* and Weir, Alex. 226 Illick Hall, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. mohughes@syr.edu. Diversity and host utilization of New Zealand Laboulbeniales. New information is improving our understanding of the evolution and biogeography of New Zealand Laboulbeniales. Similar to other fungal biodiversity studies, a high number of species in our collection are uncommon, with a newly estimated lower bound of 300 species, revised upward from an earlier estimate of MSA ABSTRACTS 200. A number of common genera (Laboulbenia, Dimeromyces, Corethromyces, Peyritschiella, Monoicomyces, Stigmatomyces, Rhachomyces) are about equally represented in comparison with the northern hemisphere. Conspicuous differences in New Zealand include a diverse Diphymyces component on Cholevinae, the total absence of Ceratomycetaceae, perhaps due to the paucity of aquatic hosts inhabiting still water, the lack of any species on hydrophiloids, and an under-representation of Rickia. Overall host utilization patterns are similar: hosts are primarily mycophagous, predacious, or saprophagous. Differences include a comparatively low utilization of Carabidae, the discovery of four new host families in Diptera and Coleoptera, and a potentially more important role for coleopteran families such as Tenebrionidae. Here we compare and contrast patterns of Laboulbeniales diversity and host utilization between north and south temperate regions, and also provide preliminary information and comparison of their seasonality and exploitation rate. poster Hughes, Monica* and Weir, Alex. 226 Illick Hall, SUNY-ESF, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA. mohughes@syr.edu. New species of Laboulbeniales from New Zealand. Published information on the Laboulbeniales of New Zealand (26 described species) compares unfavorably with well-studied north temperate regions such as Poland (179 described species). This is especially surprising in light of the long isolation of these islands and the highly endemic nature of the New Zealand entomofauna. Over the past six years we have carried out intensive surveys throughout New Zealand and have increased the number of known species to 190. This figure includes several new genera and approximately 100 undescribed species. The extent of novelty discovered in this group of arthropod-associated fungi compares with similar estimates for other fungal groups in relatively unexplored locales, and adds further support to the idea that we currently know only a small fraction of the total global mycota. Here we present micrographs illustrating some of New Zealand’s Laboulbeniales. poster Hyde, Kevin D.*, Vijaykrishna, Dhanasekaran and Jeewon, Rajesh. Centre for Research in Fungal Diversity, Department of Ecology & Biodiversity, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China. kdhyde@hkucc.hku.hk. Origins of freshwater ascomycetes. Theories concerning the origins of freshwater ascomycetes have been based on ecological studies, suggesting that they have originated from terrestrial fungi. In this study, 18S rDNA sequences from major groups of fungi and basal animals are used to date the evolutionary origins of freshwater ascomycetes. Due to the lack of convincing fossil evidence and differences in evolutionary rates the Bayesian relaxed-clock method under five calibration points were utilized. Phylogenies show that freshwater ascomycetes occur in only three classes (Dothidiomycetes, Leotiomycetes and Sordariomycetes). Morphological and molecular studies indicate that freshwater and marine Halosphaeriales have terrestrial ancestors. Molecular data also indicates that the family Annulatascaceae and other unitunicate ascomycetes (e.g. Pseudohalonectria) are polyphyletic and have a terrestrial origin. Unitunicate freshwater ascomycetes appear to have evolved several times independently from the terrestrial environment. Both terrestrial and freshwater loculoascomycetes (e.g. Boerlagiomyces, Lophiostoma, Massarina) are morphologically alike and they also share similar phylogenetic histories. However, whether marine representatives of these genera evolved from terrestrial or freshwater ancestors is unknown and it would be interesting to investigate this evolutionary aspect by incorporating taxa from these ecologically and geographically different habitats in future molecular studies. poster Inaba, Shigeki* and Harayama, Shigeaki. NITE Biological Resource Center (NBRC), Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology and Evaluation (NITE), 2-5-8, Kazusakamatari, Kisarazu-shi, Chiba 292-0818, Japan. inaba-shigeki@nite.go.jp. A new saprotrophic species of the genus Myzocytiopsis (Oomycetes) in Japan. A saprotrophic species of Myzocytiopsis (Myzocytiopsidales, Oomycetes) was isolated from a soil sample obtained in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. It was isolated from pieces of floating snakeskin used as a bait in a mixture of the soil sample and sterilized distilled water. It grew well on peptone-yeast extract-glucose (PYG) agar plate. On dead human skin, it formed thalli that were coarse, septate, extensively developed and frequently branched. Moreover, they appeared beaded, and were in some cases slightly, while in some other cases quite markedly, constricted at their septa. The sporangia vary in shape and form one exit tube. The content emerges fully and forms a vesicular mass in which zoospores are differentiated and discharged. The zoospores are monoplanetic and either pyriform, reniform or ellipsoidal in shape, having the size of 7-10 ~10-13 micrometers. Sexual reproduction was not observed. The species is similar to Myzocytiopsis humana in its habitat, but clearly distinguishable from it by the shape of thalli, size of zoospores, and lack of an organ for sexual reproduction. Sequence analysis of the mitochondrially- encoded cox2 region showed its clustering with M. humana and Lagenidium giganteum, but it shared only 96.4 and 95.3 % similarities, respectively, with these species. Based on these observations, we propose that it is a new species of the genus Myzocytiopsis. poster Continued on following page Inoculum 56(4), November 2005 27
Page 1 and 2: Newsletter of the Mycological Socie
Page 3 and 4: Cordyceps Diversity in Korea Cordyc
Page 5 and 6: From the President’s Corner … D
Page 7 and 8: of fungal glucan synthesis. This in
Page 9 and 10: Barrett, Luke G., Thrall, Peter H.,
Page 11 and 12: one new IGS1 RFLP banding pattern f
Page 13 and 14: first contribution on the knowledge
Page 15 and 16: of diversity in the warm climes of
Page 17 and 18: nizing fungi on bay laurel, both ep
Page 19 and 20: munity of several arctic plants in
Page 21 and 22: and subantarctic regions and conduc
Page 23 and 24: the corresponding growth stages in
Page 25: Maryland 20705, USA, 3 1089 A Stree
Page 29 and 30: Johnston, Peter R. Landcare Researc
Page 31 and 32: esults have shown evidence of repro
Page 33 and 34: term survival of Aspergillus flavus
Page 35 and 36: species from each of the five Eumyc
Page 37 and 38: attack by spruce bark beetle (Dendr
Page 39 and 40: Matheny, P. Brandon Dept. of Biolog
Page 41 and 42: examine fungal communities associat
Page 43 and 44: data from four protein-coding genes
Page 45 and 46: Novick, Rachel S. Yale University,
Page 47 and 48: substrates in leaf litter prior to
Page 49 and 50: document remediation after flooding
Page 51 and 52: Sakai, Shunsuke 1a , Nishide, Tatsu
Page 53 and 54: strain was also discussed. The addi
Page 55 and 56: Stadler, Marc 1 *, Hellwig, Veronic
Page 57 and 58: on the telial hosts followed by rad
Page 59 and 60: glucosidase activity was higher com
Page 61 and 62: Upadhyay, Srijana, Long, Melissa an
Page 63 and 64: gon State University and downloaded
Page 65 and 66: transmission electron, and epifluor
Page 67 and 68: sequence of Monascus sp. BCRC 38072
Page 69 and 70: light helps with observations in th
Page 71 and 72: MYCOLOGIST’S BOOKSHELF This issue
Page 73 and 74: MYCOLOGIST’S BOOKSHELF Previously
Page 75 and 76: Ascomycota of Sweden www.umu.se/myc
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inoculum The Newsletter of the Myco
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