crimes committed by totalitarian regimes - Ministrstvo za pravosodje
crimes committed by totalitarian regimes - Ministrstvo za pravosodje
crimes committed by totalitarian regimes - Ministrstvo za pravosodje
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Crimes <strong>committed</strong> <strong>by</strong> <strong>totalitarian</strong> <strong>regimes</strong><br />
Mitja Ferenc *1<br />
Secret World War Two mass graves in Slovenia<br />
In 2008, we are commemorating the 63 rd anniversary of the victory over fascism and the end of<br />
World War Two. In Slovenia, having cooperated in the victorious coalition of the allied forces, we are<br />
still facing the heritage of the past – the consequences of actions which, during and after that War, left<br />
our soil full of secret mass graves. These graves are a consequence of post-war mass and individual<br />
killings, without trials; in the years 1945–46, as well as wartime graves that harbour the remains of<br />
members of the armed formations of anti-Partisan forces and civilians. In a broader sense, secret graves<br />
also encompass all those from 1945–46 in which soldiers and civilians are buried who could not, or<br />
were not allowed to, have their own graves. 1 2<br />
According to official data, there are 3,986 wartime graves and mass graves in Slovenia from World<br />
War Two 2 3; that data did not, and still does not, include the secret mass graves. Only in the past few years<br />
have active search and investigation been initiated. The numbers known up to now are shocking: 571<br />
other graves have already been recorded <strong>by</strong> the year 2008.<br />
As in many other warring countries, post-war events in Slovenia included vengeance <strong>by</strong> the<br />
victors over the defeated. On Slovene soil, that vengeance was especially bloody, for Slovenia, lying in<br />
the north-western corner of Yugoslavia, was home ground for various groups of military formations. 34<br />
The Second World War in Europe ended on the night of 9 May 1945, when the German army, in its<br />
steady retreat from Yugoslavia, left western Croatian towns and started its retreat through Slovenia. To<br />
avoid Yugoslav capture, the German army and especially a multitude of anti-Partisan units of different<br />
nationalities moved through Slovenian territory towards Austria. They were also joined <strong>by</strong> many<br />
civilians. Their leaders used propaganda to inflame fear and cause people to flee from the Partisans.<br />
Out of fear of the Yugoslav army and the new regime, they intended to surrender to the English and<br />
Americans, whom the huge multitude of refugees, leaving their homes, expected would implement the<br />
international Conventions on Prisoners of War.<br />
Until 14 May 1945, British troops accepted into captivity thousands of Ustashe, Croatian Home<br />
guards, (and Serbian, Slovene, and other) soldiers and civilians. At this time they were issued with an<br />
order <strong>by</strong> the Allies’ Headquarters for the Mediterranean, located in Caserta, to hand over all Yugoslavs,<br />
who had cooperated with the armed forces of Germany, to Tito’s authorities, as well as not to receive<br />
any more units from Yugoslav territories. The main body of retreating soldiers of the Independent<br />
State of Croatia, as well as of retreating Croatian civilians, were affected <strong>by</strong> the decision while still on<br />
Slovene territory. Due to British pressure, a throng of people numbering into the thousands, surrendered<br />
to the Yugoslav army on 15 May 1945 near Pliberk (Bleiburg) in Austria. The return of those refugees<br />
captured at Pliberk, via the Drava Valley towards Croatia, was accompanied <strong>by</strong> mass executions,<br />
primarily of the Ustashes and Home-guard officers – it is still known in Croatia’s collective memory as<br />
“The Bleiburg Tragedy” and “Križni put” or “Marševi smrti”. Most of those people, who had already<br />
* Dr Mitja Ferenc, Associate professor, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts.<br />
1<br />
The problem of secret mass graves was presented in more detail <strong>by</strong> the author at the exhibition Hidden and Concealed. Hidden graves 60<br />
years after the end of World War II in Celje in May 2005 and later in larger Slovene cities as well as in the homonymous monograph.<br />
2<br />
Ministry of Labour, Family and Social Affairs (hereinafter ML), Information on the state of affairs in the area of wartime mass graves for<br />
the Session of Government of the RS, 07/29/1999. In official data, higher numbers appear as well.<br />
3<br />
Slovenia witnessed an appearance of various armed military forces fighting alongside German forces in the last period of the war. The<br />
low number of Slovene Chetniks was therefore strengthened <strong>by</strong> Chetnik formations (around 5,200) coming to Slovenia’s Primorje<br />
and Istra at the end of 1944 and beginning of 1945. Furthermore, approximately 6,000 members of the Serbian Volunteers Corps<br />
(“Ljotičevci”) and around 1,500 members of the former Serbian State Guard (“Nedičevci”) arrived. Many civilians and family members<br />
also arrived with them. These troops intended to defend themselves from Tito’s army in Slovenia in order to later conquer occupied<br />
Yugoslav territories from “free” Yugoslav soil. If they were not to succeed, they planned to surrender to the Anglo-Americans, whom they<br />
expected to disembark on Istra. Because this did not happen, the forces that were caught <strong>by</strong> the last days of war in Primorje and Istra fled<br />
from the encroaching Yugoslav armada across the Soča into Italy and surrendered to the British army on 5 May. They were disarmed and<br />
interned in camps but not handed over to Tito’s army; Hrvoje Magazinović, Kroz jedno mučno stolječe, Split 2002, pp. 186–187; Branko<br />
Latas: The Defeat and Destruction of the Chetnik Counter-revolution in the Concluding Period of the War, in: Dušan Biber (ed.), The End<br />
of World War II in Yugoslavia, in: Borec, 38, (1986), pp. 748–758; Jozo Tomasevich: Četnici u drugom svjetskom ratu 1941–1945, Zagreb<br />
1979, p. 385.<br />
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