Report to the Republic of Palau: 2008 update on Invasive Plant ...

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<strong>the</strong>re was once less <strong>of</strong> it, but this may just be because <strong>the</strong>re is now substantially more disturbed area that provides suitable habitat. In any case, whe<strong>the</strong>r native or not, it is certainly an aggressive vine, not only in <strong>Palau</strong> but also on o<strong>the</strong>r Pacific islands (on some <strong>of</strong> which it is known <strong>to</strong> be introduced). Operculina turpethum (ongucheta rekung), a native vine common throughout <strong>the</strong> Pacific, occupies a similar ecological niche as Merremia peltata, and is very prevalent in some locations where <strong>the</strong> latter species is absent, particularly on Peleliu. 6. Invasive plant species not known <strong>to</strong> be in <strong>Palau</strong> <strong>Palau</strong> is fortunate that a large number <strong>of</strong> troublesome species have yet <strong>to</strong> reach <strong>the</strong> country. The following list summarizes <strong>the</strong> worst <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong>se. These species should receive high priority for exclusion from entry in<strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> country and promptly evaluated for eradication if found <strong>to</strong> be present. Several Acacia species are invasive on o<strong>the</strong>r Pacific islands, notably A. aulacocarpa (brown salwood, brush ironbark wattle, hickory wattle), A. crassicarpa (nor<strong>the</strong>rn wattle, Papua New Guinea red wattle) and A. curassavica (redwood). A number <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Acacia species are recorded as invasive throughout <strong>the</strong> world, so caution should be exercised in planting members <strong>of</strong> this genus. Acacias are <strong>of</strong>ten introduced for forestry, wood supply or watershed protection purposes. Albizia chinensis (Chinese albizia, silktree) is exceptionally widespread in Samoa. Based on its behavior in Samoa, o<strong>the</strong>r Pacific islands should be very cautious about introducing this tree. Ardisia elliptica (shoebut<strong>to</strong>n ardisia) is a problem species in <strong>the</strong> Cook Islands, Hawai‘i, French Polynesia, Samoa and Florida (US). It produces prolific fruit and crowds out o<strong>the</strong>r species in <strong>the</strong> forest unders<strong>to</strong>ry. Birds, which eat <strong>the</strong> fruit, are a major fac<strong>to</strong>r in its spread. Asystasia gangetica subsp. micrantha (Chinese violet, Philippine violet, coromandel) can grow over and smo<strong>the</strong>r o<strong>the</strong>r vegetation and is a serious invader in Malaysia and Indonesia. Small infestations are being eradicated in nor<strong>the</strong>rn New South Wales, Australia. It spreads by rhizomes and by seed expelled explosively from capsules and would be a serious weed in <strong>Palau</strong>. The less invasive subsp. gangetica was seen in cultivation in Koror State and on Babeldaob, Two rubber trees, Castilla elastica (Panama rubber tree) and Funtumia elastica (African rubber tree), are very invasive in Samoa. Birds spread <strong>the</strong> seeds <strong>of</strong> Castilla while those <strong>of</strong> Funtumia are wind-borne “parachute” seeds. Cardiospermum grandiflorum (balloon vine; heart seed) is very invasive on Raro<strong>to</strong>nga, Cook Islands, and is reported <strong>to</strong> be invasive in Australia as well. Cecropia obtusifolia (trumpet tree, guarumo) is an invasive tree species that is a problem in Hawai‘i and <strong>the</strong> Cook Islands (Raro<strong>to</strong>nga). Cecropia peltata (trumpet tree), a similar species, is invasive in French Polynesia. 22
Cestrum diurnum (day cestrum, day jessamine, inkberry) and Cestrum nocturnum (nightflowering cestrum) are problem species on a number <strong>of</strong> Pacific islands. They are species with bird-spread seeds that are <strong>of</strong>ten planted as ornamentals. Clerodendrum chinense (Honolulu rose) is a shade-<strong>to</strong>lerant species. It primarily reproduces from root suckers and can form dense thickets, crowding out o<strong>the</strong>r species. It is a major pest species in Niue, American Samoa and Samoa and is present and invasive on a number <strong>of</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r Pacific islands. Coccinia grandis (ivy or scarlet gourd) is a smo<strong>the</strong>ring vine that is a serious problem on Saipan. The vines climb