crimes committed by totalitarian regimes - Ministrstvo za pravosodje

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Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes aggressive policies against other communities in the past (such, for instance Armenians in Turkey) or religious struggles shape a very complex context. 5.4. Relativism of certain concepts Finally, a last question to be taken into account is the relative criminal position of certain figures. Whilst negaitionism (the denial of Holocaust) is typified as a crime in countries such as Germany (and there are some advances in this direction in Europe), the Spanish constitutional court has establish that merely questioning the fact can not be considered a crime in Spain. 196
Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes Jože Dežman Communist repression and transitional justice in Slovenia In the 20 th century, the leaders of the seemingly most civilized countries of Europe were capable of unleashing the most debased murderous passions of their citizens. The epicentre of totalitarian massacres during and after the Second World War was Eastern and Central Europe. In the European totalitarian crescent, Poland and the Baltic States were victims of National Socialism and Stalinism; Germany and Austria were agents of National Socialism and Germany was also the victim of Stalinism; the Soviet Union was an agent of Stalinism; Yugoslavia, and also Greece, were victims of Fascism and National Socialism and agents of Stalinism; among the countries with a high percentage of dead population in the totalitarian victimological centre of Europe were also Hungary and Romania. Compared to the countries in the totalitarian crescent of Europe, which lost around five percent of their population (but some also more than ten percent of their population), losses of Italy, France, the United Kingdom and the United States of America were around one percent of their respective populations. 1 Characteristic of the territory now known as the ‘Alps-Adriatic’ region of Europe, are the strained relations that followed dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire – six nations competing for the same territory (Italians, Friulians, Austrians, Hungarians, Slovenians, Croats). 2 Those tensions broke out immediately after the end of the First World War. Among all European countries, Slovenia experienced the most intensive activities of all three forms of totalitarianism on its territory from the end of the First World War until the dissolution of Titoism. 3 1. Totalitarian machines Let us mention briefly Fascism, National Socialism and Titoism in Italy, Austria and Slovenia. 4 Three Christian nations, with nationalist tendencies, were infected with totalitarianism. The descent into barbarism has comparable structural elements: – Abuse of national sentiment to carry out racial and class revolutionary projects; – Cult of a great leader, who permits his fanatics to murder, steal and lie; – Dictatorship of one party; – Militarization of society, police state – almighty secret political police; – Collectivism, subjection of the citizen to the totalitarian state; – State terrorism with systematic abuses of basic human rights; – Aggressive assumption of power and struggle for territory. However, their paths to power were different, their lengths of rule and dissolution were different, and modern reactions are different. The characters, criminals and crimes were being covered-up in Italy and Austria and Slovenia. Slovenia lived in the lies and half-truths of the Titoistic system for preserving and developing revolutionary heritage. Austria avoided the truth with the myth of Austria as the first victim of National Socialism and Italy is only now starting to confront the crimes of Fascism. 1 Nial Ferguson, The War of the World – History’s Age of Hatred, London–New York–Toronto 2006, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_ War_II_casualties. 2 Helmut Rumpler, “Verlorene Geschichte. Der kampf um die politische Gestaltung des Alpen-Adria-Raumes”, in: Andreas Moritsch (ed.) Alpen-Adria. Zur Geschichte einer Region, Celovec–Ljubljana–Dunaj 2001. 3 Perhaps it could be compared with Greece, but there the period of the Second World War and the civil war, with activities of Fascism, National Socialism and Communism, lasted less than a decade. 4 Even though the Hungarian occupier’s goals for ethnic cleansing were no less extreme, there was no significant partisan movement developed there during the Second World War and thus no revolution. After the War, the Titoists were less brutal to the Hungarian minority than to the German and Italian. 197
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE Lovro Št
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IV. REMEMBRANCE, RECOGNITION AND PU
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crimes committed by totalitarian regimes - Ministrstvo za pravosodje

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