Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America
Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America
Inoculum 56(4) - Mycological Society of America
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MSA ABSTRACTS<br />
Clark, Malcolm* and Bailey, Chris. Gourmet Mushrooms, Inc., P.O. Box 180, Sebastopol,<br />
CA 95473, USA. chris@mycopia.com. Organic mushroom production.<br />
There is a clear and growing desire in markets around the world for natural<br />
foods, free <strong>of</strong> pesticides and additives that may be harmful to human health. Additionally,<br />
the call for foods free <strong>of</strong> genetic manipulation (GMO-free) is increasing.<br />
There is debate in the scientific community over the health advantages <strong>of</strong><br />
such mushrooms and mushroom products. However, it is possible to produce organic<br />
mushrooms with relatively few cost disadvantages and it therefore behooves<br />
growers to consider filling this market niche. We at Gourmet Mushrooms,<br />
Inc. take the position that it is our responsibility to present the highest quality<br />
product to the consumer. Organic certification is one route we take to do this.<br />
poster<br />
Clark, Travis A.* and Anderson, James B. Department <strong>of</strong> Botany, University <strong>of</strong><br />
Toronto, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6, Canada. travis.clark@utoronto.ca.<br />
Ploidy determines evolvability in filamentous basidiomycetes.<br />
The dikaryon represents a novel alternative to diploidy in that both gametic<br />
genomes are present, but are maintained in separate nuclei in each cell. The objective<br />
<strong>of</strong> our research was to evaluate the adaptive and evolutionary implications<br />
<strong>of</strong> dikaryosis, relative to those <strong>of</strong> haploidy and diploidy. Laboratory populations<br />
have been maintained over long-term evolution (24 months or ~17,500 generations)<br />
to determine if haploid and dikaryotic mycelia <strong>of</strong> Schizophyllum commune<br />
adapt to novel environments under natural selection. The fitness <strong>of</strong> the experimental<br />
lines was evaluated in 20 different environments to determine the extent<br />
<strong>of</strong> changes in phenotypic plasticity over time. The results strongly suggest that the<br />
dikaryotic phase <strong>of</strong> the lifecycle <strong>of</strong> has the greater potential for expressing phenotypic<br />
change than the haploid stage. Additional experiments have been conducted<br />
to compare the adaptive potential <strong>of</strong> the dikaryon with the isogenic diploid.<br />
The dikaryons and diploids differ with respect to their patterns <strong>of</strong> gene by environment<br />
interaction. They had an equivalent response in 24 treatments (48 %), the<br />
dikaryons grew better in 15 treatments (30 %) and the diploids grew better in 11<br />
treatments (22 %). The results clearly show that dikaryons and diploids have differences<br />
in the expression <strong>of</strong> their phenotype associated with the spatial distribution<br />
<strong>of</strong> equivalent genomes within a cell. contributed presentation<br />
Coetzee, Martin, P.A. 1 , Maphosa, Lance 1 , Mwenje, Eddie 2 , Wingfield, Michael<br />
J. 1 and Wingfield, Brenda D. 1 *. 1 Dept. Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural<br />
Biotechnology Institute, University <strong>of</strong> Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa, 2 Dept. Applied<br />
Biology and Biochemistry, National University <strong>of</strong> Science and Technology,<br />
P.O. Box AC 939, Ascot, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. martin.coetzee@fabi.up.ac.za.<br />
Biochemical and DNA based characterization <strong>of</strong> Armillaria spp.<br />
Armillaria spp. are important pathogens that cause Amillaria root rot on a<br />
wide variety <strong>of</strong> plants. Species <strong>of</strong> Armillaria are found worldwide where they can<br />
cause major losses to the forestry and agricultural industries. Reliable identification<br />
<strong>of</strong> Armillaria spp. is essential for successful disease management. Accurate<br />
identification <strong>of</strong> these fungi has improved greatly subsequent to the application <strong>of</strong><br />
DNA sequence analyses. This technology is, however, not available in many institutes<br />
in developing world countries. Isozyme based identification systems are<br />
less expensive than DNA-based techniques and have been successfully used to<br />