over trees and form such dense cover that <strong>the</strong> forest underneath is completely shaded out and destroyed. It is also invasive in Guam and Hawai‘i and is reportedly present in Fiji and Vanuatu. It is a vegetable commonly used in Sou<strong>the</strong>ast Asian cooking and <strong>the</strong> plant is <strong>of</strong>ten introduced for that reason. It readily spreads vegetatively through cuttings and, if fruit is present, by birds and probably pigs. Cordia alliodora (Ecuador laurel, salmwood) was introduced <strong>to</strong> Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu as a forestry tree and has proven quite invasive (Tolfts, 1997). Cryp<strong>to</strong>stegia grandiflora (rubber vine, India rubber vine) is a climbing vine that has become a serious problem in nor<strong>the</strong>astern Queensland, Australia. It is present in New Caledonia and Fiji. A related species, C. madagascariensis, is present in cultivation in <strong>Palau</strong> but is less <strong>of</strong> a threat. Hiptage benghalensis (hiptage) is a problem species in Hawai‘i and is reported <strong>to</strong> be a very invasive species on La Réunion and Mauritius. It is also becoming invasive in nor<strong>the</strong>rn Queensland, Australia. The seeds are wind-dispersed and it also can reproduce from cuttings. Indig<strong>of</strong>era suffruticosa (indigo) is established on many Pacific islands and is a major weed species in Tonga. It has apparently yet <strong>to</strong> reach <strong>Palau</strong>. Macfadyena unguis-cati (cat’s claw climber) is an aggressive vine that climbs trees and also forms a dense mat on <strong>the</strong> ground. Control is difficult because it has tuberous roots and reproduces from stem fragments and cuttings. It is a problem species in Hawai‘i and eastern Australia (nor<strong>the</strong>rn New South Wales and sou<strong>the</strong>ast Queensland). It is cultivated as an ornamental in <strong>the</strong> US, is a problem species on Niue and is reported <strong>to</strong> be moderately invasive in New Caledonia (Meyer, 2000). Maesopsis eminii (musizi, umbrella tree) is a large African tree that has been introduced in<strong>to</strong> some countries as a forestry tree. Fruit-eating birds (and possibly fruit bats) spread its seed and it has become a problem in a number <strong>of</strong> locations. It was introduced as a timber tree <strong>to</strong> Fiji, where it is starting <strong>to</strong> naturalize. Miconia calvescens (<strong>the</strong> purple plague, velvetleaf) is undoubtedly <strong>the</strong> most destructive invasive plant in <strong>the</strong> Pacific. It has been a disaster <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> forest ecosystem <strong>of</strong> Tahiti in French Polynesia and has subsequently spread <strong>to</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r islands in French Polynesia (Meyer and Florence, 1996). It has also escaped in Hawai‘i and is <strong>the</strong> subject <strong>of</strong> an intensive and costly eradication effort <strong>the</strong>re. It was discovered in Queensland, Australia, where an eradication project is also under way. This 23
Page 1: Report to<
Page 4 and 5: Pulo Ana ..........................
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Page 9 and 10: of known or potent
Page 11 and 12: Leucas lavandulifolia [voucher 9929
Page 13 and 14: Rock Islands We were especially int
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Table 1. Invasive plant species <st
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Table 2. Other inv
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Appendix 3. Invasive species presen
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Scientific Name Hawai'i Guam Yap Pa
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Appendix 5. Other
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Table 1. Other inv
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Table 8. Other inv
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Appendix 6. Presence of</st
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Table 2. Species of</strong
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Table 1. Other spe
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Appendix 8. Risk assessments for in
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Synonym Listed as Family Gomphrena
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Fosberg, F. R., and M.-H. Sachet. 1
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Stoddart, D. R. 19
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