crimes committed by totalitarian regimes - Ministrstvo za pravosodje

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Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes War Two, we have not been able to join political will, the sensitivity of family members, and renewed scientific efforts to change these circumstances and finally manage these mass graves. 160
Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes Milko Mikola Communist repression of “interior enemies” in Slovenia In the greater part of this paper, the author deals with individual repressive measures that Communist rule imposed in Slovenia in the period from the end of the war in 1945 until the beginning of the 1950s. In this period, the Communist authorities in Slovenia implemented all the forms of repression that were typical of states with Stalinist regimes. In Slovenia, it was a time of mass killings without court trials, and of concentration and labour camps. Property was confiscated, inhabitants were expelled from Slovenia/Yugoslavia and their residences, political and show trials were carried out, religion was repressed and the Catholic Church and its clergy were persecuted. At the beginning of the 1950s, Communist rule in Slovenia abandoned these forms of repression but was ready to reapply them if it felt threatened. Thus the regime set up political and show trials against certain more visible opponents later. In the case of an “emergency situation”, even the establishment of concentration camps was planned in Slovenia in 1968, where around 1,000 persons, of whom 10 % were women, would be interned for political reasons. 1. Some general features Dealing with Communist repression in Slovenia should have as a basis the fact that the second or AVNOY (AVNOJ) Yugoslavia, part of which was Slovenia, was a totalitarian state. As in other Communist countries, the Communist Party in Yugoslavia and thus also in Slovenia established a power monopoly that enabled it to fully master all spheres of economic and social life, including by means of revolutionary violence. After having forcibly subjected all authorities and other social institutions, it also endeavoured to fully subordinate every individual. In principle, the totalitarianism of Communist rule did not allow the assertion of those fundamental human rights and freedoms that are indispensable for bringing democracy into force and ensuring the freedom of every individual. Because Communist rule could stay in power only through force, it was indispensably based on the use of excessive repression against its own citizens. The level of repression depended on the level of endangerment: the more the regime felt threatened, the more severe the repression. In terms of the intensity of implementing repression and violating human rights and freedoms, Communist totalitarianism in Slovenia should be divided into the following two periods: – The period from the end of the war in 1945 until the beginning of the 1950s; – The period from the beginning of the ‘50s until the fall of Communism. It was characteristic of the first period that Communist rule in Slovenia used Stalinist methods, and therefore it may be designated as a period of Stalinism. The Communist Party of Yugoslavia, and thus the Communist Party of Slovenia, was “one of the most radical of all Eastern European Communist parties, because it gravitated most to the Soviet socialist pattern.” The consistent imitation of Stalinist patterns of rule was most clearly evident in the repression against the actual and potential adversaries of Communist rule – “interior enemies”. In the period from the end of war in 1945 until the beginning of the ‘50s, Communist repression in Slovenia reached such vast dimensions that we may speak about state terrorism over its own citizens, to whom not even the right to life was granted. This period was characterised by mass killings without court trials, concentration and labour camps, forced deprivations of property, deportations of inhabitants and political and show trials, to list only some of the more explicit forms of violence in those times. These and other repressive measures in Slovenia were abolished only after the final break with Stalin and Stalinism. The most important step in this direction was made by abolishing the existing Stalinist criminal legislation, which took place in January 1951 with the adoption of a new criminal code. 161
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE Lovro Št
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IV. REMEMBRANCE, RECOGNITION AND PU
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crimes committed by totalitarian regimes - Ministrstvo za pravosodje

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