identify Armillaria spp. The aim <strong>of</strong> this study was to determine congruence in the<br />
relationships between different Armillaria spp. based on isozyme and DNA sequence<br />
data. Isozymes employed were pectin lyase, pectin methylesterase and<br />
polygalacturonase. DNA sequence data were obtained from the Elongation Factor<br />
(EF) 1-alpha gene. Euclidean distances were calculated from the isozyme patterns<br />
and used to generate a dendrogram. Cladograms were obtained from the EF<br />
1-alpha sequences based on parsimony analysis. The trees were then compared<br />
with each other as well as with cladograms previously published based on ITS and<br />
IGS-1 sequence data. Results showed that isozyme data could be used to separate<br />
isolates into groups representing their respective species. Generally, the topologies<br />
<strong>of</strong> trees from this study were similar. They also correlated well with those<br />
emerging from previous comparisons using ITS and IGS-1 sequence data.<br />
Isozymes, therefore, provide an inexpensive and useful tool for identifying Armillaria<br />
species. poster<br />
Cohen, Susan D. USDA APHIS, Policy and Program Development, Animal and<br />
Plant Health Inspection Service, U.S. Department <strong>of</strong> Agriculture, Riverdale, MD<br />
20737, USA. susan.d.cohen@aphis.usda.gov. Potential distribution <strong>of</strong> Melampsora<br />
larici-populina in the USA predicted based on physiological responses <strong>of</strong><br />
spore types to climate variables.<br />
The labyrinthulids are common marine protists, some <strong>of</strong> which cause devastating<br />
diseases on seagrasses and other marine organisms. On the basis <strong>of</strong> morphological<br />
characteristics that typify the genus, a Labyrinthula sp. has recently<br />
been reported as the causal agent <strong>of</strong> an emerging disease <strong>of</strong> land plants, namely<br />
“rapid blight” in cool-season turfgrasses. We previously utilized ssRNA gene sequences<br />
to determine the phylogenetic relationships <strong>of</strong> 11 “rapid blight”<br />
pathogens isolated from four species <strong>of</strong> diseased turfgrass collected across the<br />
U.S. All <strong>of</strong> the isolates grouped very closely to other Labyrinthula spp., confirming<br />
their genetic identity and supporting previous morphological characterization.<br />
Further, our analysis showed that all <strong>of</strong> the turf pathogens examined form a monophyletic<br />
clade and have very little genetic diversity, suggesting they share a recent<br />
14 <strong>Inoculum</strong> <strong>56</strong>(4), August 2005<br />
common ancestor and that colonization <strong>of</strong> land plants may have occurred once in<br />
the evolution <strong>of</strong> these unique organisms. We are currently sequencing additional<br />
gene fragments from the translation elongation factor (tef1-a) and mating type<br />
(mat) loci to examine whether detectable genetic diversity exists among rapid<br />
blight pathogens. We will present results <strong>of</strong> these investigations to date. poster<br />
Crane, Patricia E. Forest Research, P.O. Box 3020, Rotorua, New Zealand.<br />
pat.crane@forestresearch.co.nz. Taxonomy and species relationships in the<br />
genus Chrysomyxa.<br />
Most species in the genus Chrysomyxa are part <strong>of</strong> a closely related group <strong>of</strong><br />
heteroecious rust fungi that alternate between Picea and plants in the Ericaceae,<br />
particularly Rhododendron. In a systematic study <strong>of</strong> the genus, scanning electron<br />
microscopy was applied to the spore morphology for the first time, and has resulted<br />
in a new understanding <strong>of</strong> the diversity <strong>of</strong> species in the genus. In particular,<br />
several taxa in North <strong>America</strong> and Asia that have traditionally been named C.<br />
rhododendri or C. ledi, based on European species, have been shown to have<br />
unique morphology that correlates with host specificity. Furthermore, taxa that infect<br />
the same subgenus <strong>of</strong> Rhododendron <strong>of</strong>ten share similar spore and sorus morphology,<br />
suggesting coevolution with these hosts. Many questions remain unanswered<br />
for the genus, including the relationship <strong>of</strong> autoecious to heteroecious<br />
species and the relationship <strong>of</strong> species with stalked telia to those with sessile telia.<br />
