crimes committed by totalitarian regimes - Ministrstvo za pravosodje

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Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes Egon Pelikan, Tajno štetje prebivalstva v Julijski krajini leta 1933, Zbirka Annales, No. 28, Koper 2002. France Bučar, Prehod čez rdeče morje, Ljubljana 1993. France Bučar, Usodne odločitve, Ljubljana. http://www.muzejno-mb.si/trenutno-v-muzeju/ko-nisi-smel-biti-slovenec.html. Janko Prunk, “O značaju komunističnega sistema. Zgodovinarji o komunizmu, 2”, Delo, 11. marec 1998. Jera Vodušek Starič, Prevzem oblasti 1944–1946, Ljubljana 1992. Jože Dežman: “Meje zgodovine 1941–1945 v občini Šentvid”, in: Župnija Šentvid nad Ljubljano skozi čas in prostor, Ljubljana 2007. Lisa Rettl, Marija Jurić Pahor, “Partizanski spomeniki in protifašistična kultura spominjanja na Koroškem”, in: Razprave in gradivo, Ljubljana 2006. Lovro Šturm, Anton Dolenc, Blaž Ivanc, Brez milosti: ranjeni, invalidni in bolni povojni ujetniki na Slovenskem, Ljubljana 2000. Makso Šnudrl, Dokumenti o razvoju ljudske oblasti v Sloveniji, Ljubljana 1949. Milica Kacin Wohinz, Narodnoobrambno gibanje primorskih Slovencev 1921–1928, Koper–Trst 1977. Milica Kacin Wohinz, Prvi antifašizem v Evropi: Primorska 1925–1935, Koper 1990. Milko Mikola, Zaplembe premoženja v Sloveniji 1943–1952, Celje 1999. Mitja Ferenc, Kočevska – pusta in prazna, Ljubljana 2005. Mitja Ferenc, Kočevska: izgubljena kulturna dediščina kočevskih Nemcev, Ljubljana 1993. Nataša Visočnik, “Raziskovanje pregona koroških Slovencev”, Etnolog, Ljubljana 2004. Peter Vodopivec, Od Pohlinove slovnice do samostojne države, Ljubljana 2006. Roman Ferjančič, Lovro Šturm, Brezpravje: slovensko pravosodje po letu 1945, Ljubljana 1998. Slovenska novejša zgodovina. 2. knjiga, Ljubljana 2005. Slovensko-italijanski odnosi. Rapporti Italo-Sloveni. Slovene-Italian Relations 1880–1956. Poročilo slovensko-italijanske zgodovinsko-kulturne komisije, Koper 2000. Tamara Griesser Pečar, Cerkev na zatožni klopi, Ljubljana 2005. Tamara Griesser Pečar, France M. Dolinar, Rožmanov proces, Ljubljana 1996. Tamara Griesser Pečar, Razdvojeni narod, Ljubljana 2004. Temna stran meseca – kratka zgodovina totalitarizma v Sloveniji 1945–1990, Ljubljana 1998. Tone Ferenc, Fašisti brez krinke: dokumenti 1941–1942, Maribor 1987. Tone Ferenc, Nacistična raznarodovalna politika v Sloveniji v letih 1941–1945, Maribor 1968. Žrtve vojne in revolucije, Ljubljana 2004. 60
Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes Mateja Čoh * Characteristics of the judicial system in Slovenia between 1945 and 1951 1. Introduction The Communist Party of Yugoslavia (CPY) began consolidating power immediately after the end of the Second World War. This was the period of so-called “people’s democracy”, which lasted until 1950 and was characterised by authority held by the people and the representative body elected from among their ranks – the “People’s Council”. 1 It was characterised by the unity of the authorities and democratic centralism. The new political elite (Communist Party) held the strings of legislative, executive and judicial power in its hands. Professional qualifications were not the only measure of fitness for performing certain functions; political suitability was more important. This was also evident in the organisation of the judicial system and in the elections of judges. In practice, the upholding of the principle of the unity of the authorities meant an interweaving of political and state authorities, since various political bodies carried out tasks, which are allocated to executive or judicial bodies in a parliamentary democracy. Extremely severe forms of violations of human rights and freedoms also occurred during this period. 2 These included mass illegal killings, the existence and operation of concentration and labour camps, the eviction of populations from their places of residence and violent seizure of property. The authorities in various ways reached into every area of social life, relying on the secret political police, the so-called Department of National Protection (OZNA) or State Security Administration (UDV). Established in May 1944, it acquired a significant role in connection with preparations for the seizure of power after the end of the war, when it played an important role especially in driving out collaborators with the enemy and opponents of the new system. It also played a very important role in the administration of justice, especially in interrogating suspects and investigatory procedures. The second half of the 1940s was also characterised by numerous political and staged judicial proceedings against so-called “class enemies”. A large number of proceedings were held against farmers, merchants and tradesmen, industrialists, priests, people who were suspected of having collaborated with the enemy during the war or spied for Western intelligence services, and suspected members of the opposition. The courts imposed extremely harsh sentences. This was contributed to significantly by the organisation of the judicial system, and therefore in this paper we shall present the main characteristics of that system, the operation of military tribunals and the Court of Slovenian National Honour in the summer of 1945, the characteristics of judicial proceedings against members and supporters of illegal groups and the characteristics of proceedings against prominent farmers at the end of the 1940s. 2. Judicial proceedings in the summer of 1945 Regular civil courts had not yet been established in Slovenia in the summer of 1945. At the time, judicial proceedings were held before military tribunals, which also heard civilians, and before the Court of Slovenian National Honour. After the end of the war, the territory of Slovenia in a military sense was administered by the 4 th * Dr Mateja Čoh, Študijski center za narodno spravo, Study Centre for National Reconciliation, 1000 Ljubljana. 1 Roman Ferjančič, Lovro Šturm, Brezpravje – slovensko pravosodje po letu 1945 (Lawlessness – The Slovenian Judiciary after 1945), Ljubljana 1998, pp. 12–13 (hereinafter Ferjančič, Šturm, Brezpravje); Jerca Vodušek Starič, “Med ljudsko demokracijo in demokracijo” (“Between People’s Democracy and Democracy”), in: Slovenija 1848–1998, pp. 312–313; Jerca Vodušek Starič, Prevzem oblasti 1944– 1946 (The Seizing of Power 1944–1946), Ljubljana 1992, pp. 283–284 (hereinafter Vodušek Starič, Prevzem oblasti). 2 Lovro Šturm, “O kratenju človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin v Sloveniji v obdobju 1945–1990” (“On the Encroachment of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in Slovenia 1945–1990”), in: Temna stran meseca (The Dark Side of the Moon), pp. 65–112. 61
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