crimes committed by totalitarian regimes - Ministrstvo za pravosodje

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Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes contrary to the provisions of international war law, mobilised to Wehrmacht and killed on German fronts throughout Europe and Northern Africa, among whom there were at least 10,000 victims. 27 27 Tadeja Tominšek Rihtar, “Imenski seznam žrtev druge svetovne vojne in neposredno po njej (1941–1946)” (“Name List of the Victims of the Second World War and Immediately Afterwards”), in: Hitlerjeva dolga senca, pp. 161–173. 124
Crimes committed by totalitarian regimes Gorazd Bajc * Crimes committed by the fascist regime in the Slovene territory 1 1. Introduction There is a number of works in the Slovene, Italian, English and other languages describing denaturalization measures employed by the Fascist regime, its assimilation pressure, aggression, wartime atrocities and consequences of World War Two (WWII) that began in the Slovene territory on 6 April 1941. Many aspects have been thoroughly studied and documented. Even if the Fascists came in power in October 1922, the north eastern part of Italy – i.e. the region of Venezia Giulia encompassing the Slovene region of Primorska and the Slovene-Croatian region of Istria – had to face Italianization and violence against Slovenes (and other non-Italians) since the end of World War One (WWI) (October 1918). The region was occupied by the Italian army in the beginning of November 1918. The Italian authorities immediately introduced Italianization measures and started committing violence against Slovenes and Croats. The atrocities culminated in the arson of the National House (Narodni dom) in Trieste (the Slovene cultural, economic and political centre) on 13 July 1920, which was followed by the devastation of other Slovene, Croatian, left-wing and workers’ centres. The Treaty of Rapallo signed by Italy and Yugoslavia on 12 November 1920 determined the demarcation line between the two states, and allowed Italy to annex Venezia Giulia in January 1921. The total number of Slovenes living in Italy, including Venetian Slovenes who had been subjugated to the Kingdom of Italy as early as 1866, thus increased to 360,000, while the number of Croats rose to 160,000. 2. Fascism in the Slovene territory before WWII (1922–41) When Fascists ascended to power, the imperialist expansion of the Italian state became the primary concern of the official Italian foreign policy, which they did not even try to hide. With Yugoslavia being perceived as an obstacle to the Italian expansion to the east, its disintegration became one of the priorities of the Fascist foreign policy. In order to realize their imperialist plans, the Fascists firstly needed an ethnically “pure” hinterland. The high number of Slovenes (and Croats) living in Venezia Giulia thus posed a special problem to nationalist and irredentist circles at national and local levels. The ascent to power enabled the Fascists not only to legalize, but also to radicalize their denaturalization policy after they had already committed many acts of violence that had caused great harm to the Slovene community. 12 The implementation of the Fascist legislation seriously threatened the key elements of the Slovene national survival: schooling, culture, toponyms, names and surnames, the press, economy, social, political and community life (associations). As part of the overall Fascist policy and legal order, such legislation indeed gradually introduced dictatorship across the entire Italian national territory, yet its implementation was most radical in Venezia Guilia. * Doc Dr Gorazd Bajc, Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, Fakulteta za humanistične študije Koper, Slovenija. 1 Data are taken mostly from: Lavo Čermelj, Slovenci in Hrvatje pod Italijo med obema vojnama, Slovenska matica, Ljubljana 1965; Narodna in študijska knjižnica Trst, Odsek za zgodovino in etnografijo (Trieste National and Study Library, Department of History and Ethnography), fascicle HI/Zakoni (hereinafter: NŠK OZE, HI/Z). Historical surveys: Gorazd Bajc, Egon Pelikan, “Od konca prve do začetka druge svetovne vojne (1918–1941)”, in: Na oni strani meje, Založba Annales, Koper 2004, pp. 59–92; Stefano Bartolini, Fascismo antislavo, I.S.R.Pt, Pistoia 2006; Milica Kacin Wohinz, Jože Pirjevec, Zgodovina Slovencev v Italiji, Nova revija, Ljubljana 2000; Milica Kacin Wohinz, Prvi antifašizem v Evropi, Lipa, Koper 1990. 125
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE Lovro Št
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IV. REMEMBRANCE, RECOGNITION AND PU
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