symposium presentation<br />
Craven, Kelly D. 1 *, Lawrence, Christopher B. 2 and Mitchell, Thomas K. 1 . 1 Dept.<br />
<strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA,<br />
2 Virginia Bioinformatics Institute, Blacksburg, VA, USA. kdcraven@ncsu.edu.<br />
Acquisition and transmission <strong>of</strong> pathogenicity factors in the genus Alternaria<br />
through horizontal gene transfer.<br />
Many distinct pathotypes and species <strong>of</strong> Alternaria have been shown to produce<br />
host-selective toxins required for disease on plants, and further, that the toxin<br />
biosynthetic genes are typically located on small, conditionally dispensable (CD)<br />
chromosomes. Despite their crucial role in disease development, such chromosomes<br />
are not characteristic <strong>of</strong> all isolates <strong>of</strong> a given fungal species, and thus are<br />
likely to be under-represented in genome sequences <strong>of</strong> organisms containing<br />
them. We chose the tomato pathogen, A. arborescens, from which to isolate a<br />
known 1.0 Mb CD chromosome for library construction and sequencing. Approximately<br />
500 sequences have been obtained thus far, <strong>of</strong> which roughly half appear<br />
bacterial in nature, with no known fungal homologs in publicly available<br />
databases. It has been postulated that the clustering <strong>of</strong> pathogenicity genes on CD<br />
chromosomes may allow for efficient horizontal transfer between fungal strains<br />
or species through hyphal fusion (anastomosis). We are investigating the role<br />
anastomosis plays in mediating gene flow within and between Alternaria species<br />
through the construction <strong>of</strong> nitrate-utilization mutants and strains marked with distinct<br />
antibiotic resistance genes. Our evidence shows that hyphal anastomosis occurs<br />
readily both within and between Alternaria species, suggesting that genes required<br />
for pathogenicity may be transferred between Alternaria fungi in nature.<br />
poster<br />
Craven, Kelly D. 1 *, Peterson, Paul D. 2 , Martin, Stan B. 2 and Mitchell, Thomas<br />
K. 1 . 1 Dept. <strong>of</strong> Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC<br />
27606, USA, 2 Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA. kdcraven@ncsu.edu.<br />
Genetic diversity among rapid blight pathogens <strong>of</strong> cool-season turfgrass.<br />
Melampsora larici-populina (Eurasian Poplar Leaf Rust) is considered a recent<br />
exotic introduction to the USA; however, the extent <strong>of</strong> its potential geographic<br />
distribution range in the USA is unknown. A climate modeling approach<br />
using Climex version 2.0, was used to estimate this potential distribution. Climex<br />
usually contains data from 3,935 meteorological stations in the USA; this study<br />
was supplemented with an additional 1,589 stations. Each station contains a 30year<br />
dataset with monthly averages for maximum temperature, minimum temperature,<br />
and precipitation from 1979-2000. Germination responses <strong>of</strong> urediniospores<br />
and teliospores to temperature and rainfall were modeled and compared<br />
to existing locations in the USA. Temperature modeling revealed 23 % <strong>of</strong> the meteorological<br />
stations were considered favorable for urediniospore germination and<br />
less than 1 % <strong>of</strong> the stations were favorable for teliospore survival. Rainfall patterns<br />
greater than 1,000 mm annually, or 38 % <strong>of</strong> the locations, were favorable for<br />
disease outbreaks. Climate model results were mapped using Climex s<strong>of</strong>tware<br />
based on three predicted areas <strong>of</strong> establishment categorized as unsuitable (25 %<br />
similarity), marginal (50 % similarity) and favorable (75 % similarity). Results<br />
from these models were validated with survey results from overseas locations<br />
published in the scientific literature. Based on this study with Melampsora laricipopulina,<br />
climate modeling will enhance the risk assessment process for fungal<br />
pathogens. poster<br />
Cripps, Cathy L. Plant Sciences and Plant Pathology Dept., Montana State University,<br />
Bozeman MT 59717, USA. CCripps@montana.edu. Amanita in the<br />
Rocky Mountain alpine zone: Where mycorrhizal mushrooms tower over<br />
miniature forests.<br />
Amanita is an important ectomycorrhizal genus with a North <strong>America</strong>n seat<br />
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